Chapter III:

India and China

Geography: India

• Where is India located?Southern edge of Asian continentTo east = East Asia and South East Asia (China, Japan, Thailand, Indonesia, etc.)To west = Central Asia ({Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Arabia, etc.)To north = China, NepalTo south = Indian Ocean

• b. What is India's land like?Separate subcontinent riding on a tectonic plateRiding northeastColliding with Asian continentCollision zone wrinkling up into Himalayan mountains, still growingNorthern border = high mountains, even the passes are highNorth = wide river plainsRivers fed by snow meltSouth = hillyRivers fed by unpredictable rainfallTwo major rivers = Indus (1800 miles long), so important it is source of name of countryGanges (1560 miles long), holy

• . What is India's climate like?Summer = monsoon seasonAlmost all rain falls in summer4 months of rainWinter = dry winds from central AsiaMonsoons sometimes late or fail

• d. What was the impact of India's geography on its development?Mountains kept invaders outcut off from other Asian culturesNorthern rivers' predictable flooding allowed boat travelSouthern river's irregular flow prevents boat travelNorth more united because of easier travelLarge, ancient empires were in the northFlooding still a problem in northDeforestation making it worse

• Monsoons= a seasonal wind pattern in southern Asia/ farmers depend on these to grow crops

• Indian subcontinent• To the north, the highest mountains in the world…the Himalaya• Just to the south…Ganges River

Geography: China

• Where is China located?Eastern edge of AsiaWest coast of North Pacific Oceanb. What is the land of China like?A little larger than mainland USAIsolated by deserts, mountains, and oceans from rest of world

• To north = Gobi desert = grazing, too dry for farmingTo northwest = Taklamakan = "go in and you will not come out"Locally known and "moving sands" just like an ocean flood, not stopping it if it overruns oasisWaterless, no food, searing heatTo south = mountainsFew routes through, altitude sickness, blizzards, snowbound passes, not fodder for animalsSouthwest = high plateau (Tibet)

• 13,000'-26, 000' elevationRimmed by mountainsMany long and wide riversYangtze = 3rd longest (after Nile and Amazon)Rivers run west to east, not to other countriesCanals dug for north to south transportation (1,000 mile grand canal hand dug)(dug between 500 BCE to 1300 AD)

• Geography made China governing difficultalso made movement of ideas and goods difficultlots of coal beds, coal their main energy source, lots of air pollution[half of all their mammal types are rodents (rabbits, mice, rats, squirrels, hares)]

• What is the climate of China like?Warmer than USASummers = hot and humid in southWinter = cold but little snow because of dry wintersNorth = hard to grow food - too cold and dryCentral = Yangtze valley = low plains, milder climate

• South = produces 3/4 of country's foodRice, wheat, corn, beans, vegetablesIn the settlement of the western hemisphere, what were geographic barriers?With today's technology, how significant are geographic barriers?What are today's barriers preventing the free flow of goods, people, and ideas?

• One of the greatest food-producing areas of the ancient world…developed in the Huqang He (Yellow River),and the Chang Jiang (Yangtze ) River

• Huang He flows from Mongolia to the Pacific Ocean, 2,900 miles long

• Only 10% of China can be used for agriculture

First Civilizations: India

• Harappa/ Mohenjo Daro= India’s first civilization 3000-1500 BC

• 35,000 people and planned meticulously• Grid of streets were divided into neighborhoods• Bathrooms and drainage systems• Aryans= Indo-European nomadic peoples who created

a new Indian society• Sanskrit= Aryan’s first writing system• Aryans excelled at war• Aryan leaders known as rajas(princes)dominated India

First Civilizations: China

• Who were the rulers of Ancient China?Periods of time divided into dynastiesruled by one family and sons 600 BCE Cho /Joo/ Dynastyinvented bureaucracy - took land from nobilitygave land to people chosen to govern 535 BCE Zeng Dynastyearliest written laws in China

• 226 BCE = Qin /chin/ Dynasty (origin of name for China)ruler = Shi Huangdiunification of China = one of China's most important historical events 206 BCE = Han DynastyRuled by Confucian beliefs

• What made the Qin Dynasty notable?appointed government officials to run counties with single federal bureaucracy ruled by legalism, (written laws and bureaucracy)(obey - reward, disobey - punishment, people obeyed out of fear, not respect)(felt government based on virtue and respect wouldn't work, not Confucius's way)forced nobles to move to capital to break peasant loyaltyexpanded empirebuilt road system for communications and controlstandardized - coins, weights, writing, axle width, controlled text books, burned Confucianism booksbuilt a great wall (not The Great Wall)protection from Northern tribes (30' high, 1500 miles long)built in 7 years, 500,000 died in construction(current wall build 1300 AD in Ming dynasty, 3,700 miles long)remembered as cruel and uncaring leader, (killed challengers and their families)dies - tomb with thousands of terra cotta warriorsfavored son too politically weak to hold country together

• What made the Han Dynasty notable?206 BCE - 220 ADRule by Confucius beliefs - rulers deserved respect (became official teaching)restored nobles doms with appointed overseersset up civil service system - government jobs earned by testsSupported Daoism = key to long life and happiness is accepting life as it isExpanded the empireTraded with other landsEstablishment of Silk RoadPeaceLowered taxes,Improvements in writingPaper developed (first dictionary, first recording of history)Seismograph - 132 AD (told strength and direction of EQ)

• Historians of China have traditionally dated the beginning of Chinese civilization to the founding of the Xia dynasty, about which is little known

• Shang dynasty( 1750-1122 BC)aristocratic-run farming society

• Strong central government• The Chinese believed that supernatural forces

could help with worldly life…To get this help, priests read oracle bones

• Most of the Shang were peasants

• Zhou dynasty• The Zhou leader revolted against the Shang king and established the Zhou

dynasty (1045-256 BC…China’s longest dynasty)• The king was believed to connect Heaven and Earth• Han period= age of prosperity, however, free peasants began to suffer.

Land taxes on the land-owning farmers were fairly light, but there were other demands on them, including military service and labor for up to one month per year

• Chinese population tripled under the Han dynasty• Emerged 202BC and was founded by Liu Bang• Free peasants suffered during the Han period…Military service and a

month’s forced labor each year were required• Technology progressed under the Han…advances in textile making, water

mills and iron casting• Paper was developed during the Han period

Accomplishments and Contributions: India

• Ancient Indians possessed an impressive amount of scientific knowledge

• In astronomy, they charted the movements of heavenly bodies and recognized that Earth was a sphere that rotated on its axis and revolved around the sun

• In mathematics, they were the first scientists known to have used algebra

• Introduced the concept of zero and used the symbol (0) for it

Accomplishments and Contributions: China

• The development of the fore-and –aft rigging and rudders on ships led to major expansion of trade in the Han period

• One of the technological advances of the Han dynasty was the invention of water mills for grinding grain

Silk Road

• A trade route between the Roman Empire and China that ran through India’s Kushan kingdom

• In the first century AD, nomadic warriors established the Kushan kingdom in what is now Afghanistan…

• The Kushans prospered by trade

• What was the significance of the Silk Road?From Xian to Mediterranean5,000 miles long (twice the distance between San Francisco and New York City)not just goods traveledideas and technology moved in both directions to change the world

• What traveled on the Silk Road?goods had to be high value to weightfrom China - silk, spices (cinnamon), bronze weapons, gems, furs, animals,China is source of: peach, apricot, ginger, tea, and many citrusTo China - jade, preserved exotic food, animals, ivory, coral, incense, glass, horses, perfumesAgainst the law to smuggle silk works west (sericulture), silk stays a state secret until 500 AD(Romans thought it grew on trees - tree wool)

• ideas = politics, popular styles, artwork, military tactics, technologyfrom China = printing, gunpowder,From West = Buddhism from India through Central Asia, into China and Japan

• What were the concerns of Silk Road travelers?Caravan leader's concerns = weather, terrain, animals, animal attendants, care of customers, care of customer's goods, good, water, fresh animals, medicine, bandits, guardsMerchant's focus = prices, supplies of good, can he find a buyer at desired price, can he find seller at a desired price, safety of his goods, personal safety, taxes, exchange rates of money, language barriers

Daily Life: India

• Caste system= created by the Aryans• Determines a person’s occupation, economic

potential, social statues…based on skin color• Castes (from highest to lowest : Brahmans

(priestly class), Kshatriyas (warrior class), Vaisyas (merchants), Sudras( made up most of the Indian population…they were the dark skinned natives the lighter-skinned Aryans had conquered…did manual labor) and the Untouchables( lowest rung/ performed degrading jobs…5%)

Daily Life: China

• Filial piety= family members family members must subordinate their needs and desires to the will of the male head of the family

• Warfare changed in China…armies used iron weapons and were divided into infantry and cavalry

• Peasants worked on land owned by aristocracy… silk was a major export

• China - Social Structure1.) What were the social classes?King and Family = show virtue by doing service to their country and people

• Nobles = receive land from kingIn return give loyalty and pay tribute of gifts and soldiersPeasants = lived on land controlled by noblesFarm, pay taxes with crops and service in armyCompare Chinese peasants with European peasants.Both given use of land to farm if pay rent to landlordsRent = crops and laborChinese farmers could leave if they were unhappy, not slavesEuropean peasants couldn't leave,they were bought and sold with the landlike slaves

Mandate of Heaven

• The belief that Heaven kept order in the universe through the Zhou king

• The king was expected to be virtuous and to rule in the proper way (Dao)

Belief Systems: Hinduism

• Based on Aryan beliefs• Vedas= collection of hymns and ceremonies• Religion of most of the Indian people• Karma= the force generated by a person’s

actions that determines how that a souls will be reincarnated. The present life is a reflection of one’s actions in the previous life. What people do in their current life determines what their next life will be

• Teaches that one’s role in life is defined by one’s birth into a certain class (caste).

• Worship a multitude of gods and goddesses• Dharma= divine law that requires all people to

do their duty• Yoga= was developed as a practice to achieve

oneness with God

• Basic Hindu Beliefs:• 1.) 1. Vedas (scriptures) are God's word

2. One, all-pervasive Supreme Being, creator3. universe undergoes endless cycles of creation, preservation, and dissolution4. Karma = law of cause and effect, each individual creates his own destiny5. Immortal soul reincarnation (re = again, in, carne = flesh) until liberation achieved6. personal worship creates communion with God7. To reach liberation we need: personal discipline, good conduct, purification, pilgrimage,self-inquiry, meditation, guru (guidance)8. All life is sacred, to be loved, and revered, practice non-injury9. No particular religion teaches the only way to salvation. All genuine religions are facets of God's pure love and deserve tolerance and understanding.

Belief Systems: Buddhism

• Siddhartha Gautama= founder of Buddhism• Siddhartha lived a privileged, sheltered life

among great wealth…he gave up his life to find the meaning of human suffering

• First an ascetic= practiced self-denial…almost died though

• Buddha= enlightened one

• Rejects the human division of human beings, instead, teaches that all human beings can reach nirvana (ultimate reality) as a result of their behavior in this life

• Much simpler than Hinduism: forbidden to worship ANY god (even Buddha can’t be worshipped(more of a philosophy rather than a religion)

• Buddha believed that our thoughts create reality…He (Siddhartha Gautama) believed that the physical surrounding s of humans were simply illusions and that sorrow and suffering were the result of the attachments to the things of the world

• Basic Buddhist Beliefs:• 1.) Four Noble Truths

1. Dukkha: The reality and universality of suffering, causes by loss, sickness, pain, failure,Impermanence of pleasure2. Samudaya: The cause of suffering is a desire to have and control thingscravings, desire for fame, desire to avoid unpleasantness (trouble, fear, anger, jealousy)3. Nirodha: Suffering ceases with the final liberation of Nirvanamind experiences complete freedom, liberation, and nonattachment for cravings and desire4. Magga: The eightfold path leads to the cessation of suffering

• Five Precepts (similar to second half of Ten Commandments)1. Do not kill.2. Do not steal.3. Do not lie.4. Do not be unchaste.5. Do not consume alcohol or other .

• Eightfold PathWisdom1. Right understand of Four Noble Truths2. Right thinking, following the right path in lifeMorality3. Right Speech - no lying, criticism, condemning, gossip, and harsh language4. Right Conduct - follow the Five Precepts5. Right livelihood - support yourself without harming othersConcentration6. Right Effort - promote good thoughts, conquer evil thoughts7. Right Mindfulness - become aware of your body, mind, and feelings8. Right Concentration - meditate to achieve a higher state of consciousness

Belief Systems: Confucianism• Confucius= the First Teacher of China• Born 551 BC…motivated by Chinese society’s moral decay and violence• His sayings were written down by his followers called the Analects• His ideas were political and ethical; not spiritual: Most important duty is

duty to parents• Confucius believed that duty is expressed in the form of work ethic, in

which individuals working hard to fulfill their duties enable society as a whole to prosper.

• Confucius also believed that rulers have a duty to set a good example…”kingly way”

• Confucius also held that humanity is a sense of compassion and empathy for others

• Confucian view of the Dao…the idea of humanity, consisting of a sense of compassion and empathy

• Belief that the government should be open to all men of superior talent

Hinduism karma dharma yoga many gods

Buddhism Four Noble Truths Eightfold Path All people can

achieve Nirvana.

Both A single force

governs universe Reincarnation Humans can merge

with universal force.