chapter13 gender stratification
TRANSCRIPT
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Gender Stratifcation
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#ender and $ne%ality
• #ender&Personal traits and socialpositions that 'e'bers of a society
attach to being fe'ale and 'ale• #ender strati(cation&)ne%al
distribtion of *ealth, po*er, andprivilege bet*een 'en and *o'en
• Male+fe'ale biological dierences
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#ender in a #lobalPerspective
• $sraeli -ibbt.i'
– #ender e%ality is a stated goal!
• Margaret Mead/s research
– Cltre is -ey to gender dierences!
• #eorge Mrdoc-/s research
– So'e global agree'ent abot fe'inine and'ascline tas-s!
• #ender and cltre
– hat it 'eans to be 'ale or fe'ale is 'ostlya creation of society!
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Figure 13.1Men’s and Women’s Athletic Performance
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Patriarchy and Seis'" for' of social organi.ation in *hich 'ales do'inate
fe'ales
• Matriarchy&" for' of social organi.ation in*hich fe'ales do'inate 'ales
• Seis'&elief that one se or the other is
innately inferior or sperior• $nstittional seis'
–3ond throghot the econo'y
• 4he costs of seis'
–Seis' li'its half of the h'an poplation!• $nevitability of patriarchy
–Most sociologists believe gender is sociallyconstrcted and can be changed!
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Global Map 13.1Women’s Power in Global Perspective
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#ender and Sociali.ation
• #ender roles 5se roles6&"ttitdes andactivities that a society lin-s to each se
• #ender aects ho* *e thin- oforselves and teaches s ho* tobehave!
• 7esearch sggests that 'ost yongpeople develop personalities that are a'i of fe'inine and 'ascline traits!
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#ender and the 3a'ily
• $s it a boy or girl
– Color+coding gender
• 4raditional notions of gender identity
• Handling of children
– 3e'ale9 passivity and e'otion
– Male9 independence and action
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#ender and Peer #rops• Janet :ever 51;
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#ender and the Mass
Media• hite 'ales have center stage!
• Minorities loc-ed ot ntil the early
1;
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Social Strati(cation
• @;A of all *o'en *or-!
• o'en hold pri'ary responsibility forhosehold dties!
• Br cltre gives 'ore responsibility forparenting to *o'en!
• Bn average, *o'en earn 'en/s *or-?
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Table 13.1Jobs with the Highest Concentrations of Women, 2!
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Figure 13.2Ho"sewor#$ Who %oes How M"ch&
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Table 13.2a'ignificant ()irsts* for Women in +' Politics contin"ed on ne-t two slides.
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Table 13.2b (cont.)
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Table 13.2c (cont.)
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Edcation, Politics,and Military
•#ender and edcation•0A of all associate and bachelor degrees areearned by *o'en! Since 1;;2, *o'en earned'ost postgradate degrees!
•Politics•Dineteenth "'end'ent 51;206
•o'en active in local, state politics
•Military•1@A of )S 'ilitary personnel are *o'en and 1@Aof all deployed forces!
•Cltre inences or vie*s of *o'en in the
'ilitary!
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National Map 13.1Women in 'tate Government across the +nited 'tates
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"re o'en a Minority• "t every class level, *o'en have less
inco'e, *ealth, edcation, and po*erthan 'en!
• $ntersection theory&4he interplay of
race, class, and gender, often resltingin 'ltiple di'ensions of disadvantage!
– Fisadvantages lin-ed to gender and raceoften co'bine to prodce especially lo*
social standing!• Mltilayered syste' of disadvantage for
so'e and privilege for others
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Giolence "gainst o'en• $n the 1;th centry, 'en clai'ed the right
to physically discipline their *ives!
• Seal assalts, rapes, atte'pted rapes,
and physical assalts
• Ca'ps and niversity gender violence
• Mch gender+lin-ed violence occrs in theho'e!
• 3e'ale genital 'tilation
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Global Map 13.2)emale Genital M"tilation in Global Perspective
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Giolence "gainst Men
• Br society 'ight encorage 'oreviolence against 'en than *o'en!
• Br cltre tends to de(ne'asclinity in ter's of aggression andviolence!
• Men/s lives involve 'ore stress andisolation than *o'en/s lives!
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Seal Harass'ent
• 7les for *or-place interaction
• Cases of seal harass'ent– Cltre encorages 'en to be seally
assertive and perceive *o'en in seal ter's!
– Men occpy 'ost positions of po*er!
– y the >eect standard,? a hostile environ'entinvolves dierent perceptions of the sa'ebehavior!
Co''ents, gestres, or physical contact of a seal
natre that are deliberate, repeated, andn*elco'e!
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Pornography
• People ta-e dierent vie*s of *hat is andisn/t pornographic!
• Concerns abot pornography as a 'oral
isse• 4he gender+strati(cation point of vie*
considers pornography a po*er isse!
• Concern that pornography pro'otesviolence against *o'en by portrayingthe' as *ea- and ndeserving of respect
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Applying TheoryGender
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4heoretical "nalysis of #ender• Strctral+fnctional analysis
– Parsons9 #ender for's a co'ple'entary set ofroles that lin-s 'en and *o'en into fa'ilynits and gives each se responsibility fori'portant tas-s!
– Modern societies rela traditional gender rolesas they beco'e 'ore 'eritocratic becaserigid roles *aste h'an talent!
• Social+conict analysis
– #ender involves dierences in behavior and po*er!
– Engels9 Capitalis' strengthens 'aledo'ination!
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Figure 13.3+se of Contraception b/ Married
Women of Childbearing Age
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3e'inis'
• or-ing to increase
e%ality• Epansion of h'an choice
• Eli'inate genderstrati(cation
• Ending seal violence
• Pro'otes seal freedo'
4he advocacy of social e%ality for *o'en and'en, in opposition to patriarchy and seis'
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4ypes of 3e'inis'•
:iberal fe'inis'– 3ree to develop o*n talents and interests
• Socialist fe'inis'
– Prses collective personal liberation
• 7adical fe'inis'– Eli'inate idea of gender
– Egalitarian, gender+free revoltion
•Bpposition to fe'inis'– 4hreat to 'ale stats and self+respect
– #ro*ing evidence that 'en and *o'en thin-and act in dierent *ays
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Applying Theory)eminism
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Figure 13.40pposition to )eminism among )irst1ear College 't"dents, 3451267he share of college st"dents e-pressing antifeminist views declined after 3458 Men are still more li#el/ than women to hold s"ch attit"des8
'o"rce$ Astin et al8 22. and Pr/or et al8 26.