Chapters

23-26

Kingdom

ANIMALIA

Kingdom AnimaliaAnimals are…….

• Eukaryotic

• Sexual (mostly)

• Usually multicellular

• Heterotrophic

• Motile, if only at certain life stages.

• Embryos pass through a blastula stage

Blastulation

Body SymmetryBody Symmetry

Body Plan = Body shape, symmetry and internal organization– Asymmetrical-Asymmetrical- no symmetry– Radial symmetry-Radial symmetry- body parts

arranged around central axis (like a rims of a car)

– Bilateral Symmetry-Bilateral Symmetry- distinct right and left halves. (can divide into mirror (can divide into mirror images) images) caused cephalizationcaused cephalization

SymmetryMirror Mirror ImagesImages

Central AxisCentral Axis

Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

• Up, down, left right?

•DorsalDorsal – top•Ventral-Ventral- bottom•Anterior-Anterior- front•Posterior-Posterior- back

Body Cavity • A coelom is a body cavity.A coelom is a body cavity. • The space, located between an animal’s outer

covering and the outer lining of the gut cavity – where internal organs develop.

• Most bilateral animals, including all the vertebrates,are coelomates

Body Organization

Protostomes vs. Deuterostomes

Aceolomates Vs Pseudocoelomates Vs

Coelomates

Protostomes vs.

Deuterostomes (differences in (differences in

embryonic embryonic development)development)

Body Cavity of AnimalsCoelom - fluid filled body cavity that separates

gut from body wall AND allows internal organs to allows internal organs to shift around independently (flexibility)shift around independently (flexibility)

Pseudocoelomates-Pseudocoelomates- although organs are held in although organs are held in place loosely, they are not as well organized as place loosely, they are not as well organized as in a coelomatein a coelomate

Acoelomate-Acoelomate- semi-solid tissue, no fluid cavity semi-solid tissue, no fluid cavity– Who has one?

• Most of animal kingdom (coelomates)

– Who doesn’t?• Cnidarians, flatworms (aceolomates)

– Pseudocoelomates• Nematods, rotifers

1. Which type of body form does not have a fluid-filled cavity?

flatworm (acoelomate)

2. How do a pseudocoelom and a coelom differ?

A pseudocoelom is a fluid filled cavity in direct contact with the digestive tract. A coelom is a fluid-filled cavity completely lined by tissue and not in direct contact with the digestive tract.

The current phylogenetic tree

for K. Animalia

1.1. PoriferaPorifera2.2. CnidariaCnidaria3.3. PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes4.4. NematodaNematoda5.5. RotiferaRotifera6.6. AnnelidaAnnelida7.7. MolluskaMolluska8.8. EchinodermataEchinodermata9.9. ArthropodaArthropoda

The Invertebrate The Invertebrate PhylaPhyla

Phylum PoriferaPhylum PoriferaSpongesSponges

• Lack Symmetry (asymmetrical)– Cell recognition (fire grate)

• Sessile- attach to sea floor• Obtain Food?

– OstiaOstia; ; (pores)(pores) where water enters where water enters– OsculaOscula; holes where water exits; holes where water exits– Collar cellsCollar cells (choanocytes) take in water, (choanocytes) take in water, trap trap planktonplankton and other microorganismsand other microorganisms– AmoebocytesAmoebocytes supply sponges cells supply sponges cells with nutrients; carry away wastewith nutrients; carry away waste

• Regeneration, Fragmentation, Gemmules (Asexual)

• Sexual Reproduction- hermaphrodites

Phylum CnidarianPhylum Cnidarian• Jelly “Fish”!• 2 body forms

– Medusa & polyp (hydra)

• CnidocytesCnidocytes (stinging cells) filled with nematocystsnematocysts (barbed harpoons)

• CoralsCorals and Sea AnemonesSea Anemones are relatives

• Radial SymmetryRadial Symmetry• AcoelomateAcoelomate

YUM

Medusa and Polyp Medusa and Polyp StagesStages

Jellyfish Life Jellyfish Life CycleCycle

THE MOST DEADLIEST ANIMAL THE MOST DEADLIEST ANIMAL IN THE WORLD!?IN THE WORLD!?

Australian Box Jellyfish

Bioluminescence

The Jellies of NJ

• Purple Jellyfish

• Lion’s Mane

• Moon Jelly

Coral and Anemones

Flatworms (planarians) & parasitic (tapeworms)• Bilateral symmetry• Evolved cephalization• Can be parasitic• Regeneration• Acoelomate

PlatyhelmintPlatyhelmintheshes

ReCap!ReCap!

1. Do sponges have body symmetry and if so what kind?

2. How do sponges obtain food?3. What are the 2 body forms of jellyfish?4. What are nematocysts?5. What phylum do flatworms belong to?6. What phylum do jellyfish belong to?7. What phylum do sponges belong to?

Chapters

23-26

Kingdom

ANIMALIA

1.1. PoriferaPorifera2.2. CnidariaCnidaria3.3. PlatyhelminthesPlatyhelminthes4.4. NematodaNematoda5.5. RotiferaRotifera6.6. AnnelidaAnnelida7.7. MolluskaMolluska8.8. EchinodermataEchinodermata9.9. ArthropodaArthropoda

The Invertebrate The Invertebrate PhylaPhyla

Phylum Phylum NemotodaNemotoda

• Round worms (parasitic)

• Bilateral symmetry

• Evolved a

pseudocoelom

•Bilateral symmetry•Evolved parthenogenesis

(females make a 2N egg)

Phylum RotiferaPhylum Rotifera

– Earthworms!!Earthworms!!– Bilateral symmetryBilateral symmetry– Coelomates (first to evolve Coelomates (first to evolve in) in)

– Evolved segmentationEvolved segmentation– HermaphroditicHermaphroditic, but cannot , but cannot self fertilize self fertilize (they swap sperm)(they swap sperm)

Phylum Phylum AnnelidaAnnelida

600 MYA “Cambrium Explosion”– 100,000 species,

•Coelomates• Bilateral SymmetryBilateral Symmetry

Four classes:Four classes:Fast swimming…why?

JET PROPULSION!!JET PROPULSION!!*Closed circulatory system* (cephalopods)(cephalopods)

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca

Class GastropodaClass Gastropoda “walking stomach”

Snails and Snails and SlugsSlugs

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca

Class BivalveClass Bivalve:

clams, mussels, clams, mussels, oysters, scallopsoysters, scallops

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca

Class CephalopodaClass Cephalopoda “walking brain”

squids, octopus, squids, octopus, cuttlefish.cuttlefish.

Phylum MolluscaPhylum Mollusca

““spiny skin”spiny skin”• CoelomatesCoelomates• Water vascular systemWater vascular system• DeuterostomesDeuterostomes• Ex/ sea urchins, sea stars, sea Ex/ sea urchins, sea stars, sea

lilies, sea cucumberslilies, sea cucumbers• RADIAL SYMMETRYRADIAL SYMMETRY

EchinodermataEchinodermata

Earthworm Investigation

Keep the worms MOISTKeep the worms MOIST

Pop QuizWhat are the names of

the 8 invertebrate phylumsphylums we have

done so far… AND give an example for each

• Thorax (coelom)Thorax (coelom)• Segmented bodies,Segmented bodies,• jointed appendages, jointed appendages, • hard external skeletonshard external skeletons

– made of chitinmade of chitin• MoltingMolting• Compound eyesCompound eyes• Trachae Trachae

– (chitin lined tubes that exchange air (chitin lined tubes that exchange air through holes in exoskeleton called through holes in exoskeleton called spiracles)spiracles)

• Ex/ Arachnids, insects, spiders, Ex/ Arachnids, insects, spiders, scorpions, barnacles, lobsters, crabs, scorpions, barnacles, lobsters, crabs, etcetc

Phylum Phylum ArthropodaArthropoda

OMGOMG

Sand Spiders!!!

Ruuunnnnnn!!!!!!!Killer Chipmunk Spider

Arthropod Body Types

4 Pairs of Legs

Body Features

Review

• What organism(s) would be classified this way?– Eukarya domain– Animalia kingdom– Phylum mollusca– Class gastropoda

• What is the name of the phyla for– Sponges, jelly fish, octopus, flatworms,

roundworms, earthworms, star fish, spiders

Remember?

Complete the Table

Porifera Sea sponge

Asym. Sessile

Cnidarian

Platyh. Flatworm

Rotifer rotifer

Annelida

Nematoda

Mollusca

Echinodermata

Water vascular system

Arthropoda

Phylum Example Body Plan Traits

Phylum chordata““Chordates”Chordates”• Named for notochordnotochord found in embryo

– Flexible rod that extends through much of the length of the body (eventually turns into spinal chord of vertebrates)

– Pharyngeal Gill Slits!Pharyngeal Gill Slits!

• 2 Invertebrate Species : Tunicates and Lancelets– Marine animals

• In ALL vertebratesIn ALL vertebrates– Skulls, backbones, internal skeleton (endoskeleton)Skulls, backbones, internal skeleton (endoskeleton)– Sharks have cartilage skeletonSharks have cartilage skeleton– Humans have both bone and cartilage skeletonHumans have both bone and cartilage skeleton

All chordates have…

The Vertebrates!The Vertebrates!

Breaking it Down…

Domain EukayraKingdom Animalia• Phylum Chordata

– Class Agnatha – Class Condrichthyes – Class Osteichthyes

– Class Amphibia – Class Reptilia – Class Aves– Class Mammalia

Class Agnatha• Jawless & boneless early fish

• Two chamber heart

• Ex: Lampreys, Hagfish

2 Chamber Heart

• AtriumAtrium where blood enters chamber

• CapillariesCapillaries connect arteries to veins • VentricleVentriclepumps

• ArteriesArteries blood away

The Vertebrates

Class Class ChondrichthyesChondrichthyes•Developed cartilage Developed cartilage and jawsand jaws

•Two chamber heartTwo chamber heart•Ex: Sharks, skates, raysEx: Sharks, skates, rays

2 Chamber Heart

• AtriumAtrium where blood enters chamber

• CapillariesCapillaries connect arteries to veins • VentricleVentriclepumps

• ArteriesArteries blood away

Examples of Chondrichthyes in NJExamples of Chondrichthyes in NJ

Dogfish

Cow-nosed stingray

Clear Nosed Skate

Not in NJNot in NJ

The Vertebrates!

Class Osteichthyes

•BonesBones•Two chamber Two chamber

heartheart•30,000 species,

largest largest vertebrate vertebrate groupgroup

•Ex: Bony FishEx: Bony Fish

Osteichthyes of NJFluke

Blue Fish

Tautog

Transparency 25B-3

1. What is the function of the operculum?

It is a moveable, protective flap that covers and pumps water through the gills.

Transparency 25B-4

2. How does the swim bladder contribute to a fish’s movement in water?

It allows the fish to control its depth in the water.

FOLDABLE

Vertebrate ReviewOPEN NOTES QUIZ

Answer these on a separate sheet of paper 1.1. Which class is the largest vertebrate group?Which class is the largest vertebrate group?

2.2. Classify the earliest jawless fish from Classify the earliest jawless fish from domain through domain through classclass

3.3. In what class would I find the cartilaginous fish?In what class would I find the cartilaginous fish?

4.4. Classify the bony fish Classify the bony fish domain through classdomain through class

5.5. What is the function of a operculum?What is the function of a operculum?

6.6. What is the function of the swim bladder (air sac)?What is the function of the swim bladder (air sac)?

7.7. What kind of heart do each of the 3 vertebrates have that What kind of heart do each of the 3 vertebrates have that we have studied so far?we have studied so far?

The Vertebrates!

GET 6 Index CardsGET 6 Index Cards label them…

1. Phylum Chordata

2. Class Agnatha

3. Class Condrichthyes

4. Class Osteichthyes

5. Class Amphibia

6. Class Reptilia

Class Class AmphibiaAmphibia• Evolved from the uncommon lobe finned fish

& lung fish (350 MYA)• Tetrapods FIRST ON LAND (side to side(side to side))

• 3 chamber heart• Gills, Waterproof skin, gas exchange through

skin

• Swamps during carboniferous period

• Ectothermy- cold blooded

• No scales, live near water (reproduce)

• Ex: Frogs, toads, salamaders, newts

Fish & Amphibian Heart…

CP ONLY

1. Compare and contrast the two hearts.

Each has one ventricle. A fish’s heart has one atrium, while an amphibian’s heart has two atria.

CP ONLY

The Vertebrates!

Class Class ReptiliaReptilia• Watertight skin (harsh dry enviro.. hard scales)

• Most have 3 chamber heart (not crocs, alligators)

• Oviparous (egg-laying) Amniotic egg• Internal fertilization• Ectotherms (cold blood)

• Turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodiles, and alligators are reptiles

Vertebrate ReviewOPEN NOTES QUIZ

Answer these on a separate sheet of paper 1.1. Which class is the largest vertebrate group?Which class is the largest vertebrate group?

2.2. Classify the earliest jawless fish from Classify the earliest jawless fish from domain through domain through classclass

3.3. In what class would I find the cartilaginous fish?In what class would I find the cartilaginous fish?

4.4. Classify the bony fish Classify the bony fish domain through classdomain through class

5.5. What is the function of an operculum?What is the function of an operculum?

6.6. What is the function of the swim bladder (air sac)?What is the function of the swim bladder (air sac)?

7.7. What kind of heart do each of the vertebrates have?What kind of heart do each of the vertebrates have?

8.8. Compare and Contrast Amphibians to Reptiles (3)Compare and Contrast Amphibians to Reptiles (3)

Reptilian Orders

• TurtlesTurtles– order Testudinesorder Testudines

• Snakes and Lizards– order Squamata

• Crocodiles and alligatorsCrocodiles and alligators– Order CrocodilliaOrder Crocodillia

CP ONLY

The Vertebrates!

Class Aves• Evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurrasic

250MYA

• Four chamber heart• Have scales (evolved from reptiles)(evolved from reptiles)

• FEATHERS FEATHERS modified scales?! modified scales?!

• Endothermy- warm blooded• Porous bones

– Some fly – Some cant

Bird “Feet” Diversity

The Vertebrates!

Class Mammalia• Evolved from theropod dinosaurs during the Jurrasic

• Four chamber heart

• Fur, Nurture Young

• Endothermy-warm blooded

• Mammary Glands

• Monotremes (egg laying)• Pouched mammals- finish development

inside pouch (marsupials)… • echindas and platypus!

MAKE SURE YOU KNOWAll chordates have…

Benefit of endoskeletonBenefit of endoskeleton Larger SIZE! Larger SIZE!

Open Notes Quiz1.1. Which class is the largest vertebrate group?Which class is the largest vertebrate group?

2.2. What class do the early jawless fish belong to?What class do the early jawless fish belong to?

3.3. In what class would I find a bony fish?In what class would I find a bony fish?

4.4. What is the function of the swim bladder?What is the function of the swim bladder?

5.5. What kind of heart do each of the vertebrates have?What kind of heart do each of the vertebrates have?

6.6. How are reptiles different from amphibians?How are reptiles different from amphibians?

7.7. What are the benefits of an internal skeleton?What are the benefits of an internal skeleton?

8.8. Which 2 classes have scales?Which 2 classes have scales?

9.9. Which 2 classes are endothermic?Which 2 classes are endothermic?

10.10. How are the 3 types of mammals different?How are the 3 types of mammals different?

11.11. What are 2 examples of monotremes?What are 2 examples of monotremes?

Mammalian Orders

• Order Cetacea – Whales, dolphins porpoise

• Order Sirenia– manatee

• Order Rodentia – Squirrels, rats, mice

• Order Carnivora – Dogs, wolves, cats, otters, bears etc

• Order Chiroptera – bats

CP ONLY

4 Chambers

1. What do elephants and bats have in common that koala bears do not?

Elephants and bats are placental mammals, while koala bears have pouches in which their young develop.

2. Based on the diagram, which groups of mammals are most distantly related?

Rodents, rabbits, tree shrews, and primates are most distant from the monotremes (egg-laying mammals).

Vertebrates