Chapter One

Egypt

•Geography

http://www.carnegiemuseums.org/cmnh/exhibits/egypt/images/nilemap.gif

Lower Egypt:

--near delta and Mediterranean Sea

Upper Egypt: --south, just above Nubia

•The Nile: a river society

the annual summer inundation

(--stopped because of Aswan Dam)

the east: the land of the living

the west: the land of the dead

http://www.deltatoursegypt.com/hotels/egypt_map.jpg

•Religion

Polytheism

http://www.crystalinks.com/isis.html

Re: the sun god → resurrection

http://www.crystalinks.com/ra.html

• Re was the old solar-god from Heliopolis and a mayor deity all over Egypt. He was travelling over the sky in his boat every day with his life-giving sundisc. He stood for life, rebirth, children, health, virility etc.

• http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm

Patrolling the sky

http://www.crystalinks.com/ra.html

In the underworld

Osiris: king of the dead

http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm

• Osiris ruled the world of men in the beginning, after Ra had abandoned the world to rule the skies, but he was murdered by his brother Seth. Through the magic of Isis, he was made to live again. Being the first person to die, he subsequently became lord of the dead. His death was avenged by his son Horus, who defeated Seth and cast him out into the desert to the West of Egypt.

http://www.crystalinks.com/osiris.html

Isis: mother goddess

http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm

• Isis is the feminine archetype for creation - the goddess of fertility and motherhood.

• http://www.crystalinks.com/isis.html

http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/EGYPT/EGYPT.HTM

http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/egypt/isis.htm

Horus: the falcon god

http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm

• When Horus reached manhood, a fratricidal war began between Horus and his uncle Seth. The violent fight, where Horus lost one eye, last until the assembly of the gods decided to intervene to declare that the throne was the rightful inheritance of Horus. Moreover, Seth was forced to restore Horus‘ eye. But to honor the memory of Osiris, Horus offered the recovered eye to his father, and covered his wound with the divine serpent, Uraeus. That is why this sacred serpent was considered the emblem of the Egyptian pharaohs.

http://www.cyberspaceorbit.com/phikent/horus/horus.html

Horus→ sky god; god of Egypt

http://www.crystalinks.com/horus.html

The Eye of Horus

http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/jo/egypt/horus.htm

http://www.crystalinks.com/ra.html

http://www.internal.schools.net.au/edu/lesson_ideas/egypt/src/mockup/images/ra_small.jpg

Court in the Underworld

http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/1egypt/index.htm

•Politics

Timeline• Early Dynastic: c. 3100-2700 BCE

• Old Kingdom: c. 2700-2150 BCE

• Middle Kingdom: c. 2050-1785 BCE

• New Kingdom: c.1575-1085 BCE

(Fiero 24)

Theocracy

• Monarch = god or god’s representative

• Pharaoh = god-king

Hatshepsut (ca. 1500-1447 B.C.E.)

http://www.msjc.edu/art/djohnson/images/art%20101%20images/chapter%202/hatshepsut.jpg

http://sangha.net/messengers/hatshepsut/images.htm

http://sangha.net/messengers/hatshepsut/images.htm

Hatshepsut• A woman pharaoh

• Matriarch

• Co-ruler with Thumosis III for 22 years.

Hatshepsut

http://faculty.evansville.edu/rl29/art105/img/hatshepsut_temple.jpg

http://www.mykreeve.net/egypt/luxor/hatshepsut_temple/

http://www.crystalinks.com/hatshepsuttemple.gif

Akhenaten (ca. 1353-1336 B.C.E.)

http://www.let.leidenuniv.nl/saqqara/images/Saqqara/Profiles/Akhenaten.jpg http://www.egyptarchive.co.uk/html/cairo_

museum_33.html

Akhenaten

• The revolutionary / heretic

→ monotheism

→Worshiped the sun-god Aten.

• He moved the capital from Memphis to Achenaton (now el-Amarna).

Queen Nefertiti

http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/EGYPT/EGYPT.HTM

http://www.horus.ics.org.eg/en/History/Nefertiti.aspx

Queen Nefertiti

• Famous bust discovered in 1912

• Body identified in 2003?

http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/nefertiti/history/history.html

Tutankhamon

http://www.sas.upenn.edu/African_Studies/Egypt_GIFS/King_11537.gif

http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/EGYPT/EGYPT.HTM

http://www.tourism.egnet.net/culture/images/25u179.jpg

http://www.artlex.com/ArtLex/e/images/egypt_tut.wife.thron.lg.jpg

Tutankhamon• (ca. 1336-1326 B.C.E.)

• Restored the god Amon and its priesthood.

• Died at 18.

• Tomb discovered in 1922.

Cleopatra (69-30 B.C.E.)

http://www.tigerx.com/history/people/cleopatra.jpg

http://www.ccds.charlotte.nc.us/History/Egypt/05/monzolevskaya/LondonCleopatra-of-Egypt-----Coin.jpg

http://www.fieldmuseum.org/cleopatra/photos/ptolemaic_th.gif

•Culture

Pyramids• For what purposes were

they built?

• How were they constructed?

• How long did it take to build one?

The Step Pyramid

http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/arth/zoser/16.gif

mastabas

top: exterior view bottom: cross section revealing

(A) the shaft and (B) the burial chamber

http://www.thefreedictionary.com/_/viewer.aspx?path=hm&name=A4mastab

http://www.wsu.edu:8080/~dee/EGYPT/EGYPT.HTM

Pyramids at Giza

http://www.msjc.edu/art/djohnson/art101/101lecture4.html

http://library.thinkquest.org/J001533/media/Pyramid.gif

http://www.mediaworkshop.org/humanities/burke/giza-pyramid.jpg

• The most impressive pyramid, that of Cheops (or Khufu), took 100,000 people working over a twenty year period.

• http://www.communityhigh.org/old/pyramids/index.htmltheories.html

• When Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798, his pride was expressed through his famous quote: “Soldiers! From the top of these Pyramids, 40 centuries are looking at us.”

• http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/wonders/pyramid.html

The Sphinx

http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Cairo/Gallery/sphinx.jpg

http://eawc.evansville.edu/www/egpage.htm

Valley of the Kings, Thebes

http://www.egyptology-bg.com/images/exp0045.jpg

•Modern Day Pyramids

http://www.neumanngroup.com/pics/louvre_pyramid.jpg

Louvre Museum, Paris

http://nichirenscoffeehouse.net/Vegas/Luxor_03.jpg

Las Vegas

•Art

Canon of Proportion

• "Egyptians artists used this method to keep figures in proportion.  They divided a sheet of papyrus into nineteen rows of squares.  Then they drew the figure using the first three rows of squares for the area between the forehead and the neck, the next for the shoulder to the knee, and the last six for the lower limbs and feet."

• http://www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_lessons/egypt_art2.htm

http://www.netserves.com/moca/lectures/skuzegyp.htm

http://www.historylink101.com/lessons/art_history_lessons/egypt_main2.htm

http://www.mystudios.com/art/ancient/egyptian/egypt-nefertari-offering.html

Nefertari Making Offering to Isis1279-1212 BC

Characteristics

• Naturalistic or idealized?

• How are the figures posed?

• What about the figures’ age?

http://www.angelo.edu/faculty/rprestia/1301/images/IN038Amra.jpg

http://www.netserves.com/moca/lectures/skuzegyp.htm

Papyrus → “paper”

http://www.utexas.edu/courses/medweb/images/9907200018.jpg

http://antique.mrugala.net/Egypte/Images/Papyrus%20-%20recolte.jpg

Some Links:

• http://www.faculty.sbc.edu/lrainville/SBC/curr_303_art.html

• http://www.netserves.com/moca/lectures/skuzegyp.htm

• http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/0egyptintro/

•The End