PowerPoint Presentation

Chapter Two - Understanding how People think and learn Note the list of key terms on page 24 - very importantCognition definition how people go about the process of thinkingconscious mental activities : the activities of thinking, understanding, learning, and rememberingUse cognition and thinking interchangeably for this class

Basic cognitive functionsMemoryMental powerSpecific cognitive abilities reading, writing, motor skills, visual spatial skillsExecutive skills higher order thinking skills Use to meet social, professional, and psychological needs.Metacognition thinking about thinking

Modern view of thinkingPositivism and InterpretivismIndividual approaches to how knowledge is generated and verified

Behaviorist approachTheBehavioral Approach. Human behavior is learned, thus all behavior can be unlearned and new behaviors learned in its place.Behaviorismis concerned primarily with the observable and measurable aspects of human behavior. Therefore when behaviors become unacceptable, they can be unlearned.Tabula rasa blank slate

Cognitivist perspectiveThecognitive perspectiveis concerned with understanding mental processes such as memory, perception, thinking, and problem solving, and how they may be related to behavior.

Constructivismpeople construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world, through experiencing things and reflecting on those experiences. When we encounter something new, we have to reconcile it with our previous ideas and experience, maybe changing what we believe, or maybe discarding the new information as irrelevant. In any case, we are active creators of our own knowledge. To do this, we must ask questions, explore, and assess what we know.

NeuroscienceStudy of brain and nervous systems

Instructional Designers ViewThinking pragmatic electic, complex process various interconnected elementsLearning a relatively permanent change in either behavior or mental representations or associations from experiences

Learning: Two very different types of changesChange in behaviorChange in mental representation or associations

Two Major & Different Approaches to how People LearnBehavorialChange is due to experience that can be measuredClassical and operant conditioningClassical PavlovOperant response followed by reinforcing stimulus

Comparison Classical & Operant Conditioning

Cognitivist & Constructivist Approaches to LearningCognitivistNot influenced by environmental events, but active participants in their cognitionConstructivistMarzano constructivism refers to general principle that learners use prior knowledge to construct a personally meaningful understanding of new content that is the focus of learning

Types of Learning Blooms Taxonomy

Affective & Cognitive DomainsAffective domain (Krathwohl, Bloom, & Masia)

Psychomotor DomainPhysical abilities and skills

Chapter 5 of How People Learn, National Academies Press (2000)See Week Two module for file on How People Learn, Chapter 5.

Medieval HelpdeskA very funny illustration of the challenge that we all face when learning new things, and a particularly amusing slant on the common issues arising between staff of technical helpdesks, notably IT support, and users.The learning and support difficulty is created by something that is new and strange to the learner or user.The level of technology, skills, experience do not in themselves create the problems - what matters is simply whether task is understood at a personal individual level.

YouTube Medieval HelpDeskOriginal German versionhttps://youtu.be/pQHX-SjgQvQ

English versionhttps://youtu.be/yUQRbqc2qtY