chapter twelve saturated hydrocarbons. copyright © houghton mifflin company. all rights reserved.12...

Chapter TwelveChapter TwelveSaturated

Hydrocarbons

Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved. 12 | 2

Saturated Hydrocarbons cont’d

© Bill Ross/CORBIS

CO 12.1


← Fig. 12.1 Sheer numbers is one reason why organic chemistry is a separate field of chemical study.



Fig. 12.2 Terms for organic compounds.



← Fig. 12.3 Molecular structures of (a) methane, (b) ethane, and (c) propane, the three simplest alkanes.



→ CC 12.1Decomposition of plant and animal matter in marshes is a good source of methane gas.


Doug Martin/Photo Researchers


Fig. 12.4 Models of (a) pentane, (b) isopentane, and (c) neopentane.



Fig. 12.5 The four most common branched-chain alkyl groups and their IUPAC names.



Fig. 12.6 Simple cycloalkanes



Fig. 12.7 A rock formation such as this is necessary for the accumulation of petroleum and natural gas.



← Fig. 12.8 An oil rig pumping oil from an underground rock formation.


© Richard Megna/Fundamental Photographs, NYC


→ Fig. 12.9 The complex hydrocarbon mixture present in petroleum is separated into simpler mixtures by means of a fractionating column.



← Fig. 12.10 The insolubility of alkanes in water is used to advantage by many plants.


© Daryl Solomon/Envision


→ Fig. 12.11 For a series of alkanes or cycloalkanes, melting point increases as carbon chain length increases.



← Fig. 12.12 A physical-state summary for unbranched alkanes and unsubstituted cycloalkanes at room temperature and pressure.



→ CC 12.2A semi-solid alkane mixture, such as Vaseline, is useful as a skin protector.


Michael Newman/PhotoEdit


← Fig. 12.13 Propane fuel tank on a home barbecue unit.


Phil Degginger/Color-Pic


→ Fig. 12.14 In an alkane substitute reaction, an incoming atom or group of atoms replaces a hydrogen atom in the alkane molecule.




CAG 12.1


CC 12. 3



Fig. 12.15 Models of four ethyl halides.



Table 12.4


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