chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics traits characteristics that are inherited
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
MENDELIAN GENETICS AND MEIOSIS
Chapters 10 and 12
![Page 2: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
MENDEL’S LAWS OF HEREDITY
![Page 3: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Gregor Mendel 19th century Austrian monk
1st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited
![Page 4: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Studied pea plants
Contrasting traits were easily seen Short generation time Many offspring per generation Sexes on 1 flower control of pollination Mathematical analysis of data
![Page 5: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
PHENOTYPES AND GENOTYPES
![Page 6: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Phenotype
Physical appearance Expressed in words tall, short
![Page 7: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Genotype
Genetic makeup Expressed in terms of alleles Allele form of a gene for a trait Dominant allele always expressed (T
tall) Recessive allele if present, may not
be expressed (t short)
![Page 8: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
More Terminology
Homozygous 2 identical alleles (TT, tt) Heterozygous (hybrid) 2 different
alleles (Tt) Different genotypes can have the same
phenotype Tall TT or Tt
![Page 9: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
MONOHYBRID CROSSESA single trait
![Page 10: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Mendel crossed a tall plant with a short plant
Original parents P generation Offspring F1 generation All F1 were tall
![Page 11: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
F1 were allowed to self-pollinate
F2 75% were tall, 25% short 3:1 ratio
![Page 12: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mendel’s conclusion
Each organism has 2 factors (alleles) that control each trait
![Page 13: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Rule of Dominance
When an individual is hybrid for a pair of contrasting traits, only the dominant trait can be seen
TT x tt Tt **recessive trait is masked**
Crossing 2 hybrids always results in 3:1
![Page 14: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Law of Segregation
Pairs of alleles for a trait are separated during the formation of gametes and are recombined during fertilization
Tt T (egg) + t (sperm) Tt (zygote) Explains appearance of recessive traits in
subsequent generations
![Page 15: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Dihybrid crosses 2 traits
Height and seed color
![Page 16: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Law of Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other
Exception genes on the same chromosome
![Page 17: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Punnett squares
Predict the ratio of all possible results for a certain genetic cross
Not what will happen, but what could happen
Exact ratios are not seen in nature due to chance
![Page 18: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Monohybrid cross height (Tt x Tt)
![Page 19: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Dihybrid cross height, color(TtYy x TtYy)
TY Ty tY ty
TY TTYY TTYy TtYY TtYy
Ty TTYy TTyy TtYy Ttyy
tY TtYY TtYy ttYY ttYy
ty TtYy Ttyy ttYy ttyy
![Page 20: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
MEIOSIS Type of cell division in which
daughter cells receive only half the # of chromosomes of the
parent cell
![Page 21: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
GENES, CHROMOSOMES, AND
NUMBERS
![Page 22: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Diploid vs. monoploid
Chromosomes occur in pairs 1 allele is on each of the paired chromosomes
![Page 23: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
DiploidCell with 2 of each kind of chromosome (2n)
Body cells (somatic)
![Page 24: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
MonoploidCell with 1 of each kind of chromosome (n) also called haploid
Gametes sperm and egg
![Page 25: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Homologous chromosomes paired chromosomes
Each of a pair has genes for the same traits
They may carry different alleles
![Page 26: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Why meiosis?
Associated with sexual reproduction 2 parents
Allows offspring to have the same number of chromosomes as parents No doubling of chromosome number
![Page 27: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
PHASES Meiosis I and II
2 separate divisions
![Page 28: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Interphase
Replication of the chromosomes Same as in mitosis
![Page 29: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Prophase I
Each pair of homologous chromosomes comes together to form a tetrad
This is known as synapsis
![Page 30: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Crossing-over may occur at this point
Exchange of genetic material between nonsister chromatids
Results in genetic variation or mutation
Completely random and unpredictable
![Page 31: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Metaphase I
Tetrads line up at cell equator metaphase plate
![Page 33: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
![Page 34: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Anaphase I
Homologous chromosomes separate and move to opposite poles disjunction
Critical step without disjunction, gametes would have abnormal numbers of chromosomes
![Page 35: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
![Page 36: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Telophase I
Cytokinesis forms 2 daughter cells Each cell has only 1 chromosome from
each homologous pair Each chromosome is still doubled
another division is required
![Page 37: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
![Page 38: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Meiosis II
Identical to mitosis
![Page 39: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Results 4 monoploid daughter cells
![Page 42: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Meiosis and genetic variation
Crossing-over results in genetic recombination gene shuffling
Almost endless number of different possible chromosomes You are not the exact blend of your parents Explains Mendel’s results
![Page 43: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
MISTAKES IN MEIOSIS
![Page 44: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Nondisjunction
Failure of homologous chromosomes to separate
Both chromosomes move to the same pole
1 cell has an extra chromosome 1 cell is missing a chromosome
![Page 45: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Trisomy
A gamete with and extra chromosome fuses with a normal gamete
Zygote has 1 extra chromosome 47 instead of 46 in humans
Trisomy 21 Down syndrome
![Page 47: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Monosomy
A gamete with a missing chromosome fuses with a normal gamete
Zygote has 1 missing chromosome 45 instead of 46 in humans
Lethal most of the time Turner syndrome XO
![Page 48: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Polyploidy
Total lack of chromosomal separation Lethal in animals Frequent in plants
Larger and healthier fruits and flowers Plant breeders induce polyploidy by using
chemicals that cause nondisjunction
![Page 49: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
MENDELIAN INHERITANCE OF HUMAN TRAITS
Chapter 12
![Page 50: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Pedigree
Graphic representation of genetic inheritance
A chart showing familial relationships and patterns of trait inheritance
![Page 51: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Sample pedigree chart
Squares maleCircles femaleFilled in afflictedBlank not afflictedHalf filled in carrier
![Page 52: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
RECESSIVE HEREDITY2 copies of allele are needed
(Most genetic disorders)
![Page 53: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
Formation and accumulation of mucus in lungs and pancreas
Due to a defective protein 1 in 25 white Americans carry the allele Resistance against tuberculosis
![Page 54: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Tay-Sachs disease
Buildup of lipids in brain cells (lethal) Missing the gene coding for an enzyme Amish and eastern European Jews
![Page 55: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
Accumulation of phenylalanine (amino acid) in brain cells
Causes mental retardation Missing the enzyme needed to break
down the amino acid Standard test for all newborn infants PKU mothers can damage unborn child
![Page 56: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Sickle-cell anemia
Abnormally shaped red blood cells Mutation in hemoglobin gene Most afflicted don’t survive childhood Carriers are more resistant to malaria Africans
![Page 57: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Dominant heredity
1 allele is needed Tongue rolling Hitchhiker’s thumb Huntington’s chorea
Degeneration of brain cells lethal Onset of symptoms at 30-50 years of age 50% chance of passing on the allele
![Page 58: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
COMPLEX PATTERNS OF INHERITANCE
![Page 59: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Incomplete dominance
Dominant allele is only partially expressed when recessive allele is present
Genetic blending
![Page 60: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Four-o’clock flowersRed (RR) x White (RR)
![Page 61: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Codominance
Both alleles are expressed equally Cattle red coat and white coat
codominant Hybrid roan (mixture of red and white
hairs)
![Page 62: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Multiple alleles
More than 2 possible alleles within a species
Human blood type 3 possible alleles
![Page 63: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Sex determination
Sex chromosomes only unmatched pair All other are autosomes 22 pairs
Female XX Male XY It is the male that determines the sex of
the offspring
![Page 64: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Sex-linked traits
Controlled by genes on the X chromosome
Males are more likely to be afflicted Females may be carriers Color blindness Hemophilia Male pattern baldness *
![Page 65: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Polygenic inheritance
Trait controlled by 2 or more genes Not expressed in 2 contrasting forms, but
varies between the 2 extremes Human height
![Page 66: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Gene linkage
Genes located on the same chromosome Inherited together
![Page 67: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Environmental influences
External temperature, light, nutrition, infectious agents
Internal hormones, age, sex
![Page 68: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
INHERITANCE OF HUMAN TRAITS
![Page 69: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Human blood typescodominance and multiple alleles
3 possible alleles IA and IB are codominant i is recessive
6 possible genotypes IAIA or IAi type A IBIB or IBi type B IAIB type AB ii type O
![Page 70: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Sex-linked traits
Red-green color blindness Most common
Hemophilia Commonly missing clotting factor VIII
![Page 71: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Polygenic inheritance
Eye color, skin color, height Almost all human traits
![Page 72: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Changes in chromosome number
Autosomes Down syndrome Sex chromosomes
Turner syndrome XO Klinefelter syndrome XXY OY lethal
![Page 73: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
DETECTING GENETIC DISORDERS
![Page 74: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
Karyotype
Comparing specimen chromosomes to normal chromosomes
![Page 75: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
![Page 76: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Amniocentesis
Sample of free-floating fetal cells Make a karyotype
![Page 77: Chapters 10 and 12. 1 st studies of heredity genetics Traits characteristics that are inherited](https://reader030.vdocuments.mx/reader030/viewer/2022032722/56649cdc5503460f949a6bb4/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
Genetic Screening
Compare your genes to known disease markers