Chapters 16 and 171. Fourth-declension nouns

2. Fifth-declension nouns

3. The locative case

4. The passive voice: present, imperfect, and future

5. The ablative of agent

1. Fourth-declension nounsdeclension defining characeristic examples

1 a rēgīna, -ae f. queenpoēta, -ae m. poetNO NEUTER

2 u(originally o)

cf. Greek phil-os)

amīcus, -ī m. friendFEW FEMININE (humus, -ī f. ground)consilium, -iī n. advice

3 consonant sol, sōlis m. sunvōx, vōcis f. voiceanimal, animālis n. animal

4 u currus, -ūs m. chariotNO FEMININEcornū, -ūs n. horn

5 e speciēs, speciēī f. sightNO MASCULINE OR NEUTER

1. Fourth-declension nouns: The Temple of Saturn, Roman Forum

Senatus populusque Rōmānus incendiōconsumptum [templum] restituit

1. Fourth-declension nouns declined

case singular pluralNOM vult-us vult-ūsGEN vult-ūs vult-uumDAT vult-uī vult-ibusACC vult-um vult-ūsABL vult-ū vult-ibus

vultus, vultūs m.manus, manūs f.

Masculine (and

feminine)

Neuter

genū, genūs n.

case singular pluralNOM gen-ū gen-uaGEN gen-ūs gen-uumDAT gen-ū gen-ibusACC gen-ū gen-uaABL gen-ū gen-ibus

*most fourth-declension nouns are masculine!

1. Fourth-declension nouns declined

case singular pluralNOM dom-us dom-ūsGEN dom-ūs dom-uumDAT dom-uī dom-ibusACC dom-um dom-ōsABL dom-ō dom-ibus

domus, domūs f.domus, domūs f. is a fourth-declension noun but borrows some forms from the second declension

4. Fourth-declension nouns

senātus populusque Rōmānus [nom. sg.]the Senate and the Roman people 

cavē Īdūs Martiās [acc. pl.]Beware the Ides of March 

in nomine patris, filiī, et spīritūs sanctī [gen. sing.]In the name of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Spirit

dē consulātū suō [abl. sing.]on his consulship

Some phrases with fourth-declension nouns

2. Fifth-declension nounsdeclension defining characeristic examples

1 a rēgīna, -ae f. queenpoēta, -ae m. poetNO NEUTER

2 u(originally o)

cf. Greek phil-os)

amīcus, -ī m. friendFEW FEMININE (humus, -ī f. ground)consilium, -iī n. advice

3 consonant sol, sōlis m. sunvōx, vōcis f. voiceanimal, animālis n. animal

4 u currus, -ūs m. chariotNO FEMININEcornū, -ūs n. horn

5 e speciēs, speciēī f. sightNO MASCULINE OR NEUTER

2. Fifth-declension nouns declinedcase singular pluralNOM rēs rēsGEN reī [diēī] rērumDAT reī [diēī] rēbusACC rem rēsABL rē rēbus

rēs, rēi f.diēs, diēi m.

Feminine (and

masculine*)

fidēs, fidēi f.

case singular pluralNOM fidēs -GEN fideī -DAT fideī -ACC fidem -ABL fidē -

*all fifth-declension nouns are feminine, except diēs, m., day, and meridiēs, m., noon

After a consonant, the genitive and dative singular ending is –eī rather than ēī

*other than rēsand diēs most fifth-declension nouns do not appear in the plural

4. Fifth-declension nouns

rēs pūblica [nom. sg.]the republic 

 diēs īrae [nom. sg.]days of wrath 

in mediās rēs [acc. pl.]Into the middle of things

prīmā faciē [abl. sg.]at first appearance

Pūnica fides [nom. sg.]Punic trustworthiness

Some phrases with fifth-declension nouns

3. The locative caseRELATIONS OF PLACE

PLACE WHERE PLACE TO WHERE PLACE FROM WHERE

Usually expressed by in + ablative

Usually expressed by ad or in + accusative

Usually expressed by ab, dē, or ex + ablative

in hāc urbe, in this city

oppidum in insulā positum, a town situated on the island

ad istum fundum, to that estate in Āfricam nāvigāvit, he sailed to Africa

dē monte, down from the mountain

ex Āfrica, out of Africa

cum ā vōbis discesserō, when I will have left you

3. The locative caseThe Locative

1st decl. 2nd decl. 3rd decl. 4th decl. 5th decl.

-ae-īs

Rōmae, at/in Rome

Athēnīs, at/in Athens

-ī-īs

humī, on the ground

bellī, in war

-ī or –e-ibus

rūrī, in the country

(from rūs, rūrīs n.)

---

domī, at home

-ē

-with certain words (names of towns and small islands, domus and rus, inter alia) the locative case is used to express place where

-these words, when used to express place to where and place to which, usually take the appropriate case without a preposition Rōmam, to Rome Rōmā abesse, to be absent from Romedomum, (to) home domō, from homehttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IIAdHEwiAy8

4. Taking stock of your new verb forms

person

number tense voice mood

1st

2nd

3rd

singularplural

presentimperfect

future

perfectpluperfect

future perfect

activepassive

indicativesubjuncti

veimperativ

einfinitiveparticiple

4. The passive voiceThe Active and Passive Voice

ACTIVE VOICE PASSIVE VOICE

-the subject of an active verb is performing the action: “they eat”

-a verb in the passive voice expresses what is done to the

subject of the verb

-subject becomes the recipient/sufferer of the action:

“they are being eaten”

-only transitive verbs have a true passive sense: what could the

passive forms of currō, I run, or vīvō, I live, possibly mean?

Transitive Sentence Pattern:Subject – Verb – Accusative DO

Puer patrem amat,the boy loves his father.

Passive Sentence Pattern:Subject – Passive Verb

Pater amātur, the father is loved

*the direct object of the transitive sentence becomes the subject; the

subject of the transitive sentence is not expressed (“mistakes were made”)

ducit militēs, he leads the soldiers militēs ducitur, the soldiers are led

4. The passive personal endings

Active Passive-ō -r

-s -ris, -re

-t -tur

-mus -mur

-tis -minī

-nt -ntur

4. The passive voice: presentPRESENT INDICATIVE ACTIVE

amō, amāre moneō, monēre

vincō, vincere capiō, capere audiō, audīre

amōamāsamat

amāmusamātisamant

moneōmonēsmonet

MonēmusMonētismonent

vincōvincisvincit

vincimusvincitisvincunt

capiōcapiscapit

capimuscapitiscapiunt

audiōaudīsaudit

Audīmusaudītisaudiunt

PRESENT INDICATIVE PASSIVEamō, amāre moneō,

monērevincō,

vincerecapiō, capere

audiō, audīre

amoramārisamāturamāmuramāminīamantur

moneormonērismonēturmonēmurmonēminīmonentur

vincorvincerisvinciturvincimurvinciminīvincuntur

capiorcaperiscapiturcapimurcapiminī

capiuntur

audioraudīrisaudīturaudīmuraudīminī

audiuntur

4. The passive voice: imperfectIMPERFECT INDICATIVE ACTIVE

amō, amāre moneō, monēre

vincō, vincere capiō, capere audiō, audīre

amābamamābāsamābat

amābāmusamābātisamābant

monēbammonēbāsmonēbat

monēbāmusmonēbātismonēbant

vincēbamvincēbāsvincēbat

vincēbāmusvincēbātisvincēbant

capiēbamcapiēbāscapiēbat

capiēbāmuscapiēbātiscapiēbant

audiēbamaudiēbāsaudiēbat

audiēbāmusaudiēbātisaudiēbant

IMPERFECT INDICATIVE PASSIVEamō, amāre moneō,

monērevincō,

vincerecapiō, capere

audiō, audīre

amābaramābārisamābāturamābāmuramābāmin

īamābantu

r

monēbarmonēbārismonēbātu

rmonēbām

urmonēbāmi

nīmonēbant

ur

vincēbarvincēbārisvincēbāturvincēbāmu

rvincēbāmi

nīvincēbant

ur

capiēbarcapiēbāriscapiēbāturcapiēbāmu

rcapiēbāmi

nīcapiēbant

ur

audiēbaraudiēbārisaudiēbātu

raudiēbām

uraudiēbāmi

nīaudiēbant

ur

4. The passive voice: futureFUTURE INDICATIVE ACTIVE

amō, amāre moneō, monēre

vincō, vincere capiō, capere audiō, audīre

amābōamābisamābit

amābimusamābitisamābunt

monēbōmonēbismonēbit

monēbimusmonēbitismonēbunt

vincamvincēsvincet

vincēmusvincētisvincent

capiamcapiēscapiet

capiēmuscapiētiscapient

audiamaudiēsaudiet

audiēmusaudiētisaudient

FUTURE INDICATIVE PASSIVEamō, amāre moneō,

monērevincō,

vincerecapiō, capere

audiō, audīre

amāboramāberisamābituramābimuramābiminīamābuntu

r

monēbormonēberismonēbiturmonēbimu

rmonēbimi

nīmonēbunt

ur

vincarvincērisvincēturvincēmurvincēminīvincentur

capiarcapiēriscapiēturcapiēmurcapiēminīcapientur

audīaraudiērisaudiēturaudiēmuraudiēminīaudientur

4. The passive voice: infinitive 5. The ablative of agent

PRESENT INFINITIVE PASSIVE1st conj. 2nd conj. 3rd conj. 3rd -io 4th conj.

amārī, to be loved

parārī, to be

prepared

docērī, to be taught

vidērī, to be seen, to

seem

regī, to be ruled

 pōnī, to be placed, put

capī, to be taken

rapī, to be seized

audīrī, to be heard

fīnīrī, to be finished

To express by what/whom a passive verb is done, Latin uses:-for animate nouns: ā/ab + ablative (ablative of agent)-for things: ablative of means/instrument w/no preposition

*when you see ā/ab + ablative with an inanimate noun in a passive sentence, it probably isn't an ablative of agent!

4. The passive voice

CIL 6.20128, 4; By Roman Hands n. 24:

quid: why?tam: soMaximus, -ī, m.: Maximus (a name)ēripio, ēripere, ēripui, ēreptus: to snatch/tear/take away

QUID MIHI TAM SUBITO MAXIMUS ĒRIPITUR?

Cicero’s In Catilinam II.1

“Nulla iam pernicies a monstro illo atque prodigio moenibus ipsis intra moenia comparabitur… Non enim tam inter latera nostra sica illa versabitur.”

pernicies, perniciēi f.: destruction, overthrowmonstrum, -ī n.: monsterprodigium, -ī n.: prodigy, portent, monstermoenia, -ium n. (3rd decl., usu. pl): wallscomparō, comparāre: preparelatus, lateris n.: side (of body)sīca, -ae: dagger