NEW WORLD BEGINNINGS

Chapter One33,000 BCE - 1769 CE

NORTH AMERICAN NATIVE AMERICANS 1500 - population likely 50-70 million; 4

million north of Mexico Thinly spread across North America

Less developed than Inca in Peru and Aztecs in Mexico Initially lived in small settlements

Women did farming Property ownership not important

INDIAN SETTLEMENT BEFORE EUROPEAN COLONIZATION

AMERICAN INDIAN TRIBES

Political and linguistic differences made it hard for Indians to unite against Europeans

Iroquois Eastern woodlands

Built Iroquois Confederacy - most important and powerful American Indian political alliance

Included Mohawks, Oneidas, Onondagas, Cayugas and Senecas

IROQUOIS CONFEDERACY

THE STAGE FOR EUROPEAN EXPLORATION Europeans wanted more and cheaper

products Africa had been proven a source of cheap

slave labor Portuguese demonstrated feasibility of long

ocean voyages New technology like maps and ships

Renaissance spirit of adventure Desire to spread Christianity Competition and power

EUROPEAN MOTIVES FOR COLONIZATION Spanish Motives

Gold and wealth Spread of Christianity

French Motives Motivated by beaver trade Wanted to block Spanish expansion

English Motives Competition with Spain Unemployment Land Markets Political and religious freedom Joint-stock companies provided finances

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

Old World gave New World Crops (sugar) and animals (cows, pigs,

horse) Plants - KY bluegrass, dandelions, daisies Disease - yellow fever, smallpox, malaria

New World gave Old World Plants = tobacco, maize, beans, tomatoes

and potatoes About 3/5 of crops cultivated worldwide today

originated in the Americas

THE COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE

SPANISH CONQUISTADORES

Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) divided New World between Spain and Portugal Portugal got some territory in Africa, Asia

and present-day Brazil Encomienda - allowed Spanish govt to

give Indians to certain colonists in return for the promise to try to Christianize them

CRUELTIES USED BY THE SPANIARDS ON THE INDIANS

AMERIGO VESPUCCI'S ACCOUNT OF HIS VOYAGE TO THE NEW WORLD IN 1501-02, First image of American Indians published in Europe.

RESULTS OF CONTACT

Native Americans Mass death and genocide Population decimated Cultural changes

Livestock Firearms Migration

Europeans Global empires for the first time Spread of capitalism New diet = longer life

Corn, beans, tomatoes, potato

EUROPEAN AMERINDIAN RELATIONS France (in Canada)

Most successful in creating trading relationship Saw Indians as necessary economic partners Gave gifts to Indians to form positive relationships

Indians recruited into fur trade Indians got firearms, alcohol, pots, glass beads

Firearms intensified Amerindian warfare Alcoholism

England Removal or extermination Took Indian land in Chesapeake Sold Carolina Indians into slavery

EUROPEAN AMERINDIAN RELATIONS -CONT-

Spain Encomienda system

Amerindians forced to do unpaid labor Forceful conversion

Indian religious practice forbidden Founded mission system in New Mexico Pope’s Rebellion (1680): Indians rebelled against

Spanish, killing 1/2 clergy and 350 settlers Caused by famine, attacks by Pueblo Indian attacks by Apache and

Navajo who were retaliating against Spanish aggression and Spanish punishment of Pueblos for backsliding from Christianity to native religions

Introduction of horses and sheep

THE PLANTING OF ENGLISH AMERICA

Chapter Two1500 - 1733

ENGLAND’S IMPERIALISM

England was slow to colonize in the New World due to religious conflict

Characteristics of England that encouraged colonization Unified national state under Elizabeth I Religious unity Nationalism

Conditions w/in England that encouraged colonization Growing population and unemployment Enclosure of cropland for sheep grazing made it hard for

farmers Primogeniture - only oldest sons could inherit land Growth of joint-stock companies Peace w/Spain

JAMESTOWN - 1607

1st permanent British colony in New World Main goals

Gold Religious conversion Northwest Passage

Settled by the Virginia Company Primary goal was to make a profit = religious motivation less

important Was a joint-stock company: business organization where citizens

could invest w/out fear of bankruptcy Colony experienced famine, disease, war w/Indians

1625: 1200 of 8000 original colonists were still alive John Smith saved the settlers from extinction

Settlers weren’t used to working b/c little work was available in England

JOHN SMITH’S MAP OF VIRGINIA

RELATIONS W/INDIANS IN JAMESTOWN Colonists stole food from Indians Conflict over land led to the First (1614) and

Second (1644) Anglo-Powhatan War Banished Chesapeake Indians from ancestral lands

Indians were overcome by Disease - susceptible to smallpox and

measles Disorganization - lacked unity to effectively

oppose English Disposability - served no economic purpose for

the English

CHANGES TO INDIAN SOCIETY DUE TO EUROPEAN COLONIZATION

Introduction of horses = Indian migration

Disease - killed entire cultures and took elder population

Introduction of firearms = intense competition among tribes for hunting ground access for pelts to trade w/Europeans

NORTH AMERICA’S INDIAN + COLONIAL POPULATIONS IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES

VIRGINIA + TOBACCO

1612: John Rolfe, husband of Pocahontas, perfected methods for raising tobacco

Tobacco Ruined the soil Mid-1700s = most valuable cash crop produced

in Southern states Tied VA’s fortunes to a single crop

Virginia Company authorized House of Burgesses 1st colonial parliament in the British American colonies Limited representative government

MARYLAND

Founded by Sir George Calvert or Lord Baltimore as a Catholic haven Eventual growth of Protestants made

Catholics a minority Act of Toleration = toleration for

Christians Life

Disease ridden Male dominated

EARLY MARYLAND AND VIRGINIA

THE CAROLINAS

Carolina was granted to a group who had supported Charles II while he was exiled

Goals• Grow foodstuffs for sugar plantations in Barbados

• Many original settlers came from Barbados w/slaves• Export non-English products

Main cash crop = rice Required extreme labor 1680: 4/5 of SC’s population was white; 1720: blacks outnumbered whites 2-1

North Carolina created as refuge for poor whites and religious dissenters

• Most democratic, independent and least aristocratic• Mixed economy of livestock grazing, tobacco and food production• Slavery developed much more slowly here

RICE CULTIVATION IN THE SOUTH

GEORGIA

Founded by James Oglethorp in 1733 Goals

Haven for debtors Buffer state against Spanish Florida

Slavery and rum were initially forbidden but colonists complained

EARLY CAROLINA AND GEORGIA SETTLEMENTS

COMMONALITIES OF PLANTATION COLONIES

Devoted to exportation of commercial agricultural products Profitable staple crops: rice + tobacco

Slavery found in all colonies (only after 1750 in GA)

Strong aristocratic atmosphere except in NC Slow growth of cities, churches and schools Some religious toleration

Tax supported Church of England was dominant

SETTLING THE NORTHERN COLONIES

Chapter Three1619 - 1700

NEW ENGLAND COLONIES

Less ethnic diversity Roots of democracy Strict, conservative lifestyle

Wanted to maintain sense of community Stressed work as a primary way of serving

God Healthy, family based population Economy based on fishing,

shipbuilding, lumbering, shipping and fur trade

17TH CENTURY NEW ENGLAND SETTLEMENTS

Massachusetts Bay Colony was a hub All earlier colonies

grew into it and all later colonies grew out of it

THE PILGRIMS

First wave of Separatists - extreme group of Puritans who wanted complete break from Anglican church Pilgrims wanted to be left alone to achieve

religious goals Got charter w/Virginia Company 1620: Arrived at Plymouth Bay in New

England under rule of William Bradford Was outside jurisdiction of Virginia Company

MAYFLOWER COMPACT

Purpose Legitimize Pilgrims’ settlement outside

Virginia Established civil govt and proclaimed

allegiance to James I Created body of all settlers w/power to

devise laws and elect leaders Adult males assembled to make laws and

conduct open-discussion town meetings

PLYMOUTH PLANTATION

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY

Founded in 1629 by non-Separatist Puritans due to religious persecution Puritans were Protestants who wanted to

reform the Anglican Church 1691: Plymouth merged w/MBC Great Migration in 1630s brought

20,000 immigrants to New England 50,000 others left England for Caribbean Ended w/English Civil War

SOURCES OF THE GREAT MIGRATION

MASSACHUSETTS BAY COLONY -CONT- John Winthrop

Governor of MBC Covenant Theology: Believed Puritans had a covenant

w/God to lead new religious experiment in New World Wanted to “build a city upon a hill”

Economy of MBC Fishing, shipbuilding, fur trade, lumbering

Town hall meetings became staple of democracy Governing open to all free adult males belonging to

Puritan congregations Free male church members annually elected a governor

and deputies from each town

JOHN WINTHROP

“For we must consider that we will be as a city upon a hill. The eyes of all people are upon us. So that if we shall deal falsely with our God in this work we have undertaken, and so cause Him to withdraw His present help from us, we shall be made a story and a by-word through the world.” -John Winthrop

RELIGIOUS DISSENTERS

Quakers were persecuted Anne Hutchinson

Believed in antinomianism - elect were predestined for salvation and didn’t need to obey God or man’s law

1638 tried and eventually banished Went to Rhode Island

Roger Williams Believed MA Puritans weren’t truly pure b/c they

hadn’t completely separated from the Church of England

Believed govt shouldn’t interfere w/religious matters

1635: Was going to be banished but fled to Rhode Island

RHODE ISLAND - 1644

Founded by Roger Williams Built Baptist church at Providence, possibly

the first in America Complete freedom of religion Manhood suffrage Most independent of colonies

CONNECTICUT - 1636

Founded by Thomas Hooker Believed MBC government was too

oppressive Major cities: Hartford, Windsor and

Wethersfield Drafted Fundamental Orders - first

modern constitution in American history

MAINE AND NEW HAMPSHIRE

Maine absorbed by MBC in 1677 and became a separate colony in 1820

New Hampshire• Became royal colony in 1679• Fishing and trading

IMPORTANCE OF INDIAN ASSISTANCE

Taught settlers about Local foods (corn, beans, pumpkins,

potatoes) Agricultural techniques (burning for

fertilization, planting beans to replenish soil)

Were trading partners to European immigrants

Market for manufactured goods (iron pots, blankets, metal-tipped arrows, guns, alcohol)

PEQUOT WAR 1636 - 1637

Puritans wanted Amerindian land Pequot tribe virtually exterminated

Used Bible to justify attacks 300 Pequot men, women and children

slaughtered Result

New England Confederation founded Alliance of MBC, Plymouth, Connecticut and New

Haven First step toward colonial unity Exclusively Puritan

ATTACK ON A PEQUOT FORT DURING THE PEQUOT WAR OF 1637, ENGRAVING BY J. W. BARBER, 1830

KING PHILIP’S WAR - 1675

52 of 90 Puritan towns were attacked by Wampanoag Chief, King Philip (Metacom) Indians copied Puritan attacks on noncombatants

in Pequot War Colonists won War’s impact

Bloodiest ever fought on New England soil Native Americans removed from MBC, CT

and RI Success of New England Confederation

King Charles clamped down on NEC

KING PHILIP’S WAR AS PUBLISHED IN “A MAPP OF NEW ENGLAND”

DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND - 1686 1684: MBC charter revoked Dominion formed by royal authority

Unite colonists under one government Enforce Navigation Laws and protect mercantilism

- idea that colonies existed for the wealth of the mother country

Navigation Act of 1660 No ship could trade in colonies unless it had been built in

England or America and carried crew of at least 75% English Certain enumerated goods that weren’t produced in England

(tobacco, sugar, cotton, indigo, ginger) could be transported from colonies only to England or other colonial port

Led by Sir Edmund Andros who was hated by the colonists

Forbade town hall meetings

ANDROS’S DOMINION OF NEW ENGLAND

THE MIDDLE COLONIES

Excellent farming land - “bread colonies”

Rivers and harbors stimulated industry and seaports

Less aristocratic (except NY) Fewer industries than NE, but more

than in South Ethnically mixed, religiously tolerant

population

NEW YORK

Originally founded by the Dutch but became English royal colony in 1685 New Netherlands founded in 1623-24 by

Peter Minuit Autocratic

Leisler’s Rebellion (1691): poor white and farmers unsuccessfully revolted against huge estates

Failed and Leisler was hanged

PENNSYLVANIA - “PENN’S WOODS”

Founded in 1681 by William Penn Primary motive = haven for Quakers

• Refused to pay taxes to Anglican church• No paid clergy• Pacifists

Was best advertised of all colonies No tax supported state church Good relations w/Indians

Penn recognized the Indians as the rightful owners of the land and wouldn’t sell land until he bought it from local chiefs

1700: Philadelphia passed NYC as the largest US city

PENN’S TREATY

NEW JERSEY AND DELAWARE

NJ founded in 1664 as Quaker settlement

1674: Penn established West Jersey with land bought from one of the NJ’s proprietors Helped write a constitution that allowed

almost all free men to vote for legislators and local officials

Delaware granted own assembly in 1703• Large Quaker population• Under governor of PE until American

Revolution

AMERICAN LIFE IN THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

Chapter Four1607 - 1692

CHESAPEAKE LIFE

Most immigrants were male indentured servants Three times as many men as women

1700s: 75% of European immigrants to VA and MD were indentured servants

Headright system: person who paid for passage of a white indentured servant got 50 acres of land

Indentured servants worked 5-7 years Disease ridden

50% didn’t live past age 20 Complex families due to high death rate, lack of women and because

people didn’t migrate as family groups Churches and schools developed slowly Lived in “crude houses” w/out interior partitions Maintained generally peaceful relations w/Indians

Powhatan Indians weren’t densely settled and couldn’t easily be subjugated

BACON’S REBELLION - 1676

VA governor William Berkeley wanted to build a line of defensive forts Colonists thought this would be ineffective and expensive

Nathaniel Bacon offered to lead a volunteer army against Indians Wanted command and right to attack other Indians; governor said

no Former white indentured servants felt threatened by Indians and were

angry the govt wasn’t providing protection against them Most lived in Western VA and resented eastern planter aristocrats Many were too poor to find wives

Significance Part of continuing struggle to define boundaries between Indian

and white lands in VA Planters thought white indentured servants were too

difficult to control Increased importation of black slaves

COLONIAL SLAVERY

1675: Southern indentured labor force replaced by black slaves - why? Rising commercial power of England increased English participation in the

slave trade Supply of white servants from England was declining White servant unrest and growing population of unhappy former servants

By 1730s the number of white indentured servants was insignificant Most slaves came from West African coast (Senegal to Angola) across

Middle Passage Captured by African coastal tribes who traded them to European and

American buyers 40% died en route

Slave Codes Blacks and their children were property for life Crime to teach literacy Conversion to Christianity ≠ freedom Were harshest in the South

Slave culture developed, especially in the South

COLONIAL SLAVERY -CONT-

Northern slavery Slavery took root in cities

Most slaves worked as servants or artisans Adapted to European ways much more

quickly New England’s merchants gained profits

from slave trade Distilled rum which was made from West Indian

sugar NY and PE earned income from building

slave ships Early 1700s: 40% of NYC households

owned slaves

SLAVES EN ROUTE TO COASTAL SLAVE MARKET

THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE

COLONIAL SLAVERY -CONT-

Stono Rebellion (1739): Largest slave revolt in 13 colonies Slaves in SC tried to march to Spanish FL

after Spanish authorities offered freedom to any slave who reached there

Stopped by militia after 25 whites killed Result: Slave system became more

strictly controlled

ESTIMATED NUMBER OF AFRICANS IMPORTED BY BRITISH NORTH AMERICA

AFRICANS AS PERCENTAGE OF TOTAL POPULATION OF BRITISH COLONIES

18TH CENTURY SOUTHERN SOCIETY Class structure

Plantation owners Small farmers (largest social group)

Were far below plantation owners Some owned 1 or 2 slaves

Landless whites Most were former indentured servants

Indentured servants Number decreased w/increase in use of black slavery

Blacks Society was underdeveloped

Few cities, poor transportation

LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND

Most colonists had moved as nuclear families Single men/women were prohibited from living alone Population grew from natural reproduction

Very high life expectancy - was 10 years longer than in England Family was center of life and divorce was rare Towns were established in an orderly fashion Towns of 50+ families were required to provide elementary

education Literacy was stressed in order to be able to read the Bible Puritans established Harvard and first printing press in the

English colonies Congregational Church government led to democracy in

political government and implementation of town meeting

LIFE IN NEW ENGLAND -CONT-

Little social hierarchy although New England was the least tolerant of other religions

Less ethnically mixed than other colonies

Climate and soil encouraged diversified agriculture and industry Shipbuilding and commerce, fishing

DECLINE OF PURITANISM

Loss of religious zeal Population influx Dissenters

Use of the jeremiad - based on the Old Testament, scolded parishioners to be more committed

Half-Way Covenant - 1662 Gave partial membership to unconverted who had

been baptized as children Allowed baptism for Children of Half-Way members

SALEM WITCH TRIALS - 1692

Young females from poor western MBC accused more prosperous from east

Court was accepting spectral evidence - reports of dreams and visions where accused was the devil’s agent Increase in use of this evidence led Cotton

Mather to call for an end 20 were executed