chapter21 respiratorymarieb
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Explain the microscopic Explain the microscopic and gross anatomy of the and gross anatomy of the
respiratory system.respiratory system.
Identify the pleural Identify the pleural cavities, its membranes cavities, its membranes
and the muscles of and the muscles of ventilation.ventilation.
Ch. 21: The Respiratory Ch. 21: The Respiratory SystemSystem
RespiratoryRespiratory system tasks system tasks
1° Functions:1° Functions: Gas TransportGas Transport Gas ExchangeGas Exchange
OO22 and CO and CO2 2 via diffusionvia diffusion
Acid-Base BalanceAcid-Base BalanceCOCO22 + H + H22O ⇌ HO ⇌ H22COCO3 3 ⇌ H⇌ H++ + HCO + HCO33
--
2 ° Functions:2 ° Functions: Moistening and warming/coolingMoistening and warming/cooling Particulate/pathogen removalParticulate/pathogen removal
Understand this formula!
Respiratory System starts at Respiratory System starts at
the naresthe nares
Major FunctionsMajor Functions
Upper respiratory system:Upper respiratory system:1.1. Air conditioning (warming)Air conditioning (warming)2.2. Defense against pathogensDefense against pathogens3.3. Gas TransportGas Transport
Lower respiratory system:Lower respiratory system:1.1. Speech & other respiratory soundsSpeech & other respiratory sounds 2.2. Gas exchange (ventilation)Gas exchange (ventilation)3.3. Maintenance of homeostasis, e.g. pHMaintenance of homeostasis, e.g. pH
Respiratory EpitheliumRespiratory Epithelium
Histology? Histology? Pseudo…Pseudo…
Mucus produced Mucus produced by numerous by numerous goblet cellsgoblet cells
Defense by means of Defense by means of •filtering hairsfiltering hairs•turbinatesturbinates•ciliary escalator ciliary escalator (mucociliary blanket)(mucociliary blanket)•sticky mucussticky mucus
Upper Respiratory Upper Respiratory SystemSystem
1.1. NoseNose
2.2. Nasal CavityNasal Cavity
3.3. Paranasal sinusesParanasal sinuses
4.4. PharynxPharynx
Upper Respiratory Upper Respiratory SystemSystem
1)1) NoseNose external and internal external and internal
nares = Nostrilsnares = Nostrils Nose Hairs = vibrissaeNose Hairs = vibrissae Alar cartilages on the Alar cartilages on the
nosenose Paranasal SinusesParanasal Sinuses
Fig 7.11 p 165Fig 7.11 p 165
Upper Respiratory Upper Respiratory SystemSystem
• 2. Nasal Cavity2. Nasal Cavity
• Nasal Conchae:Nasal Conchae:
Superior, middle and inferiorSuperior, middle and inferior
Other name: “Turbinate bones” Other name: “Turbinate bones” because they create ______because they create ______
Advantage ?Advantage ?
• nasal septumnasal septum• hard palate, soft palatehard palate, soft palate
Upper Respiratory Upper Respiratory SystemSystem
3. Paranasal Sinuses3. Paranasal Sinuses
Named after their bonesNamed after their bones FrontalFrontal EthmoidEthmoid SphenoidSphenoid MaxillaryMaxillary
Fig. 7.11, p 165
Upper Respiratory Upper Respiratory SystemSystem
4)4) PharynxPharynx
SShared passageway for respiratory and hared passageway for respiratory and digestive systemsdigestive systems nasopharynxnasopharynx - part above uvula and - part above uvula and
posterior to internal naresposterior to internal nares oropharynx oropharynx – portion visible in mirror – portion visible in mirror
when mouth is wide openwhen mouth is wide openfauces = the openingfauces = the openinguvula - posterior edge of soft palateuvula - posterior edge of soft palate
laryngopharynxlaryngopharynx – between the hyoid – between the hyoid bone & the esophagusbone & the esophagus
Laryngopharynx
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Larynx:Larynx: Cartilaginous Cartilaginous cylinder (from Ccylinder (from C44- C- C77) )
Made up of 9 cartilagesMade up of 9 cartilages– – 3 large unpaired (know these!) Thyroid, Cricoid, 3 large unpaired (know these!) Thyroid, Cricoid,
and Epiglottisand Epiglottis– – 3 small paired (involved in construction of voice box)3 small paired (involved in construction of voice box)
C3
C4C5
C6C7
Lower Respiratory Lower Respiratory System System = = Anything Anything inferior to the Pharynxinferior to the Pharynx
Larynx Larynx (AKA voice box)(AKA voice box)
Hyoid BoneHyoid BoneEpiglottisEpiglottisThyroid CartilageThyroid Cartilage Adam’s AppleAdam’s Apple
Cricoid CartilageCricoid CartilageVocal FoldsVocal Folds
Hyoid BoneHyoid BoneEpiglottisEpiglottisThyroid CartilageThyroid Cartilage Adam’s AppleAdam’s Apple
Cricoid CartilageCricoid CartilageVocal FoldsVocal Folds
Larynx, cont’dLarynx, cont’d
The pitch of sound is from tension of the elastic fibers of The pitch of sound is from tension of the elastic fibers of the vocal foldsthe vocal folds
Resonance from shape of pharynx and mouthResonance from shape of pharynx and mouth
The glottis is the opening between the vocal foldsThe glottis is the opening between the vocal foldsInnervation via laryngeal nervesInnervation via laryngeal nerves
Branches of CN XBranches of CN X Left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around aortaLeft recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around aorta
Trachea Trachea (AKA windpipe)(AKA windpipe)
Passageway to lungsPassageway to lungs
Epithelial Lining ?Epithelial Lining ?
16 -20 incomplete hyaline cartilage 16 -20 incomplete hyaline cartilage rings (C-shaped) - completed by rings (C-shaped) - completed by trachealis muscle.trachealis muscle.
CarinaCarina is the site of branching to left is the site of branching to left and right primary bronchi AKA and right primary bronchi AKA tracheal bifurcationtracheal bifurcation
TrachealTracheal BlockageBlockage
oorr
Heimlich Maneuver Heimlich Maneuver or abdominal thrustor abdominal thrust
TracheostomyTracheostomy
From Bronchi to Lungs: The From Bronchi to Lungs: The Bronchial TreeBronchial Tree
11 bronchi ( bronchi (enter lungs at hilus, complete cartilage rings)enter lungs at hilus, complete cartilage rings)
22 bronchi bronchi (from now on cartilage plates)(from now on cartilage plates)
33 bronchi bronchi
BronchiolesBronchioles
Terminal bronchiolesTerminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchiolesRespiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ductsAlveolar ducts
Alveolar sacsAlveolar sacs
Conducting portion
Respiratory portion
Fig 24.11
Note: Sympathetic stimulation (epinephrine) causes bronchodilation
Alveolar Organization Alveolar Organization p 624p 624
Alveoli are site of gas exchange Alveoli are site of gas exchange
Close association with capillariesClose association with capillaries
Lots of elastic fibers in alveolar wallLots of elastic fibers in alveolar wall
Alveoli, cont’dAlveoli, cont’d
Alveolar cells Alveolar cells 1.1. Type I cells – Type I cells – respiratory epitheliocytesrespiratory epitheliocytes2.2. Type II cells Type II cells – septal cells – produce surfactant, – septal cells – produce surfactant,
which prevents collapse of alveoliwhich prevents collapse of alveoli3.3. Alveolar Macrophages – Alveolar Macrophages – dust cells – phagocyticdust cells – phagocytic
SEM of alveoliSEM of alveoli
Respiratory MembraneRespiratory Membrane
Different from respiratory Different from respiratory epitheliumepithelium
Super thin. Made up of 4 Super thin. Made up of 4 layers:layers:
1.1. endothelium of capillaryendothelium of capillary2.2. basement membrane of basement membrane of
capillary endotheliumcapillary endothelium3.3. basement membrane of basement membrane of
epithelium of alveolusepithelium of alveolus
4.4. epithelium of alveolusepithelium of alveolus
Chronic progressive enlargement of alveoli accompanied by destruction of their wall and decrease in surface area for exchange
Due to prolonged exposure to respiratory irritants (??)
Emphysema
LungsLungs
Situated in Pleural (thoracic, chest) Situated in Pleural (thoracic, chest) CavityCavity
Subdivided into lobes (each supplied bySubdivided into lobes (each supplied by 22 bronchus) bronchus)
Right lung: 3 lobes (rel. broad and short)Right lung: 3 lobes (rel. broad and short)
Left lung: 2 lobes (long and narrow)Left lung: 2 lobes (long and narrow)
Right and left lung separated by the Right and left lung separated by the mediastinummediastinum
Lung hilusLung hilus
Left
Pleural Cavities and MembranesPleural Cavities and Membranes
Two cavities separated by Two cavities separated by mediastinummediastinum
Lining of cavitiesLining of cavities
Parietal PleuraParietal Pleura
Visceral PleuraVisceral Pleura
Pleural CavityPleural Cavity
pleurisy
Pneumothorax, (hemothorax, Pneumothorax, (hemothorax, pyothorax, pleural effusion)pyothorax, pleural effusion)
Pleural Membranes, Pleural Membranes, cont’dcont’d
Fig 21.13
PneumothoraxPneumothorax
Respiratory MusclesRespiratory Muscles
Diaphragm: Diaphragm: depresses on contraction depresses on contraction inhalation inhalation
External intercostals: External intercostals: elevate ribs elevate ribs inhalation inhalation
Internal intercostals: Internal intercostals: depress ribs depress ribs active exhalation active exhalation
(Accessory muscles - serratus anterior, scalenes, pectoralis minor, (Accessory muscles - serratus anterior, scalenes, pectoralis minor, sternocleidomastoid, internal and external obliques, transverse sternocleidomastoid, internal and external obliques, transverse abdominus, rectus abdominus)abdominus, rectus abdominus)
Pulmonary EmbolismPulmonary Embolism
Causes for development of emboli in veins of legs:
Immobilization
Trauma
Long surgeries
Oral contraceptives
Obesity
Cigarette smoking
Hypertension