Sandro Botticelli. Birth of Venus. 1485–6.Tempera on canvas, 5' 8" × 9' 1-5∕8" (1.73 × 2.79 m).

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence, Italy. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-1]

Renaissance Italy.[Map 8.1]

Leonardo da Vinci. Proportions of the Human Figure (“Vitruvian Man”).Galleria dell’Accademia, Venice. © CAMERAPHOTO Arte, Venice. [Fig. 8-2]

Circle of Piero della Francesca, An Ideal City. Mid-15th century.Oil on panel. 23-1∕2" × 79" (59.7 × 200.6 cm).

Palazzo Ducale, Urbino.Scala, Florence - courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. [Fig. 8-3]

Michelangelo Buonarroti. Laurentian Library, San Lorenzo, Florence.Begun 1524, staircase completed 1559. Art Resource AA382717. [Fig. 8-4]

Andrea del Verrocchio. Lorenzo de’ Medici. 1478-1521.Terracotta. 25-7∕8" × 23-7∕8" (65.8 × 59.1 cm).

National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C. Samuel H. Kress Collection 1943.4.92.© Board of Trustees, National Gallery of Art, Washington. [Fig. 8-5]

Florence Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore). Begun 1296.Dome by Filippo Brunelleschi, 1420–36; facade remodeled late 19th century.

Overall length 508' (154.9 m), height of dome 367' (111.9 m). Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-6]

Lorenzo Ghiberti. Gates of Paradise, east doors of the Cathedral Baptistery, Florence. 1425–52.

Gilt bronze. Height 17' (5.2 m). Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-7]

Lorenzo Ghiberti. Creation of Adam and Eve, panel from the Gates of Paradise.1425–1452.

Gilt bronze. 31-1∕4" (79 cm) square.Cathedral Baptistery, Florence. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-8]

Brunelleschi’s double-shell design for the dome of Florence Cathedral.Harry N Abrams Inc. [Fig. 8-9]

Filippo Brunelleschi. Interior of the Pazzi Chapel, Santa Croce, Florence. c. 1429–33. akg-images/Rabatti-Domingie. [Fig. 8-10]

Masaccio. Holy Trinity. 1425.Fresco (now detached from wall). 21' 9" × 9' 4" (6.67 × 3.17 m).

Santa Maria Novella, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-11]

Masaccio. The Tribute Money. c. 1427.Fresco (after restoration, 1989), 8' 4" × 19' 8" (2.54 × 5.9 m).

Brancacci Chapel, Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence.Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-12]

Sandro Botticelli. La Primavera (Birth of Spring). c. 1478.Tempera on panel, 6' 8" × 10' 4" (2.03 × 3.14 m).

Uffizi, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-13]

Pietro Perugino. Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter. 1482.Fresco. 11' 5-1∕2" × 18' 8-1∕2" (3.5 × 5.7 m).

Sistine Chapel, Vatican, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-14]

Perspective lines of Perugino’s Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter. [Fig. 8-15]

Donatello. David. c. 1430–1432.Bronze. Height 5' 2-1∕4" (1.58 m).

Museo Nazionale del Bargello, Florence.Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-16]

Michelangelo Buonarroti. Pietà. 1498–1499.Marble. Height 5' 9" (1.75 m).

St. Peter’s, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-17]

Michelangelo Buonarroti. David. 1501–1504.Marble. Height 18' (5.49 m).

Accademia, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-18]

Page from Leonardo’s Notebooks. 1510.Pen and ink.

Royal Collection, Windsor, © 2000 Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. [Fig. 8-19]

Great Enclosure wall and conical tower. c. 1470.Great Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe. © Karin Duthie/Alamy. [Fig. 8-20]

Leonardo da Vinci. Madonna of the Rocks. c. 1485.Oil on panel, 6' 3" × 3' 7" (1.91 × 1.09 m).

Louvre, Paris. Bridgeman Art Library, London/Giraudon. [Fig. 8-21]

Leonardo da Vinci. Mona Lisa. c. 1503–1505.Oil on panel. 30" × 20" (76 × 53 cm).

Louvre, Paris. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-22]

Hans Burgmair. Maximilian with His Musicians, illustration from Der Weisskönig. 16th century.

Woodcut.Private Collection, London (L/L). [Fig. 8-23]

Titian. Isabella d’Este. 1534–1536.Oil on canvas. 40-1∕8" × 25-3∕16" (102 × 64.1 cm).

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. [Fig. 8-24]

Piero della Francesca. Federico da Montefeltro. c. 1474.Oil on wood panel. 18-1/2" × 13 ins (47 × 33 cm).

Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 8-25]

Raphael. School of Athens. 1509–1511.Fresco. 26' × 18' (7.92 × 5.48 m).

Stanza della Segnatura, Vatican Palaces, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-26]

Raphael. Transfiguration. 1517.Oil on panel. 15' 1" × 9' 1" (4.6 × 2.8 m).

Vatican Museums, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-27]

Michelangelo Buonarroti. Moses. 1513–15.Marble. Height 8' 4" (2.54 m).

San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 8-28]

Plan of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. [Fig. 8-29]

Michelangelo Buonarroti. Sistine Chapel ceiling. 1508–1512.Fresco, 44" × 128' (13.41 × 39.01 m).

Vatican Palaces, Rome. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 8-30]

Michelangelo Buonarroti. Temptation and Expulsion from the Garden.Detail of the Sistine Chapel ceiling. 1509–10.

Fresco.Vatican Palaces, Rome. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 8-31]

Michelangelo Buonarroti. Creation of Adam. Detail of the Sistine Chapel ceiling.1509–1510.

Fresco.Vatican Palaces, Rome. The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 8-32]

Donato Bramante. Tempietto, San Pietro in Montorio, Rome. 1502.Height 46' (14 m), diameter of colonnade 29' (8.84 m).

© Vincenzo Pirozzi, Rome fotopirozzi@inwind.it. [Fig. 8-33]

Plans for the new St. Peter’s, Rome. 1506–1606. [Fig. 8-34]

Michelangelo Buonarroti. St. Peter’s, Rome, view from west. Begun 1547.Dome completed by Giacomo della Porta. 1590.

Height of dome 452' (137.8 m). © James Morris, London. [Fig. 8-35]

Lucas Cranach the Elder. Portrait of Martin Luther (detail). c. 1526.Oil on wood. 15" × 19" (38 × 24 cm).

Uffizi, Florence. Scala, Florence - courtesy of the Ministero Beni e Att. Culturali. [Fig. 9-1]

Western Europe during the Reformation. c. 1560.[Map 9.1]

Quentin Massys. Moneychanger and His Wife. 1514.Oil on wood. 28" × 26-3∕4" (71 × 68 cm).

Louvre, Paris. Reunion Des Musees Nationaux, Paris. [Fig. 9-2]

Jean Clouet (?). Francis I. c. 1525–1530.Tempera and oil on wood. 37-3∕4" × 29-1∕8" (96 × 74 cm).

Louvre, Paris. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 9-3]

Hans Holbein the Younger. Allegorical Portrait of Jean de Dinteville and Georges de Selve (The Ambassadors). 1533.

Oil and tempera on wood. 6' 9-1∕8" × 6' 10-1∕4" (2.06 × 2.09 m).National Gallery, London. [Fig. 9-4]

Château de Chambord, France.Begun 1529 to the designs of Domenico da Cortona and Trinqueau: façade.

Bridgeman Art Library, London/Giraudon. [Fig. 9-5a]

Château de Chambord, France.Begun 1529 to the designs of Domenico da Cortona and Trinqueau: plan.

Bridgeman Art Library, London/Giraudon. [Fig. 9-5b]

French school, The Lady and the Unicorn: “To my only desire.” Late 15th century.Wool and silk. 12' 5-3∕5" × 15' 1-2∕3" (3.8 × 4.64 m).

Musée National du Moyen Âge et des Thermes de Cluny, Paris.Bridgeman Art Library, London. [Fig. 9-6]

Sinan. Selimiye Mosque, Edirne, Turkey. 1568–1574.© Images & Stories/Alamy. [Fig. 9-7]

Hubert and Jan van Eyck. The Ghent Altarpiece (open). Completed 1432.Tempera and oil on panel. Approx. 11' × 15' 1" (3.35 × 4.6 m).

Cathedral of St. Bavo, Ghent, Belgium. © Lukas - Art in Flanders VZW Photo: Hugo Maertens / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 9-8]

Jan van Eyck. Adam and Eve, detail of the Ghent Altarpiece. Completed 1432. Tempera and oil on panel. Each panel 6' 8" × 18" (204 × 32 cm).

Cathedral of St. Bavo, Ghent, Belgium. © Lukas - Art in Flanders VZW Photo: Hugo Maertens / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 9-9]

Jan van Eyck. Portrait of Giovanni (?) Arnolfini and his Wife. 1434.Oil on panel. 33" × 22-1∕2" (82 × 60 cm).

National Gallery, London. Bridgeman Art Library, London. [Fig. 10]

Hieronymus Bosch. The Creation of Eve: The Garden of Earthly Delights: Hell (triptych). c. 1510–15.

Oil on wood. 7' 2-5∕8" × 6' 4-3∕4" (219 × 77 cm) (center panel). 7' 2-5∕8" × 3' 2-1∕4" (219 × 97 cm) (each side panel).Prado, Madrid. Museo del Prado, Madrid. [Fig. 9-11]

Matthias Grunewald. Crucifixion, exterior panel from the Isenheim Altarpiece.Completed 1515.

Oil on panel. 8' × 10' 1" (2.44 × 3.07 m).Musée d’Unterlinden, Colmar, Germany. Giraudon/The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 9-12]

Albrecht Durer. Self-portrait in a Fur-collared Robe. 1500.Oil on panel. 26-1∕4" × 19-1∕4" (67 × 49 cm).

Alte Pinakothek, Munich. © Blauel/Gnamm – ARTOTHEK. [Fig. 9-13]

Albrecht Durer. Knight, Death, and the Devil. 1513.Engraving. 9-3∕4" × 7-1∕2" (25 × 19 cm).

Private Collection, L/L. [Fig. 9-14]

Pieter Bruegel the Elder. Hunters in the Snow (Winter). 1565.Oil on panel. 3' 10" × 5' 3-3∕4" (1.17 × 1.62 m).

Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna. AKG-images/Erich Lessing. [Fig. 9-15]

Albrecht Durer. Erasmus of Rotterdam. 1526.Engraving. 9-3∕4" × 7-1∕2".

Private collection, L/L. [Fig. 9-16]

George Gower. Elizabeth I (Armada Portrait). c. 1588.Oil on panel.

Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire, UK. © The Gallery Collection/Corbis. [Fig. 9-17]

Globe Theater, London. 1599–1613.Reconstruction drawing by C. Walter Hodges, Shakespeare and the players, London 1948,

pp. 62-3. [Fig. 9-18]

Frontispiece of the First Folio of Shakespeare’s plays. 1623.Bridgeman Art Library, London. [Fig. 9-19]

Nicholas Hilliard. A Youth Leaning Against a Tree with Roses. c. 1590.Parchment. 5-3∕8 × 2-3∕4" (14 × 7 cm).

Victoria & Albert Museum, London. © V&A Images. All rights reserved. [Fig. 9-20]

Andrea Palladio and Vincenzo Scamozzi. Teatro Olimpico, interior.Vicenza, Italy. 1580–1584.

© 2007 De Agostini Picture Library/Scala, Florence. [Fig. 9-21]

A commedia dell’arte performance at the French court. c. 1670.Collection Comédie Française, Paris.

Bridgeman Art Library/Jean-Loup Charmet, Paris. [Fig. 9-22]

Paolo Veronese. Marriage at Cana. c. 1560.Oil on canvas. 21' 10" × 32' 6" (6.65 × 9.88 m).

Louvre, Paris. Reunion Des Musees Nationaux, Paris. [Fig. 9-23]

Andrea Palladio. Villa Rotonda (Villa Capra). Vicenza, Italy. Begun 1550.80' (24.38 m) square, height of dome 70' (21.34 m).Bridgeman Art Library/Merilyn Thorold. [Fig. 9-24]

Plan of the Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, Italy. Begun 1550.From Palladio’s Quattro libri dell’architettura (Four Books of Architecture). 1570.

[Fig. 9-25]

Giorgione. Tempest. c. 1505.Oil on canvas. 32-1∕4" × 28-3∕4" (82 × 73 cm).

Galleria dell’Accademia, Venice.Cameraphoto Arte Venezia / The Bridgeman Art Library. [Fig. 9-26]

Titian. Bacchus and Ariadne. c. 1520.Oil on canvas. 5' 8" × 6' 7∕8" (1.73 × 1.85 m).

National Gallery, London. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 9-27]

Sofonisba Anguissola. The Artist’s Family: Minerva, Amilcare, and Asdrubale.c. 1557–1558. Oil on canvas. 61-3∕4" × 48" (157 × 122 cm).

Nivaagards Malerisamling, Niva, Denmark. The Bridgeman Art Gallery. [Fig. 9-28]

Parmigianino. Madonna with the Long Neck. 1534–1540.Oil on panel. 7' 1" × 4' 4" (2.16 × 1.32 m).

Uffizi, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 9-29]

Jacopo Pontormo. Deposition. c. 1528.Oil on wood. 10' 3" × 6' 4" (3.13 × 1.92 m).

Santa Felicità, Florence. Studio Fotografico Quattrone, Florence. [Fig. 9-30]

Jacopo Tintoretto. Last Supper. 1592–1594.Oil on canvas. 12' × 18' 8" (3.65 × 5.7 m).

San Giorgio Maggiore, Venice. © Cameraphoto, Venice. [Fig. 9-31]

El Greco. The Burial of Count Orgaz. 1586.Oil on canvas. 16' × 11' 10" (4.88 × 3.61 m).

Santo Tomé, Toledo, Spain. Scala, Florence. [Fig. 9-32]