chapter two the anatomy and evolution of the nervous system
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter Two
The Anatomy and Evolution of the Nervous System
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CHAPTER 2THE ANATOMY AND EVOLUTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
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Anatomical Directions
• Rostral or anterior – Head end of four legged animal
• Caudal or posterior– Tail end of four legged animal
• Inferior or ventral– Towards the belly
• Superior or dorsal– Towards the back
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Planes of Section
• Coronal (frontal)• Sagittal• Horizontal (axial)
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Figure 2.1 Anatomical Directions
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Figure 2.2 Planes of Section
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Protecting and Supplying the Nervous System
• Meninges– Three layers of meninges provide protection
• Cerebrospinal Fluid– Secreted in hollow spaces in the brain known as ventricles– Circulates through ventricles, subarachnoid space, and
central canal of the spinal cord
• Blood Supply– Brain receives nutrients through the carotid arteries and
vertebral arteries
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Figure 2.3 The Skull and Three Layers of Membrane Protect the Brain
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Figure 2.5 Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulates Through the Ventricles, Spinal Cord and
Subarachnoid Space
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Figure 2.7 The Brain Has a Generous Supply of Blood
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Figure 2.8 The Organization of the Nervous System
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The Central Nervous System
• The Spinal Cord– Extends from medulla to the first lumbar vertebra
• The Hindbrain– The myelencephalon (medulla)– The metencephalon (pons and cerebellum)
• The Midbrain– The mesencephalon
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Figure 2.9 The Anatomy of the Spinal Cord
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Figure 2.10 Structures of the Brain Stem
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Table 2.1 Some Important Structures of the Brainstem
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Figure 2.11 The Internal Structure of the Midbrain
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The Central Nervous System
• The Forebrain– The Thalamus and Hypothalamus of the Diencephalon– The Basal Ganglia– The Limbic System– The Cortex
• Lobes of the cortex• Localization of function in the cortex
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Figure 2.12 The Thalamus and Hypothalamus of the Diencephalon
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Figure 2.13 The Basal Ganglia Are Located Deep Within the Cerebral Hemispheres
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Figure 2.14 The Limbic System Participates in Learning and Emotion
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Table 2.2 Structures of The Limbic System
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Figure 2.16 Comparative Convolutions of the Cortex
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Figure 2.17 The Layers of the Cerebral Cortex
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Figure 2.19 The Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex
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Figure 2.20 The Corpus Callosum and the Anterior Commissure
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The Peripheral Nervous System
• The Cranial Nerves– Enter and exit the brain directly to serve the region of the
head and neck
• The Spinal Nerves– 31 pairs of spinal nerves exit the spinal cord to provide
sensory and motor pathways to the torso, arms, and legs– Mixed nerve (containing an afferent and efferent nerve)
• The Autonomic Nervous System– Manages the vital functions of the body without conscious
effort or awareness
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Figure 2.22 The 12 Pairs of Cranial Nerves
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Figure 2.23 The Structure of the Spinal Cord
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The Autonomic Nervous System
• The Sympathetic Nervous System– Fight-or-flight system
• The Parasympathetic Nervous System– Provides rest, repair, and energy storage
• Central Control of the Autonomic Nervous System– Hypothalamus, midbrain tegmentum, and reticular
formation
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Figure 2.24 The Autonomic Nervous System
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The Evolution of the Human Brain and Nervous System
• Natural Selection and Evolution– Natural selection favors the organism with highest degree
of fitness
• Evolution of the Nervous System– Fairly recent development– Vertebrates or chordates = animals with spinal columns
and real brains
• Evolution of the Human Brain– Outstanding feature of modern humans is brain size– Brain development occurred very quickly
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Figure 2.25 Timeline for the Evolution of the Brain
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Figure 2.26 True Brains Are Found in Chordates
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Figure 2.27 Chordate Brains Continued to Evolve