chapter9solutions and solution reactions

7/25/2019 Chapter9Solutions and Solution Reactions

1/25

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$%&'()* +, -./0(1.23 &24 -./0(1.2 5)&6(1.237

8%)2 (%) )9&6( 6.:'.31(1.2 .; & :19(0*) 13 1( 13 6&//)4 &!"#$%&"'( ?2

'*1261'/)> & 3./0(1.2 6&2 @) & 3./14> & /1A014> .* & B&37 C.=)D)*> 12 (%) /&@.*&(.*E E.0

6.::.2/E =.*< =1(% =&()* F&A0).03G 3./0(1.23> &24 =) =1// ;.603 .2 &A0).03

3./0(1.23 ;.* (%) *)3( .; (%13 6%&'()*7

8%E 4. 6%):13(3 4133./D) 30@3(&26)3 12 =&()*H I%)*) &*) (=. *)&3.23 ;.*

0312B 3./0(1.23> 123()&4 .; '0*) 30@3(&26)3,

"7 J&2E *)&6(1.23 *)/)&3) & B*)&( 4)&/ .; %)&(7 I%) =&()* &@3.*@3 (%13 %)&(> &24

:.4)*&()3 (%) ():')*&(0*) .; (%) *)&6(1.27

K7 I%) *)&6(1.2 3'))4 F(%) !"#$%&'( !#%"G 4)')243 .2 (%) '%&3) F3./14> /1A014>

B&3G .; (%) *)&6(&2(37 $.2314)* (%) ;.//.=12B B)2)*&/ *)&6(1.2,

LM N $!L$ N M

?:&B12) (%) (=. *)&6(&2(3 &*) 3./143 FO1B0*) +7"G7 P&6% '&*(16/) .; (%) (=.

*)&6(&2(3 6.2(&123 :&2E 1241D140&/ &(.:3 .* :./)60/)3 .; QLMR .* Q$R7 J.3( .; (%)

:./)60/)3S&(.:3 &*) 12314) (%) '&*(16/)T (%) .2/E '/&6)3 =%)*) LM &24 $ 6&2 *)&6(

=1(% )&6% .(%)* &*) (%) 30*;&6)3 =%)*) (%)E &*) (.06%12B7 I%) D&3( :&U.*1(E .; LM

&24 $ '&*(16/)3 &*) 2.( *)&6(12B &( &//7 L3 & *0/)> *)&6(1.23 12D./D12B 3./143 ()24 (. @)

(%) 3/.=)3(7 ?( 132V( 02030&/ (. ;124 3./14 '%&3) *)&6(1.23 (& 6)2(0*1)3> .*

:1//)221& (. 6.:'/)()7

O1B0*) +7"7 I%) *)&6(1.2 .; 3./14 '&*(16/)3 .; LM =1(% $7


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W.= 1:&B12) (%) (=. *)&6(&2(3 &*) B&3)37 ?2 & B&3> &// &(.:3 .* :./)60/)3

)913( &3 1241D140&/ '&*(16/)3> &24 (%) 1241D140&/ '&*(16/)3 :19 )&31/E &24 6.:'/)()/E

FO1B0*) +7KG7 W. &(.: .* :./)60/) 13 (*&'')4 12314) .; /&*B)* '&*(16/)3> &24 &// &(.:3

.* :./)60/)3 6&2 *)&6(7 X&3 '%&3) *)&6(1.23 &*) B)2)*&//E (%) ;&3()3(7

O1B0*) +7K7 5)&6(1.2 .; LM &24 $ 12 (%) B&3 '%&3)7

-.> 1; =) =&2( (%) ;&3()3( *)&6(1.23 '.331@/)> =) 3%.0/4 %)&( &// .; .0**)&6(&2(3 02(1/ (%)E @)6.:) B&3)3Y Z2;.*(02&()/E> (%) *)&/ =.*/4 13 2.( (%&( 31:'/)>

&24 (%) B)2)*&/ '*.6)40*) .; %)&(12B 30@3(&26)3 02(1/ (%)E @)6.:) B&3)3 *023 12(.

(=. 31B21;16&2( '*.@/):3,

"7

I%) @.1/12B '.12( .; :&2E 30@3(&26)3 13 )9(*):)/E %1B%7 O.* )9&:'/)> (%)

@.1/12B '.12( .; 1*.2 13 K[#\ .$> =%1/) (%) @.1/12B '.12( .; 3.410: 6%/.*14) 13

"]"^ .$7 _*.D1412B 30;;161)2( )2)*BE (. @.1/ (%)3) 30@3(&26)3 13 &

6.2314)*&@/) '*.@/):> &24 %&24/12B (%): 3&;)/E &( (%)3) %1B% ():')*&(0*)3

13 2.( 31:'/)7

K7

J&2E 30@3(&26)3 4)6.:'.3)> .* *)&6( =1(% .9EB)2 @);.*) *)&6%12B (%)1*@.1/12B '.12(7 `*412&*E 30B&*> ;.* )9&:'/)> 4.)3 2.( @.1/ &( &(:.3'%)*16

'*)330*) a 1( 4)6.:'.3)3 12(. & @*.=2 :19(0*) .; :)/()4 30B&* &24 6&*@.2

F1( )*+*,-#&.-!G7

b1A014 3./0(1.23 B1D) 03 :.3( .; (%) @)2);1(3 .; B&3)3> =1(%.0( (%) 2))4 (.

D&'.*1c) (%) *)&6(&2(37 W)D)*(%)/)33> 0312B 3./0(1.23 123()&4 .; '0*) 30@3(&26)312(*.406)3 6.:'/16&(1.23 =) :03( &44*)337 I%) ;1*3(> :.3( [email protected]> 6.:'/16&(1.2 13


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"#^

(%&( =) 4.2V( %&D) .2) 312B/) '0*) 30@3(&26) a 123()&4 =) %&D) & :19(0*) .;

30@3(&26)37

M);.*) B.12B &2E ;&*(%)*> =) 2))4 (. 12(*.406) 3.:) 2)= D.6&@0/&*E ()*:37

L// 3./0(1.23 &*) 6.:'.3)4 .; &!"#/-'%> &24 .2) .* :.*)!"#$%-!7 I%)3./D)2( 13 (%) 30@3(&26) =1(% (%) B*)&()3( :&33 ')*6)2(&B)7 I%) 3./0()3 &*) &// .(%)*

30@3(&26)3 '*)3)2( 12 (%) 3./0(1.2 a &2E(%12B (%&( 13 2.( (%) 3./D)2(7 $.2314)* (%)

;.//.=12B 3./0(1.23 FI&@/) +7"G,

-./0(1.2 QLR -./0(1.2 QMR -./0(1.2 Q$R -./0(1.2 QdR

"7\\e 30B&*

++7\\e =&()*

K#7\\e 30B&*

"K7\\e 3&/("K7\\e 4E)

f7\\e ;/&D.*12B

]^7\\e =&()*

##7\\e 30B&*

]#7\\e =&()*

[fe 21(*.B)2 FWKG

K"e .9EB)2 F`KG"e (*&6) F$`K> L*> P(67G

I&@/) +7"7 d1;;)*)2( 3./0(1.237

?2 3./0(1.23 QLR &24 QMR> =&()* 13 (%) 3./D)2(T 1( 13 '*)3)2( 12 (%) B*)&()3(

')*6)2(&B)7 ?2 3./0(1.2 Q$R> 30B&* 13 (%) 3./D)2(> &24 1( 13 '*.')* (. 4)36*1@) 3./0(1.2

$ &3 Q& ]#e 3./0(1.2 .; =&()* 4133./D)4 12 30B&*R> &/(%.0B% &/:.3( [email protected] 4.)3 3.7

-./0(1.2 QdR 13 & B&3 :19(0*)> =%16% 13 & 3')61&/ 6&3)7 -.:)(1:)3 (=. 30@3(&26)3 :19

6.:'/)()/E &24 *)&41/E> *)B&*4/)33 .; (%)1* '*.'.*(1.237 O.* )9&:'/)> &2E &:.02( .;

21(*.B)2 B&3 :19)3 =1(% &2E &:.02( .; .9EB)2 B&37 I%)3) 30@3(&26)3 &*) 3&14 (. @),&!)&0#-> &24 =) B)2)*&//E 4.2V( 4)31B2&() & 3./D)2( .* 3./0()3 ;.* :1361@/)

:19(0*)37

L2E 6.:@12&(1.2 .; 3./D)2( &24 3./0() '*.406)3 & 3./0(1.2> @0( 2.( &//

3./0(1.23 &*) )A01D&/)2(7 L B1D)2 3./D)2( F17)7 =&()*G 4133./D)3 & ;121() &:.02( .;)&6% 3./0() &( ;19)4 ():')*&(0*)3 &24 '*)330*)37 I%) :&91:0: 3./0@1/1(E .; 3.410:

6%/.*14) 12 =&()* 13 ^#+ BSb &( K# .$> =%1/) (%) :&91:0: 3./0@1/1(E .; 30B&*

F306*.3)G 12 =&()* &( K# .$ 13 K\\\ BSb7 L3 & B)2)*&/ *0/)> 3./0@1/1(E 126*)&3)3 =1(%

126*)&312B ():')*&(0*)7 C.=)D)*> (%)*) &*) )96)'(1.23 (. (%13 *0/)> &24 :.3( B&3)3

%&D) /.=)* =&()* 3./0@1/1(1)3 &( %1B%)* ():')*&(0*)37

?; & 3./0(1.2 6.2(&123 /)33 (%&2 (%) :&91:0: &:.02( .; 3./0()> (%)2 (%)

3./0(1.2 13 6&//)4 $'!*%$+*%-1! ?; & 3./0(1.2 6.2(&123 (%) :&91:0: &:.02( .;3./0()> (%)2 (%) 3./0(1.2 13 6&//)4!*%$+*%-1( L 3./0(1.2 6.2(&1212B :.*) (%&2 (%)

:&91:0: &:.02( .; 3./0() 13 6&//)4!$3-+!*%$+*%-17

QC& C&Y>R E.0 3&E> Q? %&D) ;12&//E 6&0B%( E.0Y C.= )9&6(/E 4. E.0 %&D) :.*)

(%&2 (%) :&91:0: &:.02( .; &2E(%12BHR


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QP&31/E>R ? 3&E> Q=%)2 E.0 3(&*( =1(% & %.( 3./0(1.2 &24 /)( 1( 6../7R

L3 ? 3&14 @);.*)> 3./0@1/1(E B)2)*&//E 126*)&3)3 =1(% 126*)&312B ():')*&(0*)7

O1B0*) +7^ 3%.=3 (%) );;)6( .; 126*)&312B ():')*&(0*) .2 (%) 3./0@1/1(E .; 3.410:

&6)(&() 12 =&()*7 I%) 3.410: &6)(&() 3./0@1/1(E 13 &@.0( (%*)) (1:)3 B*)&()* &( "\\.

$ (%&2 &( K#.

$7 ?:&B12) (%&( =) :& &3 (%) 3./0(1.2 6../3> 3.:) 3.410: &6)(&()

3+-)&3&%*%-!;*.: 3./0(1.27 _*)61'1(&(1.2 .660*3 =%)2)D)* & 3./14 :&()*1&/ 4)'.31(3

;*.: & /1A014 3./0(1.27 8%)2 (%) 3./0(1.2 %&3 6../)4 (. K# .$> =) %&D) & 3&(0*&()4

3./0(1.2 .; 3.410: &6)(&()> =1(% & /&*B) &:.02( .; 3./14 3.410: &6)(&() &( (%)@.((.: .; (%) 6.2(&12)*7 I%) 3./14 30@3(&26) &( (%) @.((.: .; & 3&(0*&()4 3./0(1.2 13

6&//)4 (%)3+-)&3&%*%-7 I%13 13 (%) Q2.*:&/R 31(0&(1.2> &24 (%) B)2)*&/ :)(%.4 03)4(. :& &3 (%) 3./0(1.2 6../3> 2.2) .; (%) 3.410: &6)(&() '*)61'1(&()37

8%)2 (%13 %&'')23> (%) 3./0(1.2 13 30')*3&(0*&()47 -0')*3&(0*&(1.2 13 *)/&(1D)/E


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*&*)> 41;;160/( (. &6%1)D)> &24 )9(*):)/E 023(&@/)Y L/:.3( &2E 413(0*@&26) F& 403(

'&*(16/)> 36*&(6%12B (%) 12314) .; (%) 6.2(&12)* =1(% & 3(1**12B *.4> )D)2 /.04 2.13)3G

=1// 6&03) 30')*3&(0*&()4 3.410: &6)(&() (. '*)61'1(&()7 8%)2 '*)61'1(&(1.2 .660*3>

=) )24 0' =1(% (%) Q2.*:&/R 31(0&(1.2 a & 3&(0*&()4 3./0(1.2 .; 3.410: &6)(&() =1(%

& /&*B) &:.02( .; 3./14 3.410: &6)(&() '*)61'1(&() &( (%) @.((.: .; (%) 6.2(&12)*7

"#$%&'$'() #+ '#,'- -#./#%,017

?( 13 .;()2 6.2D)21)2( ;.* 03 (. @0( 2.( D)*E 3./0@/) 12 %)9&2) F& 6.::.2> 2.2'./&*> .*B&216 3./D)2(G7 ?; (%)

3./0@1/1(E .; & 3./0() 13 g"e> =) 6.2314)* 1( &'!"#$0#-7

O.* 1.216 6.:'.0243> (%)*) 13 & *)/&(1D)/E 31:'/) 3)( .; 3./0@1/1(E *0/)3 (%&(

&//.= 03 (. '*)416( =%)(%)* .* 2.( &2 1.216 6.:'.024 =1// @) 3./0@/) 12 =&()*> U03(;*.: (%) 6%):16&/ ;.*:0/& .; (%) 6.:'.0247

-./0@1/1(E *0/)3,

"7 L// B*.0' "L :)(&/ Fb1> W&> h> 5@> $3> O*G .* &::.210: FNH4

+ G 3&/(3 &*)

3./0@/)7 FL3 & '*&6(16&/ :&(()*> E.0 =1// 2)D)* )26.02()* ;*&2610:

6.:'.0243> &24 *&*)/E )26.02()* *0@1410: .* 6)310: 6.:'.02437G

K7 L// 21(*&() FNO3

! G> 6%/.*&() FClO3

! G> ')*6%/.*&() FClO4

! G> .* &6)(&() FCH3CO

2

! G

3&/(3 &*) 3./0@/)7 W1(*&() &24 &6)(&() &*) (%) (=. :.3( 1:'.*(&2(T 6%/.*&()&24 ')*6%/.*&() &*) *)/&(1D)/E *&*)7

^7 $%/.*14)> @*.:14)> .* 1.414) F$/i> M*i> ?iG 3&/(3 &*) 3./0@/)7 I%)*) &*) (%*))

6.::.2 )96)'(1.23, 31/D)* FLBNG> :)*60*E F?G FHg2+2 G> &24 /)&4 F_@NKG 3&/(3 .;

(%)3) &21.23 &*) 123./0@/)7

]7 -0/;&() 3&/(3 FSO4

!2 G &*) B)2)*&//E 3./0@/)7 I%)*) &*) ;1D) 6.::.2

)96)'(1.23T -*NK> M&NK> Hg2+2 > _@NK&24 $&NK, (%)3) 3&/(3 &*) 123./0@/)7

#7

CE4*.914) F`Ci

G 3&/(3 &*) B)2)*&//E 123./0@/)7 P96)'(1.23 &*) B*.0' "L :)(&/3&/(3 F3)) " &@.D)G7 F-.:)(1:)3 $&NK> M&NK> &24 -*NK%E4*.914)3 &*)

6.2314)*)4 3./0@/)7G

j7 -0/;14) F-iKG 3&/(3 &*) 123./0@/) =1(% (%) ;.//.=12B )96)'(1.23, NH4

+ > B*.0' "L

:)(&/37 F$&NK> -*NK&24 M&NK&*) 3.:)(1:)3 126/04)47G


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"#j

[7 $&*@.2&() FCO3

!2 G> 30/;1() FSO3

!2 G> 6%*.:&() FCrO4

!2 G> &24 '%.3'%&() FPO4

!3 G

3&/(3 &*) 123./0@/) =1(% (%) )96)'(1.2 .; NH4

+ &24 B*.0' "L :)(&/37

I. 03) (%)3) *0/)3> ;1*3( /..< &( (%) ;.*:0/& .; (%) 1.216 6.:'.024 &24

14)2(1;E =%16% 1.23 &*) '*)3)2(7 I%)2 6.:'&*) (%) 1.23 '*)3)2( =1(% (%) 3./0@1/1(E

*0/)3> 12 (%) .*4)* '*)3)2()4> &24 2.() =%)(%)* .* 2.( .2) .; (%) 1.23 '*)3)2( 12 (%)

6.:'.024 6.**)3'.243 =1(% .2) .; (%) 3./0@1/1(E (%) *0/)37 k.0 4. 2.( 2))4 (.6.:'&*) &// 1.23 =1(% &// *0/)3, (%) ;1*3( *0/) (%&( ()//3 E.0 (%) 6.:'.024 13 3./0@/)

.* 123./0@/) 13 &// E.0 2))4 (. 6.2314)*7

O.* )9&:'/)> 6.2314)* 3.410: 30/;&() FW&K-`]G7 I%13 3&/( 13 6.:'.3)4 .;

3.410: 1.2 FW&NG &24 30/;&() 1.2 FSO4

!2 G7 50/) " 12416&()3 (%&( (%13 3&/( 13 3./0@/)

@&3)4 0'.2 (%) '*)3)26) .; 3.410: 1.27 F50/) ] &/3. 12416&()3 (%&( (%13 3&/( 133./0@/) @&3)4 0'.2 (%) '*)3)26) .; 30/;&() 1.2 &24 (%) &@3)26) .; &2E )96)'(1.23>

@0( 13 1**)/)D&2( a *0/) " (& &24 (%)E &*) 2.( 41*)6(/E 12()*6%&2B)&@/)7

5-+)-'%*6- 07 ,*!!F6 .7.G 12416&()3 (%) :&33 .; 3./0() '*)3)2( 12 "\\B*&:3 .; 3./0(1.27 I%13 13 & 6.2D)21)2( 021( (. 03)> &24 :& 1; ? =&2( & #7\\e :S: 3./0(1.2 .; 3.410: 6%/.*14)

12 =&()*> ? 6&2 6.:@12) #7\\ B*&:3 .; 3.410: 6%/.*14) &24 +#7\\ B*&:3 .; =&()*7

_)*6)2(&B) @E :&33 (& 1:&B12) ?

=&2( & 3./0(1.2 (. %&D) "7#e 3.410: 6%/.*14)> "7[ e 3.410: 30/;&()> &24 #7#e

B/06.3) F$jC"K`jG 12 =&()*7 C.= 4. ? :&


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"#[

3(&*( =1(% (%) 14)& .; :& "7[ B*&:3 3.410: 30/;&()> &24 #7# B*&:3 B/06.3)7 I%13 13 & (.(&/ .; f7[

B*&:3> 3. ? 2))4 +"7^ B*&:3 =&()*7 ? &44 (%) 3./143 3./0()3 (. (%) =&()* &24 3(1* a

:E 3./0(1.2 13 :&4)7

5-+)-'%*6- 07 /"#$,-F6 878G 12416&()3 (%) D./0:) .; 3./0() '*)3)2( 12"\\ :b .; 3./0(1.27 I%13 13 & 6.2D)21)2( ')*6)2(&B) 021( (. 03) =%)2 E.0* 3./0()3

&*) /1A0143> @0( (%)*) &*) 3.:) 12%)*)2( '*.@/):37 m./0:)3 .; /1A0143 4. 2.(

2)6)33&*1/E &44 41*)6(/E, 12 3.:) 6&3)3 "\7\\ :b N "\7\\ :b 13 2.( K\7\\ :b7 I%13 13

;*)A0)2(/E 3))2 =1(% :19(0*)3 .; &/6.%./ &24 =&()*7 ?; E.0 %&D) & ]\e DSD 3./0(1.2.; )(%E/ &/6.%./ 12 =&()*> 1( =1// @) &@.0( ^"7je :S:7 L ]\e :S: 3./0(1.2 .; )(%E/

&/6.%./ 12 =&()* '*.406)3 & #\7[e DSD 3./0(1.27

8%E 4.2V( D./0:)3 &44 41*)6(/E> U03( /1 &24 (%)*) &*) ):'(E 3'&6)3 @)(=))2 (%) :./)60/)37 $.2314)* O1B0*) +7]>3%.=12B & :)(%&2./ :./)60/) F$C^`CG7 I%13 :./)60/) %&3 & 4);121() '%E316&/ 3%&')

&24 .660'1)3 3'&6)7 8%)2 3)D)*&/ :)(%&2./ :./)60/)3 &*) '&6(%) '&6


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"#f

10.00 mL large molecules + 10.00 mL small molecules ! 20.00 mL total molecules

_*)'&*12B e DSD 3./0(1.23 13 &/3. ;&1*/E 31:'/)7 ?:&B12) ? =&2()4 (. :& @0( &3 e BS:b7 -)6.24> 1( 13 )2(1*)/E '.331@/) (. %&D) :&33i

D./0:) ')*6)2(&B)3 B*)&()* (%&2 "\\e =SD7 O.* )9&:'/)> &2 f\e :S: 3./0(1.2 .;

30/;0*16 &614 12 =&()* 6.2(&123 f\ B*&:3 .; 30/;0*16 &614 &24 K\ B*&:3 .; =&()*

F30/;0*16 &614 &24 =&()* &*) :1361@/)G7 I%) 4)231(E .; (%13 3./0(1.2 13 "7[^B*&:3S:b> 3. "\\ B*&:3 .; 3./0(1.2 %&3 & D./0:) .; #[7f :b7 I%) :&33iD./0:)

')*6)2(&B) .; 30/;0*16 &614 13 (%)*);.*) Ff\ B*&:3S#[7f :bG 9 "\\ l "^fe :SD>

=%16% 13 6.2;0312B &24 *14160/.037

? 3(*.2B/E )26.0*&B) E.0 W`I (. 03) :&33iD./0:) ')*6)2(&B)7 ?( 13 U03( &3

)&3E (. )9'*)33 6.26)2(*&(1.23 &3 B*&:3S:b F.* =1(% &''*.'*1&() 6.2D)*31.23>.(%)* :)(*16 *&(1.3 306% &3 :BSb> )(67G7 L 3./0(1.2 6.2(&1212B #7\\ B*&:3 .; 30B&* 12

"\\ :b .; 3./0(1.2 %&3 & 30B&* 6.26)2(*&(1.2 .; \7\# BS:b> =%1/) f\ B*&:3 .;

30/;0*16 &614 12 #[7f :b .; 3./0(1.2 %&3 & 6.26)2(*&(1.2 .; "7^f BS:b7 I%)*) 13

2.(%12B Q:&B16R &@.0( ')*6)2(&B)3> &24 12 (%13 6&3) E.0 3%.0/4 &D.14 0312B & :SD

')*6)2(&B) @)6&03) 1( 13 6.2;0312B7

5)B&*4/)33 .; =%)(%)* E.0 (& ? %.') (%&( E.0 3)) (%&(31:'/E 3&E12B QI%) 3./0(1.2 6.2(&123 ^7\\e QLR 4133./D)4 12 QMRR 13 2.( )2.0B%

12;.*:&(1.2 a =) 2))4 (. 1; &;()* &// :E )26.0*&B):)2( E.0 3(1// =&2( (. 03) (%13 31//E6.26)2(*&(1.2 D&/0) (%)2 ? =1// B1D) E.0 (%) '*.6)40*)7 ?:&B12) E.0 =&2( (. :& E.0 2))4 (. =)1B% .0( 3.:) 3.410: 6%/.*14)7 I%) :&33 .; 3.410:

6%/.*14) E.0 2))4 13,


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"#+

Mass =5.0%

100

!

"#

$

%&'500.0mL = 25g

k.0 '0( (%) K#B 3.410: 6%/.*14) 12 &2 &''*.'*1&() 6.2(&12)*> 4133./D) 1( 12

&@.0( "\\ :b .; =&()*> &24 (%)2 &44 &441(1.2&/ =&()* 02(1/ E.0 %&D) #\\7\ :b (.(&/

3./0(1.2 D./0:)7

9#$54'()!

?2 $%&'()* [> =) /)&*2)4 &@.0( (%) :./)> &24 %.= (. 6.2D)*( (%) :&33 .; &

30@3(&26) 12(. (%) 6.**)3'.2412B 20:@)* .; :./)3 .; 30@3(&26)7 8) 6&2 (& &24 1( %&3 & D)*E 3')61;16 &4D&2(&B)7 8%)2 & B1D)2 D./0:) .; 3./0(1.213 03)4> & 3')61;16 20:@)* .; :./)3 .; 3./0() %&D) @))2 :)&30*)4 .0(7

n03( &3 & 6%):13( 6.02(3 .0( &(.:3 &24 :./)60/)3 @E =)1B%12B 30@3(&26)3 .2& @&/&26)> (%) 3&:) 6%):13( 413')23)3 & @0( =) 4.2V(

30B&* 13 & 3./14> &24 e DSD 13 :.3(

03);0/ =%)2 (%) 30@3(&26)3 &*) &// /1A01437 8) 6.0/4 03) :&33iD./0:) ')*6)2(&B)

F1; E.0 12313()4G> &/(%.0B% 1( =.0/4 @) @)(()* (. /&@)/ (%) 3./0(1.2 &3 +\ BSb 30B&* F.*

\7\+\ BS:b 30B&*G7

`* =) 6.0/4 6&/60/&() (%) :./&*1(E .; (%) 30B&* 3./0(1.27 I%) :./)60/&*

=)1B%( .; 30B&* 13 "f\7"#f BS:./)> &24 (%)*);.*) +\ B 30B&* 13 \7#\ :./)37 I%)

3./0(1.2 6.26)2(*&(1.2 13 \7#\i:./)3S"7\b .* \7#\ J 30B&*7

8%)2 ? (& )&6% D./0:) 6.2(&123 &;19)4 20:@)* .; 30B&* :./)60/)37 ? 6&2 6&/60/&() (%) 20:@)* .; :./)3 .; 30B&*

'*)3)2( 12 )&6% D./0:) @E :0/(1'/E12B (%) D./0:) '.*(1.2 F12 /1()*3G @E (%) :./&*1(E

FI&@/) +7KG7


10/25

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"\\\ :b .; 3./0(1.2 F"7\\ bG l \7#\ :./)3 .; 30B&* :./)60/)3

#\\ :b .; 3./0(1.2 F\7#\\ bG l \7K# :./)3 .; 30B&* :./)60/)3

"\\ :b .; 3./0(1.2 F\7"\\ bG l \7\#\ :./)3 .; 30B&* :./)60/)3

"\ :b .; 3./0(1.2 F\7\"\ bG l \7\\#\ :./)3 .; 30B&* :./)60/)3

I&@/) +7K7 m./0:)3 .; 3./0(1.2 &24 6.**)3'.2412B 20:@)*3 .; :./)3> ;.* & \7#\J30B&* 12 =&()* 3./0(1.27

molarity =moles

liters

M =m

V

-.:) 3./0(1.23 &*) '*)'&*)4 @E 41/0(12B & ;19)4 D./0:) .; & 3(&*(12B 3./0(1.2

(. & ;12&/ D./0:)> 0312B =&()* .* 3.:) .(%)* /1A0147 $&/60/&(12B (%) ;12&/ :./&*1(E .;

(%) 41/0()4 3./0(1.2 13 )&3E 0312B (%) ;.*:0/&,

MiVi =MfVf

8%)*) .&13 (%) 121(1&/ 6.26)2(*&(1.2> /&13 (%) D./0:) .; 3(&*(12B 3./0(1.2> .013 (%)

;12&/ 6.26)2(*&(1.2> &24 /013 (%) ;12&/ D./0:) .; (%) 41/0()4 3./0(1.27 W`IP, (%)

6.26)2(*&(1.23 :03( @) :./&*1(E> .* 3.:) .(%)* 021( 3')61;16&//E 0312B (.(&/ D./0:)

.; 3./0(1.27 J&33 ')*6)2( =.2V( =.* @0( D./0:) ')*6)2( &24 :&33iD./0:) ')*6)2(

=1// =.*< U03( ;12)7

J./&*1(E 13 (%) :.3( 6.::.2/E )26.02()*)4 6.26)2(*&(1.2 021(> &24 E.0

:03( /)&*2 (%13 021(7 ?; E.0 %&D) (. :):.*1c) (%13 021( @E @*0() ;.*6)> (%)2 (%&( 13

`hT 31( 12 ;*.2( .; & :1**.* &24 6%&2( QJ./&*1(E 13 ,"#-!')* /1()* .; 3./0(1.2R #\\

(1:)37 ?; E.0 %&D) (. B. (. & (&((.. '&*/.* &24 %&D) (%) =.*43 QJ./&*1(E 13 ,"#-!')*

/1()* .; 3./0(1.2R (&((..)4 .2 E.0* &*:> (%)2 (%&( 13 `h7 W)D)* ;.*B)( (%&( QJ./&*1(E

13 ,"#-!')* /1()* .; 3./0(1.2R7

"#$%('#, 1(#'-;'#.3(4)!

?2 6%&'()* [> E.0 /)&*2)4 (. ')*;.*: 3(.16%1.:)(*E 6&/60/&(1.23 0312B@&/&26)4 6%):16&/ )A0&(1.237 -./0(1.2 3(.16%1.:)(*E '*.@/):3 &*) 31:1/&*> @0(3/1B%(/E :.*) 6.:'/)9 @)6&03) & 3./0(1.2 6.2(&123 (%) *)&6(&2(> '/03 (%) 3./D)2(7 ?2

& 3.410: 6%/.*14) 3./0(1.2> 3.410: 6%/.*14) =1// '*.@&@/E @) (%) *)&6(&2(> =%1/) (%)

=&()* 3./D)2( 13 2.( 6%):16&//E *)&6(12B7 -1:'/E :)&30*12B .0( #\7\\ B*&:3 .;3./0(1.2 4.)32V( :)&2 (%&( &// #\7\\ B*&:3 =1// *)&6(7


11/25

"j"

`2) 31:'/) =&E .; %&24/12B (%13 '*.@/): 13 (. 03) (%) :./&*1(E &24 D./0:) .;

*)&6(12B 3./0(1.23 (. 6&/60/&() (%) :./)3 .; *)&6(&2(37 `26) =) %&D) :./)3> (%)

.*412&*E 3(.16%1.:)(*E 6&/60/&(1.23 &''/E7 O.* )9&:'/)> 6.2314)* (%) *)&6(1.2 B1D)2

@)/.=,

$&$/KN KLBW`^!

KLB$/ N $&FW`^GK

?:&B12) ? %&D) \7\K#J $&$/K> &24 \7\"#J LBW`^7 ?; ? 03) #\7\\ :b .; 6&/610:

6%/.*14) 3./0(1.2> =%&( D./0:) .; 31/D)* 21(*&() 4. ? 2))4 (. 6.:'/)()/E *)&6(H

O1*3(> 6&/60/&() (%) :./)3 .; 6&/610: 6%/.*14) &D&1/&@/),

Molarity=moles

Liters(solution)

Molarity!

Liters(solution)=

moles

0.025M!0.05000L = 0.00125molesCaCl2

-)6.24> 03) (%) *&(1. .; 6.);;161)2(3 12 (%) @&/&26)4 6%):16&/ )A0&(1.2 (.

6&/60/&() (%) :./)3 .; 31/D)* 21(*&() *)A01*)4,

0.00125molesCaCl2 !2 AgNO31 CaCl2

= 0.0025molesAgNO3

b&3(> 0312B :./)3 .; 31/D)* 21(*&() &24 6.26)2(*&(1.2 .; 31/D)* 21(*&()>

6&/60/&() (%) D./0:) .; 31/D)* 21(*&() 2))4)4 (. B1D) (%) *)A01*)4 20:@)* .; :./)3,

Molarity =moles

Liters(solution)

0.015MAgNO3 =0.0025molesAgNO3

L

L =0.0025molesAgNO30.015MAgNO3

= 0.1667L =166.7mL

FI%)*) &*) 3%.*( 60(3 (%&( 6&2 @) 03)4> @0( 2)= 3(04)2(3 12 6%):13(*E 4.2V(2))4 (%) 3%.*( 60(37 b)&*2 (. 6&/60/&() '*.')*/E 0312B (%) /.2B =&E a (%) 3%.*( 60(3

6&2 6.:) /&()* =%)2 E.0 %&D) :.*) )9')*1)26) =1(% 6%):16&/ )A0&(1.237G


12/25

"jK

"#$%&'$'() .3-;5,'1.1!

-./14 1.216 6.:'.0243 B)2)*&//E %&D) & 021;.*:> *)')&(12B 3(*06(0*) &3

3%.=2 12 O1B0*) +7#7

O1B0*) +7#7 -.410: 6%/.*14) 6*E3(&/7

8%)2 &2 1.216 6.:'.024 4133./D)3 12 =&()* FO1B0*) +7jG> (%) 6.:'.024

4133.61&()3 12(. &21.23 &24 6&(1.237 I%) './&* )243 .; =&()* :./)60/)3 &*) &((*&6()4

(. (%) &21.23 &24 6&(1.23 12 (%) 6*E3(&/7 8&()* :./)60/)3 '0// &21.23 &24 6&(1.23 .0(

.; (%)1* '*.')* '/&6)3 12 (%) 6*E3(&/> )D)2(0&//E 30**.02412B &24 13./&(12B (%) 1.237

`26) .2) 1.2 %&3 @))2 *):.D)4> &441(1.2&/ /.6&(1.23 @)6.:) &D&1/&@/) ;.* :.*)

=&()* :./)60/)3T (%) '*.6)33 6.2(120)3 02(1/ &// .; (%) 1.23 &*) 30**.024)4 &24

13./&()4 @E =&()* :./)60/)37 I%) 1.216 6.:'.024 13 3&14 (. 1&!!")&*%-12(.1241D140&/ 6&(1.23 &24 &21.237


13/25

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O1B0*) +7j7 8&()* :./)60/)3 &*) 30**.02412B &24 *):.D12B & 6%/.*14) 1.2 FB*))2G;*.: & 3.410: 6%/.*14) 6*E3(&/7 -.410: 1.23 &*) '0*'/)> %E4*.B)2 &(.:3 &*) B*)E>

&24 .9EB)2 &(.:3 &*) *)47

?; (%) 1.216 6.:'.024 4133.61&()3 &/:.3( "\\e 12 =&()*> (%)2 1( 13 6&//)4 &

!%+"'6 -#-)%+"#7%-7 `(%)* 1.216 6.:'.0243 4133.61&() :06% /)33 (%&2 "\\e 12=&()*> &24 &*) 6&//)4 9-*: -#-)%+"#7%-!7 -.410: 6%/.*14) 13 &2 )9&:'/) .; & 3(*.2B

)/)6(*./E()> =%1/) 31/D)* 6%/.*14) 13 &2 )9&:'/) .; & =)&< )/)6(*./E()7

P/)6(*./E()3 &*) .2) .; (=. 6/&33)3 .; 30@3(&26)3 (%&( 4133./D) 12 =&()*7 I%)

.(%)* 6/&33 13 '"'-#-)%+"#7%-! > 6.:'.0243 (%&( 4133./D) =1(%.0( 4133.61&(12B 12(.6&(1.23 &24 &21.237 W.2)/)6(*./E()3 126/04) 30@3(&26)3 /1

&24 30B&*3 F$jC"K`jG> &:.2B .(%)*37 -(04)2(3 2))4 (. 413(12B013% @)(=))2)/)6(*./E()3 &24 2.2)/)6(*./E()37 W.2)/)6(*./E()3 %&D) 1241D140&/> 12(&6( :./)60/)3

413')*3)4 (%*.0B%.0( (%) =&()* 3./0(1.2 &24 ()24 (. @) 2.21.216 6.:'.0243

F6.:'.0243 ;.*:)4 )96/031D)/E ;*.: 2.2i:)(&//16 )/):)2(3G7 P/)6(*./E()3 4.2V(

%&D) 1241D140&/> 12(&6( :./)60/)3T 123()&4 (%)E %&D) &21.23 &24 6&(1.23 413')*3)4

(%*.0B%.0( (%) =&()* 3./0(1.27 L// 1.216 6.:'.0243 &*) &/3. )/)6(*./E()37

8) 6&2 413(12B013% @)(=))2 )/)6(*./E()3 &24 2.2)/)6(*./E()3 @E :)&30*12B

(%) )"'1$)%&/&%7.; =&()*T %.= )&31/E &2 )/)6(*16 60**)2( '&33)3 (%*.0B% =&()*7

_0*) =&()* %&3 D)*E /.= 6.2406(1D1(ET '*&6(16&//E 2. 60**)2( ;/.=3 (%*.0B% '0*)

=&()*7 L =&()* 3./0(1.2 .; & 2.2)/)6(*./E()> 306% &3 30B&*> &/3. %&3 /.= 6.2406(1D1(E>

=%1/) =&()* 3./0(1.23 .; & 3(*.2B )/)6(*./E()> 306% &3 3&/(> %&3 & %1B% 6.2406(1D1(E78)&< )/)6(*./E()3 )9%1@1( 12()*:)41&() 6.2406(1D1(E7

`2) 6.2D)21)2( &24 31:'/) 6.2406(1D1(E 6)// 6&2 @) :&4) ;*.: & @)& &

@&(()*E> & /1B%( @0/@> (=. 3(*1'3 .; &/0:120: ;.1/> &24 (%*)) =1*)3 FO1B0*) +7[G7 I%)

()3( 3./0(1.2 13 '0( 12(. (%) @)& (%) /1B%( @0/@


14/25

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=.2V( B/.=7 ?; (%) ()3( 3./0(1.2 13 & =)&< )/)6(*./E()> (%) @0/@ =1// B/.= *)/&(1D)/E

;&12(/E> =%1/) 1; 1( 13 & 3(*.2B )/)6(*./E()> (%) @0/@ =1// B/.= @*1B%(/E7

?@ 9'A',B C5(34 5,0 3$3-(4'-'() '1 5, 3A(43.3$) 05,B34#%1 5-('8'()

(;5( -5, 431%$( ', 134'#%1 ',D%4) #4 035(;! E,)#,3 .5F',B #4 %1',B 1%-; 5

038'-3 0#31 1# 5( ;'1 #4 ;34 #C, /34'$! G 5. ,#( 431/#,1'&$3 +#4 (;3-#,13H%3,-31 #+ )#%4 5-('#,1!

O1B0*) +7[7 -1:'/) 6.2406(1D1(E 6)//7

Z312B *)30/(3 ;*.: 6.2406(1D1(E &24 .(%)* (E')3 .; ()3(12B> 6%):13(3 %&D)

4)D)/.')4 (%) 3./0@1/1(E *0/)3 4)36*1@)4 &@.D)7 I%) 3(*.2B)* (%) )/)6(*./E()> (%)

:.*) 3./0@/) (%) 6.:'.024 =1// @) 12 =&()*> =%1/) =)& =%)*) &''*.'*1&()> 6.2(*1@0()3 (. (%)


15/25

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3./0@1/1(E .; :&2E 2.21.216 6.:'.0243 12 =&()*> =1(% 30B&*3 &24 &/6.%./3 (=.

)9&:'/)3 .; %E4*.B)2 @.2412B7

$%):13(3 ;*)A0)2(/E 03) (%) )9'*)331.2 Qb1 @0( &*) 123./0@/) 12 './&* 3./D)2(37 `; 6.0*3)> .2

&2 &@3./0() 36&/)> )D)*E(%12B 13 3./0@/) 12 )D)*E(%12B )/3)> )D)2 1; 1( 13 .2/E .2)

:./)60/) .; 3./0() 12 "\\>\\\>\\\ /1()*3 .; 3./D)2(7

G,-4351',B 0'11#$%('#, 45(3!

X)2)*&//E> (%)*) &*) (%*)) :)(%.43 ;.* 126*)&312B (%) 4133./0(1.2 *&()7 O1*3(>

E.0 6&2 *)406) (%) '&*(16/) 31c) @E B*12412B (%) 3./14 3./0() 12(. 3:&//)* '&*(16/)37

L3 (%) '&*(16/) 31c) 3%*12 (%) (.(&/ 30*;&6) &*)& )9'.3)4 (. (%) 3./D)2( 126*)&3)3>&24 (%)*);.*) (%) '&*(16/)3 4133./D) ;&3()*7 -)6.24> E.0 6&2 3(1* .* &B1(&() (%)

3./0(1.27 -(1**12B 021;.*:/E 413')*3)3 (%) 4133./D)4 3./0() (%*.0B%.0( (%) 3./D)2(>&24 @*12B3 ;*)3% '.*(1.23 .; 3./D)2( 12(. 6.2(&6( =1(% 024133./D)4 3./0()7 I%1*4> E.0

6&2 %)&( (%) 3./0(1.27 X)2)*&//E> 3./0()3 &*) :.*) 3./0@/) &( %1B% ():')*&(0*) (%&2

&( /.= ():')*&(0*)> &/(%.0B% (%)*) &*) 6)*(&12 )96)'(1.23 FB&3)3 12 =&()*> ;.*

)9&:'/)G7

-.:)(1:)3 2.(%12B 6&2 @) 4.2) (. 126*)&3) (%) 4133./0(1.2 *&()> &24 E.0

31:'/E %&D) (. @) '&(1)2(7


16/25

"jj

m.6&@0/&*E7 I%) ;.//.=12B ()*:3 &*) 4);12)4 &24 )9'/&12)4 12 (%) ()9(7 J&


17/25

"j[

$.26)2(*&(1.2, _)*;.*: (%) 12416&()4 6&/60/&(1.237

"7 L 3.410: %E4*.914) 3./0(1.2 13 K#e @E =)1B%( 3.410: %E4*.914) 4133./D)4

12 =&()*7 8%&( :&33 .; 3.410: %E4*.914) 13 '*)3)2( 12 "\\ :b .; (%133./0(1.2> 1; (%) 4)231(E .; (%) 3./0(1.2 13 "7K# BS:bH

K7 8%&( 13 (%) :./&*1(E .; (%) 3./0(1.2 4)36*1@)4 12 o"> &@.D)H

^7 "#7\\ B*&:3 .; B/06.3) F$jC"K`jG &*) 4133./D)4 12 30;;161)2( =&()* (.

'*.406)4 #\7\\ :b .; 3./0(1.27 8%&( 13 (%) :./&*1(E .; (%) B/06.3)H

]7 L 3./0(1.2 13 '*)'&*)4 @E 6.:@1212B "K7]# B*&:3 .; 3.410: 6%/.*14)> [7\+

B*&:3 .; 3.410: 30/;&()> #7\\ B*&:3 .; 6&/610: 21(*&()> &24 ##7\\ B*&:3 .;=&()*7 8%&( 13 (%) e :S: .; &// 6.:'.2)2(3 .; (%13 3./0(1.2H

#7 L 3./0(1.2 13 /&@)/)4 Q\7"#ff J W&$/R7 C.= :&2E :./)3 .; 3.410: 6%/.*14)

&*) 12 K#7\\ :b .; (%13 3./0(1.2H C.= :&2E B*&:3 .; 3.410: 6%/.*14) &*)

'*)3)2( 12 K#7\\ :b .; (%13 3./0(1.2H

j7 [#7\\ :b .; \7\#\\ J 3.410: 21(*&() 3./0(1.2 13 41/0()4 (. & ;12&/ D./0:) .;

K#\7\\ :b =1(% 4)1.21c)4 =&()*7 8%&( 13 (%) ;12&/ 6.26)2(*&(1.2 .; 3.410:

21(*&() 12 (%) 41/0()4 3./0(1.2H

[7 K#7\\ :b .; "# J &6)(16 &614 13 41/0()4 (. & ;12&/ D./0:) .; "\\7\\ :b =1(%

4)1.21c)4 =&()*7 C.= :&2E B*&:3 .; &6)(16 &614 &*) 12 (%) 41/0()4 3./0(1.2H

f7 K#7\\ :b .; )(%E/ &/6.%./ 13 41/0()4 12 30;;161)2( =&()* (. :&


18/25

"jf

K7 I%) 6.26)2(*&(1.2 .; :&B2)310: 1.23 &24 6&/610: 1.23 12 & =&()* 3&:'/) &*)

^\ &24 [# :BSb *)3')6(1D)/E7 8%&( &*) (%)1* *)3')6(1D) :./&*

6.26)2(*&(1.23H

^7 ?; ;/0.*14) 1.2 6.26)2(*&(1.2 )96))43 K a ^ :BSb> & @*.=2 :.((/12B .; ())(%

6&2 .660*7 8%&( &*) (%) 6.**)3'.2412B :./&*1(1)3H

]7 8%&( :&33 .; LBM* 13 '*.406)4 =%)2 "\\7\ :b .; \7"K#\ J LBW`^13 &44)4

(. K\7\ :b .; "7\\ J W&M*H

#7 8%&( D./0:) .; \7"\\ J W&`C 13 *)A01*)4 (. '*)61'1(&() &// .; (%) 216 =%&( 13 (%) :./&* 6.26)2(*&(1.2

.; 3.410: %E4*.914)H

+7 L "\7\\ :b 3&:'/) .; @&(()*E &614 F30/;0*16 &614G *)A01*)3 ##7f+ :b .; "7f+ J3.410: %E4*.914) ;.* 6.:'/)() 2)0(*&/1c&(1.27 8%&( 13 (%) :./&*1(E .; (%)

@&(()*E &614H

"\7

L #\7\\ :b '.*(1.2 .; &::.21& 3./0(1.2 13 (1(*&()4 =1(% C$/7 I%) *)&6(1.2

13,

WC^N CN!WC]N

?; (%) (1(*&(1.2 6.230:)3 ^+7"" :b .; \7\ff+ J C$/> =%&( 13 (%) .*1B12&/

6.26)2(*&(1.2 .; &::.21&H


19/25

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L23=)*3,

-./0@1/1(E,

"7 $0$/K

I%) 1.23 '*.406)4 &*) $0NK&24 $/i7 $.'')* 1.2 4.)3 2.( %&D) & 3')61;16

3./0@1/1(E *0/)> 2.* 4.)3 1( &'')&* &3 &2 1:'.*(&2( )96)'(1.27 $%/.*14) 3&/(3

&*) 3./0@/) &66.*412B (. *0/) ^7 8) '*)416( (%&( (%13 3&/( 13 3./0@/)7

K7 FWC] GK-`]

I%) 1.23 '*.406)4 &*) &::.210: FWC]NG &24 30/;&() F-`]iKG7 L// &::.210:

3&/(3 &*) 3./0@/) F@E *0/) "G7 8) '*)416( (%&( (%13 3&/( 13 3./0@/)7

^7 b1^_`]

I%) 1.23 '*.406)4 &*) /1(%10: Fb1NG &24 '%.3'%&() F_`]i^G7 L// 3&/(3

6.2(&1212B & B*.0' "L :)(&/ &*) 3./0@/)> &24 /1(%10: 13 & B*.0' "L :)(&/> 3.

@E *0/) " (%13 3&/( 13 3./0@/)7

]7 $&F`CGK

$&/610: 1.2 F$&NKG &24 %E4*.914) 1.2 F`CiG &*) '*.406)4 ;*.: (%13

6.:'.0247 I%)*) 13 2. 3')61;16 *0/) 6.26)*212B 6&/610: 1.2> &/(%.0B% 1( 4.)3

;.*: 3.:) 1:'.*(&2( )96)'(1.237 CE4*.914) 3&/(3 &*) B)2)*&//E 123./0@/)

F*0/) #G> @0( 6&/610: 1.2 13 3.:)(1:)3 &2 1:'.*(&2( )96)'(1.2 12 (%13

3./0@1/1(E *0/)7 8) 6&2V( :& &/(%.0B% /)&4 4.)3

;.*: 3.:) 1:'.*(&2( )96)'(1.237 -0/;&() 3&/(3 &*) B)2)*&//E 3./0@/) F*0/) ]G>

%.=)D)* /)&4 13 &2 1:'.*(&2( )96)'(1.2 (. (%13 *0/)7 8) '*)416( (%&( (%13 3&/(13 123./0@/)7

j7

J2-

J&2B&2)3) 1.2 FJ2NKG &24 30/;14) 1.2 F-iKG &*) '*)3)2( 12 (%13 3&/(7 I%)*) 13

2. 3')61;16 *0/) 6.26)*212B :&2B&2)3) 1.27 -0/;14) 3&/(3 &*) B)2)*&//E

123./0@/) F*0/) jG7 8%1/) (%)*) &*) )96)'(1.23 (. (%13 *0/)> :&2B&2)3) 13 2.(

/13()4 &3 .2) .; (%)3) )96)'(1.237 8) '*)416( (%&( (%13 3&/( 13 123./0@/)7


20/25

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[7 $&$`^

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6&/610: 1.2 13 &2 1:'.*(&2( )96)'(1.2 (. 6)*(&12 3./0@1/1(E *0/)3> (%)*) 13 2.3')61;16 *0/) 6.26)*212B 6&/610: 1.27 $&*@.2&() 3&/(3 &*) B)2)*&//E 123./0@/)

F*0/) [G> =1(% (%) )96)'(1.2 .; &::.210: &24 B*.0' "L :)(&/ 6&(1.237 -126)

6&/610: 13 2)1(%)* &::.210: 2.* & B*.0' "L :)(&/ 6&(1.2> =) '*)416( (%&(

(%13 3&/( 13 123./0@/)7

f7

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+7 O)F`CG^

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$%&'()* ] 6.26)*212B (%) 14)2(1;16&(1.2 .; 1.216 6.:'.0243 &24 2.21.216

6.:'.02437

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21/25

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22/25

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10.8gammonium sulfate !1 mole

132.14g= 0.0817moles

0.0817moles

0.1000L= 0.817M

10.00mL!0.817M

60.00mL= 0.136M(NH4 )2SO4

SO4!2 molarity = 0.136M

NH4+ molarity = 2 x 0.136M = 0.272M

K7 JBNK, ^\ :BSb l \7\^\ BSb

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23/25

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0.0375 moles Ni+2

x2 OH

!

1 Ni+2

= 0.075 moles OH!

0.075 moles OH!

0.100M NaOH= 0.75 L NaOH = 750 mL

j7 ^M&$/KN O)KF-`]G^!^M&-`]N KO)$/^

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0.005 00 moles barium chloride !1 iron(III) sulfate

3 barium chloride= 0.00167 moles iron(III) sulfate

@&*10: 6%/.*14) /1:1(12B a =%)2 1( 13 &// 6.230:)4> 1*.2F???G 30/;&() *):&1237

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&7

0.0100 moles NaOH !1 HCl

1 NaOH= 0.0100 moles HCl

0.0100 moles HCl

0.100 M HCl

= 0.100 L (100 mL)


24/25

"[]

@7

0.0100 moles NaOH !1 H

2SO

3

2 NaOH= 0.00500 moles H

2SO

3

0.00500 moles H2SO

3

0.100 M H2

SO3

= 0.0500 L (50.0 mL)

67


3PO

4

3 NaOH= 0.003 33 moles H

3PO

4

0.003 33 moles H3PO

4

0.150 M H3PO

4

= 0.0222 L (22.2 mL)

47

0.0100 moles NaOH !1 HNO3

1 NaOH= 0.0100 moles HNO

3

0.0100 moles HNO3

0.075 M HNO3

= 0.13 L (130 mL)

)7

0.0100 moles NaOH !1 HC2H3O21 NaOH

= 0.0100 moles HC2H3O2

0.0100 moles HC2H

3O

2

0.250 M HC2H3O2= 0.040 L (40.0 mL)

;7


2SO

4


2SO4

0.00500 moles H2SO

4

0.0375 M H2SO

4

= 0.133 L (133 mL)

f7 \7"\^[ B hC_ S K\]7KK BS:./) l \7\\\ #\[ f :./)3 hC_ l \7\\\ #\[ f

:./)3 W&`C


25/25

"[#

\7\\\ #\[ f :./)3 W&`CS\7\K\]j b l \7\K]fK J

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2SO

4


2SO

4

0.053 moles H2SO

4

0.01000 L= 0.53 M

"\7 \7\^+"" b 9 \7\ff+ J l \7\\^ ]f :./)3 C$/ l \7\\^ ]f :./)3 WC^

0.003 48 moles NH3

0.05000 L

= 0.0695 M

chapter9solutions and solution reactions

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