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Chapter 19
The Increasing Influence of Europe
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The Late Byzantine Empire
n Eleventh century, wealthy landowners undermine the theme system q Free peasants become dependent agricultural laborers q Diminished tax receipts
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Challenges from the West
n Western European economic development n Normans from Scandinavia press on Byzantine
territories n Crusades of twelfth and thirteenth centuries
rampage through Byzantine territory q Constantinople sacked, 1204
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Challenges from the East
n Muslim Saljuqs invade Anatolia q Threatens grain supply
n Defeat of Byzantine army in 1071 creates civil conflict
n Period of steady decline until Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople in 1453 q Renamed Istanbul
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The Regional States of Medieval Europe, 1000-1300 C.E.
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The Holy Roman Empire
n Otto I of Saxony takes advantage of decline of Carolingian empire to establish kingdom in north Germany, mid-tenth century C.E.
n Military forays into eastern Europe n Twice enters Italy to aid Roman Catholic church n Pope John XII names Otto emperor of Holy
Roman Empire, 962 C.E.
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Tensions between Emperors and the Church
n Investiture Contest, late eleventh to early twelfth century
n Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) attempts to end practice of lay investiture
n Excommunicates Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106) n German peoples take opportunity to rebel
q Quashed with difficulty
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Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 C.E.)
n Frederick I, “red beard” n Attempt to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy) n Popes did not want him to gain that much power,
enlisted aid from other states n Frederick forced to back down
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Regional Monarchies: France and England
n Capetian France q Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, 987
C.E. q Slowly expands authority out from Paris
n Normans in England q Invade England in 1066 under William the Conqueror q Dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups
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Italy
n Series of ecclesiastical states, city-states, and principalities
n Papal State directly controlled by Pope, good-sized territory in central Italy
n By twelfth century, city-states increasingly displace church control in northern Italy
n Normans invade southern Italy, displace Byzantine and Muslim authorities
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Iberian Peninsula
n Muslims control Iberian peninsula, eighth to twelfth century
n From eleventh century on, Christian conquest of Spanish Muslim territories
n Late thirteenth century, Muslims remain only in Granada
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Growth of the Agricultural Economy
n Increasing development of arable lands q Minimized threat of invading nomads q Clearing of swamps, forests
n Improved agricultural techniques q Crop rotation q New crops, especially beans q Horseshoes, horse collars (horses faster than oxen)
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European Population Growth, 800-1300 C.E.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
800 CE 1000 1100 1200 1300 CE
Millions
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Revival of Towns and Trade
n Urbanization follows increase in food supply n Specialization of labor
q Textile production n Mediterranean trade
q Italy well-positioned for sea trade q Italian colonies established in major ports of
Mediterranean, Black Sea
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The Hanseatic League
n “Hansa,” association of trading cities n Trade in Baltic and North seas
q Poland, northern Germany, Scandinavia
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Major Trade Routes of Medieval Europe
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Social Change
n The Three Estates q Those who pray: clergy q Those who fight: knights q Those who work: peasants
n Oversimplification of complex social reality
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Chivalry
n Code of conduct for nobles n Sponsored by Church to minimize fighting among
Christians n Technically, knight to dedicate his efforts to
promotion of Christianity q Protection of women
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Troubadours
n Class of traveling poets, minstrels, entertainers n Borrowed Islamic traditions of love poetry n Spread of cultural ideas to Europe
q Popular among aristocratic women q Eleanor of Aquitaine (1122-1204) major supporter
n Popularization of idea of romantic love, refinement of European knights
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Independent Cities
n Additions to class of “those who work” q Merchants, artisans, physicians, lawyers, etc.
n Awkward fit into in the framework of medieval political order
n By late eleventh century, towns demand charters of integration for greater self-government
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Guilds
n Organizations of merchants, workers, artisans n By thirteenth century, guilds control good portion
of urban economy q Price and quality control q Membership
n Created social support network
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Urban Women
n New economic opportunities for women n Dominated needle trade n Representation in wide variety of trades n Admitted to most guilds
q Some guilds for women only
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Cathedral Schools
n During early middle ages, European society too unstable to provide institutions of advanced learning
n Some rudimentary education at monasteries, occasional scholars at courts
n High middle ages (1000-1300 C.E.), increasing wealth makes education possible
n Schools based in cathedrals n Curriculum of Latin writings
q Literature, philosophy, some law, medicine, theology
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Universities
n Academic guilds formed in twelfth century n Both student and faculty organizations n Higher standards of education promoted n Treatment of students in town major source of
concern
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The Influence of Aristotle
n Latin translations of Byzantine Greek texts circulate in Europe
n Jewish and Muslim scholars provide other translations from Arabic translations
n St. Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274), major proponent of Scholasticism q Synthesis of Christianity and Aristotle q University of Paris
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Popular Religion
n Population at large remained unaffected by Scholasticism
n The seven sacraments gain ritual popularity q Especially Eucharist
n Devotion to saints q Heavenly intercession, pilgrimages, veneration of relics
n The Virgin Mary
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Religious Movements
n Rebellion against perceived materialism of Roman Catholic church
n St. Dominic (1170-1221) and St. Francis (1182-1226) create orders of mendicants q Vows of poverty
n Popular preachers n Religious zealots, very opposed to heretical
movements
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Popular Heresy
n Waldensians (southern France, northern Italy) q Urged more lay control of preaching, sacraments
n Bogomils; Cathars (Albigensians) q Flourished in both Byzantium and western Europe q Ascetic regimes; rejection of official church q Government and church mount campaign to destroy
both n By fourteenth century, only around in a few remote locations
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Medieval Expansion of Europe
n Atlantic and Baltic colonization q Scandinavians explore North Atlantic Ocean
n Iceland, Greenland, Vinland (Canada) n Canadian settlements do not succeed
q Kings of Denmark nominally convert to Christianity; Sweden and Finland follow
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Crusading Orders
n Religious Christians form military-religious orders q Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights
n Religious vows of opposition to Islam, paganism n Founded churches and monasteries
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The Reconquest of Sicily and Spain
n Sicily taken by Muslims in ninth century, reconquered by Normans in eleventh century q Slow displacement of Islam q Opportunity for cross-cultural fertilization
n Two small Christian states survive Muslim conquest
n Become nucleus of reconquest, 1060s-1492 n Rapid, forceful assertions of Christian authority
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The Beginning of the Crusades
n Pope Urban II calls for liberation of Jerusalem from Muslim control, 1095 q Council of Clermont
n “Deus vult” – “God wills it!”
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The First Crusade
n 1096-1099, more organized expedition n Captures Jerusalem, largely due to poor Muslim
organization n Salah al-Din (Saladin) recaptures Jerusalem in
1187
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The Medieval Expansion of Europe, 1000-1250 C.E.
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Later Crusades and Their Consequences
n Five crusades by mid-thirteenth century, none successful
n Fourth crusade destroys Constantinople, 1202-1204
n Yet Crusades provide direct contact with Muslim ideologies, trade q Aristotle, “Arabic” numerals, paper production
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