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16 Tenses In English

Communicative English Course 1

CHAPTER I

PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE

1.1 THE USE OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

We use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something which

is happening at the time of speaking.

Example : Please don’t make so much noise. I’m studying.

We also use The Present Continuous Tense when we talk about something

which is happening around the time of speaking, but not necessarily exactly at

the time of speaking.

Example : Silvia is learning English at the moment.

We often use the Present Continuous when we talk about a period around the

present.

Example :You‟re working hard today. Yes, I have a lot of to do

We use the present continuous when we talk about the changing situation.

Example : The population without jobs is increasing very fast.

1.2. THE ADVERBS OF TIME USED

The adverbs of time used in Present Continous tense are “NOW, RIGHT NOW,

TOMORROW,ETC

1.3. THE PATTERN OF PRESENT CONTINOUS TENSE

The patterns of Present continous tense consist of :

1.3.A. Positive Pattern

S + am/is/are + Verb 4…………………………………………….Now

S + sedang + 4……………………………………..sekarang

Examples :

1. I am studying English now.

2. We are going to Jakarta tomorrow (akan)

3. You are singing now.

4. He is making a cake now.

5. she is sewing a shirt now.



6. They are playing football in the field now.

7. Tom and Ani are doing their homework tomorrow.

8. The students are doing sport now.

1.3.b The Negative Pattern

S + am/is/are + Not + Verb 4…………………………………… Now

S + tidak sedang + 4 …………………………………….sekarang

Example :

1. I am not studying now

2. He is not sleeping now

3. My father is not watching television now.

4. we aren‟t going to Jakarta Tomorrow.

1.3.c. The Interrogative Pattern

Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4…………………………………………..Now?

Apakah + S + sedang + 4…………………………sekarang ?

Examples :

1. Are you studying English now ? Yes, I am/ No, I am not

2. Is he eating fried rice now? Yes, he is/ No, he isn‟t

3. Is your father working in the office now? Yes, He is/No, He isn‟t

1.3.d. Qusetion-word Pattern

QW + Am/Is/Are + S + Verb 4…………………………………...Now?

QW + yang + S + 4……………………………………..sekarang?

Examples :

1. what are you doing now ? studying

2. Where is he studying English now ? at school

EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English.

1. Jack sedang tidur sekarang

2. Mary sedang mengerjakan tugas itu

3. Kami sedang menonton sebuah film di televisi

4. Mereka sedang bermain bola di halaman sekarang

5. Guru itu sedang menerangkan pelajaran itu.

6. Perusahaan itu sedang tumbuh dengan pesat sekarang.

7. Harga saham di bursa Efek Jakarta sedang naik sekarang

8. Pak Adi sedang mengajar bahasa Inggris di kampus sekarang

9. Polisi tersebut sedang mencari Ali sekarang.

10. Ana, Ani, dan Tom sedang berdiskusi sekarang.



EXERCISE 2 : Change the following sentences into (+), (-), and (?)

1. They are speaking English now.

2. We are not reading now.

3. Is your mother frying rice now? No, she isn‟t.

4. What is your father looking at now ? a picture.

5. He is watching “Plan to kill” on TV now.

6. The teacher is not explaining tenses to the students now.

7. Is Maradona playing football in Argentina Now?

EXERCISE 3 : Write questions by using question words based on the

underlined words in the following sentences.

1. John is eating a plate of rice in the dining room now.

2. The cat is eating fried chicken in the kitchen now.

3. Tom and Jerry are quarrelling about food now.

4. My father is teaching Biology at school now.

EXERCISE 4 : Answer the following questions with your own words.

1. Are you studying English now ?

2. Is your father reading a newspaper now?

3. Is your mother sewing a shirt now?

4. Are They singing a song at home now?

5. Is Mr.Adi teaching English at school now?

6. What is your mother doing now?

7. What is your brother doing now?

EXERCISE 5 : Write sentences by using the following verbs

Writing, speaking, sewing, growing, discussing, doing, hunting,eating, drinking,

dancing, singing, making, building, teaching, explaining, talking, watching,

shopping, sleeping, typing, driving, riding, training, working



CHAPTER 2

PAST TENSE

2.1. The Use of Simple Past Tense

We use the past simple to talk about actions or situations in the past.

2.2. The Adverbs of time used

The adverbs of time used in this tense are Yesterday, last….., a week ago, this

morning , last night, yesterday morning, yesterweek, yestermonth, yesteryear,

etc.

2.3. The Patterns of Simple Past Tense

2.3.1. The Positive Pattern

S + Verb 2…………………………………………………… Yesterday

S + 2…………………………………………………..

Examples :

1. John saw a crocodile in the river yesterday.

2. We studied English here last week.

3. They played football in the field yesteryear

2.3.2. The Negative Pattern

S + didn‟t + Verb 1…………………………………… ……..Yesterday

S + tidak + 1…………………………………kemarin

Examples :

1. John didn‟t see a crocodile in the river yesterday.

2. We didn‟t study here last week.

3. They didn‟t play football in the field yesteryear.

2.3.3. The Interrogative Pattern

Did + S + Verb 1……………………………………………..Yesterday?

Apakah + S + 1…………………………………………kemarin?

Examples:

1. Did John see a crocodile in the river yesterday ? Yes, he did/No, he

didn‟t

2. Did you study here last week ? Yes, we did/ No, we didn‟t



3. Did they play football in the field yesteryear? Yes, they did/No, they

didn‟t

2.3.4. The Question-word Pattern

QW + did + S + Verb 1……………………………….………Yesterday?

Qw + yang + S + 1…………………………………….?

Examples: 1. What did John see in the river yesterday ? a crocodile

2. When did John see a crocodile in the river? yesterday

QW + Verb 2……………………………….………Yesterday? S + did

QW + 2……………………………..?

Examples : 1. Who saw a crocodile in the river yesterday ? John did

2. What grew in the rice-field last year? A coconut tree did

EXERCISE I : Translate these sentences into English !

1. Kami menjual mobil kami kemarin

2. Apakah kamu pergi ke luar tadi malam ?

3. Dia tidak datang ke pesta itu minggu lalu

4. Apakah kamu tidur nyenyak tadi malam ?

5. Kami menjual rumah kami di Jakarta tahun lalu.

6. Manajer pemasaran tersebut melakukan penelitian minggu lalu.

7. Apakah perusahaan anda menjual kursi tahun lalu ? Ya.

8. Kapan anda menjalankan usaha anda di Jakarta ? tahun lalu

9. Siapa yang membuat kue itu kemarin ? ibu saya.

10. Apa yang jatuh di jalan kemarin ? Tas saya.

EXERCISE II. Change the following sentences into (+), (-), ( ?), Present

Continous Tense.

1. Tom saw the cats having business under the tree yesterday

2. They played cricket at school last week

3. Did the policeman arrest the thief last night ?

4. The teacher did not attend the meeting this morning



Chapter 3

PRESENT FUTURE TENSE

We often use will in this situation:

Offering to do something:

e.g. That bag looks heavy. I‟ll help with it.

Agreeing and refusing to do something:

e.g. I‟ve asked john to help me but he won‟t

Promising to do something.

e.g. I will come to your house tonight. I promise.

Asking someone to do something.

Will you close the window,please!

A. The positive pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:

S + will/shall + Verb 1…………………………………… Tomorrow

S + akan + 1 …………………….

Example:

1. John will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.

2. Mrs.Maria Eva will play badminton tomorrow

B. The negative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows:

S + won‟t/shan‟t + Verb 1…………………… ………… Tomorrow

S + tidak akan + 1 ………………………………..

Example:

1. John won‟t run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month.

2. Mrs.Maria Eva won‟t play badminton tomorrow



C. The Interrogative pattern of Present Future tense is as follows

Will/Shall + S + Verb 1………………………………….. Tomorrow?

Apakah + S + akan + 1…………………………..?

1. will John run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? Yes, He will/No,he won‟t.

2. will Mrs.Maria Eva play badminton tomorrow? Yes, She will/No, she won‟t

D. The QW pattern of Present Future tense is as follows

QW + will/shall + S + Verb 1…………………….………Tomorrow?

QW + yang + S + akan + 1……………………….?

1. when will John run a restaurant in Jakarta? Next month

2. who will run a restaurant in Jakarta Next month? John will

3. where will John run a restaurant Next month? Next month

4. what will John do in Jakarta Next month? Running a restaurant

We often use will to be going to when we say what we have already decided to do,

what we intend to do in the future.

e.g. A:There‟s a film on television tonight. Are you going to watch it?

B: No, I am too tired. I am going to have an early night.

The pattern :

S + am/is/are + going to + Verb 1……………………………………

S +am/is/are + not + going to + Verb 1…………………… …………

Am/is/are + S + going to + Verb 1………………………………….. .?

QW + am/is/are + S + going to + verb 1…………………………… ..?

4. PRESENT TENSE

Present Tense is used to talk about something in general. And it is also used to talk

about something which is happened repeatedly or habituallly activities.



e.g. + The earth goes round the sun

- The earth doesn‟t go round the sun

? Does the earth go round the sun ?

+ I get up at 8 o‟clock every morning

- I don‟t get up at 8 o‟clock every morning

? Do you get up at 8 o‟clock very morning?

The pattern :

S + Verb 1 (s/es)…………………………………… Everyday/today

S + don‟t/doesn‟t + Verb 1…………………… ……Everyday/today

Do/Does + S + Verb 1………………………………Everyday/today?

QW + Do/does + S + Verb 1…………………….…Everyday/today?

We use the present simple when wse say how often we do things:

e.g. How often do you go to the dentist ?

Mary doesn‟t often drink tea.



5. PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE

We use past continuous Tense to say that someone was in the middle of doing

something at a certain time. The action or situation had already started before this

time but hadn’t finished:

This time last year I was living in Brazil

We often use the past continuous Tense and the past simple together to say that

something happened in the middle of something else:

When I was working in the garden, I hurt my back.

The pattern :

S + was/were + verb 4………………….When + s + Verb 2…….……

S + was/were + not + Verb 4…………….When + s + Verb 2…………

Was/were + S + verb 4…………………. When + s + Verb 2 ……. ….?

QW + was/were + S + verb 4……………When + s + Verb 2 …………?

e.g. + She was cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

- She wasn‟t cooking rice when Tom came yesterday

? Was she cooking rice when Tom came yesterday ?



6. PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

We often use the present perfect Tense to give new information or to announce

recent happening:

e.g. Do you know about Mary ? She‟s gone to Jakarta.

We can use the Present Perfect Tense with already to say that something has

happened sooner than expected :

e.g. Don‟t forget to post this letter, will you? I‟ve already posted it.

We can use the Present Perfect Tense with just (= a short time ago)

e.g. Would you like something to eat? „No, thanks. I‟ve just had lunch‟.

We talk about a period of time that continuous up to the present, we use the

present perfect.

e.g. Dave: Have you travelled a lot, Nora?

Nora: Yes, I have been to 47 different countries.

We often use ever and never with the present perfect:

e.g. have you ever eaten caviar?

We have never had a car.

We have to use present perfect Tense with This is the first time…, It the first

time…

e.g. This is the first time he has driven a car. (not drives)

We often use the present perfect with yet. Yet shows that the speaker is expecting

something to happen. Use yet only in questions and negative sentences: e.g. Has it

stopped raining yet ? (not „did it stop‟).

The pattern:

S + have/has + verb 3……………………….etc

S + haven‟t/hasn‟t + Verb 3…………….….etc

Have/has + S + verb 3………………….. ….etc?

QW + have/has + S + verb 3………………..etc?



7. PAST PERFECT TENSE

We use the Past perfect to say that something had already happened before this

time :

Example :

- When I arrived at the party, Tom had already gone home

- When I got home, I found that someone had broken into my flat and had

stolen my fur coat.

- George didn‟t want to come to the cinema with us because he had already

seen the film twice.

- It was my first time in an aeroplane. I was very nervous because I hadn‟t

flown before.

The pattern:

S + had + verb 3…………when/before S + V2

S + hadn‟t + Verb 3……… when/before S + V2

Had + S + verb 3………… when/before S + V2 ?

QW + had + S + verb 3……… when/before S + V2 ?

Translate these sentences into English !

1. Rumah itu sangat sunyi ketika saya tiba. Semua orang sudah pergi tidur.

2. Saya merasa sangat lelah ketika saya pulang, jadi saya langsung pergi tidur

3. Saya tidak lapar, saya baru saja makan siang.

4. To tidak bearada di rumah ketika saya tiba. Dia baru saja keluar.



8. PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + have/has + been + verb 4…………etc

S + haven‟t/hasn‟t + been + verb 4……etc

Have/has + S + been + verb 4……….etc ?

QW + have/has + S + been + verb 4…etc ?

Example :

- Pelajar pelajar tengah menyanyi sejak pagi ini

+ The students have been singing since this morning

- The students haven‟t been singing since this morning

? Have the students been singing since this morning ?


1. Hari sudah hujan selama dua jam

2. Berapa lama kamu sudah belajar bahasa inggris ?

3. Saya sudah menonton acara TV tersebut sejak dua jam

4. Dia (pr) sudah bermain tenis sejak dia berumur 8 tahun

5. Berapa lama kamu suah merokok ?

6. Mereka sudah bermain PS selama tiga jam



9. PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + had been + verb 4…………when S + V2

S + hadn‟t been + Verb 4……… when S + V2

Had + S + been + verb 4………… when S + V2 ?

QW + had + S + been + verb 4……… when S + V2 ?

Example :

- Mereka tengah mengerjakan PR ketika saya datang kemarin

+ They had been doing the homework when I came yesterday

- They hadn‟t been doing the homework when I came yesterday

? Had they been doing the homework when I came yesterday ?


1. Mereka sudah bermain bola selama satu jam ketika ada petir yang

menakutkan

2. Ken sudah merokok selama 30 tahun ketika akhirnya dia berhenti

3. Orkestra itu sudah bermain selama sepuluh menit ketika seorang laki laki

berteriak

4. Saya sudah mengetik selama tiga puluh menit ketika listrik itu padam

5. Mereka sudah tidur selama 6 jam ketika kebakaran itu terjadi



10. PRESENT FUTURE CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + will be + Verb 4 + O + at…………..o‟clock

S + won‟t be + Verb 4 + O + at………..o‟clock

Will + S + be + Verb 4 + O + at……….o‟clock ?

QW + will + S + be +Verb 4…………o‟clock ?

Example :

- Kamu sedang akan pergi ke sekolah pukul 7 besok pagi

+ You will be going to school at seven o‟clock tomorrow morning

- You won‟t be going to school at seven o‟clock tomorrow morning

? Will you be going to school at seven o‟clock tomorrow morning ?


1. George sedang akan meninggalkan Indonesia pada pukul 9 besok pagi

2. Saya sedang akan menyelesaikan PR itu sore nanti

3. Dia (pr) sedang akan menonton acara di stadion tersebut nanti malam

4. Mereka sedang akan makan malam di restauran itu nanti malam

5. Para karyawan sedang akan menyelesaikan pekerjaan itu pukul 9 nanti malam



11. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

S + will have + verb 3 + ……….by the end……

S + won‟t have + Verb 3 + ………..by the end….

Will + S + have + Verb 3 + ………by the end…. ?

QW + will + S + have +Verb 3 +…………by the end… ?

Example :

- Kita sudah akan tiba di Jakarta besok sore.

+ We will have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon

- We won‟t have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon

? Will we have arrived in Jakarta tomorrow afternoon ?


1. John sudah akan selesai mengerjakan pekerjaanya menjelang akhir minggu ini

2. Menjelang minggu depan saya akan selesai membaca buku ini

3. Menjelang bulan depan dia akan membayar hutangnya

4. Kami sudah akan mendapat rumah baru menjelang akhir tahun ini



12. PRESENT FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + will have been + verb 4………since……….

S + won‟t have been + verb 4…….since……….

Will + S + have been + verb 4……since……….?

QW + will + S + have been + verb 4….since…..?

Example :

- Mereka tengah akan belajar sejak pagi besok

+ They will have been studying since this morning

- They won‟t have been studying since this morning

? Will they have been studying since this morning ?


1. Menjelang akhir tahun ini kami akan sudah mempelajari bahasa inggris

selama tiga tahun

2. Menjelang hari natal saya akan sudah bekerja di kantor ini selama lima tahun

3. Menjelang liburan sekolah ini saya sudah mengikuti tes selama 5 kali

4. Menjelang hari raya idul fitri saya sudah akan dua kali pulang ke desa



13. PAST FUTURE TENSE

S + would + V1…IF + S + verb 2………….etc

S + wouldn‟t + verb 1….+ object…………..etc

Would + S + verb 1 ….+ object ……….…..etc ?

Example :

1. Saya akan datang ANDAIKATA kamu mengundang saya

I would come if you invited me

2. Tom akan melakukan perjalanan JIKAdia punya uang

Tom would travel if he had more money

Exercise : Translate these sentences into English!

1. Jika saya jadi kamu, saya tidak akan membeli rumah itu

2. Saya akan keluar jika hari tidak hujan

3. Jika saya kaya, saya akan membeli sebuah villa

4. Jika saya dapat berbicara bahasa inggris, saya akan pergi keluar negeri

5. Saya tidak akan keberatan tinggal di Amerika jika cuacanya bagus



14. PAST FUTURE CINTINUOUS TENSE

S + would be + Verb 4……when S + verb 2……….etc

S + wouldn‟t + be + verb 4….when S + verb 2………etc

Would + S + be + verb 4 ….. when S + verb 2……etc ?

Example :

- Sedianya mereka sedang akan pulang KETIKA kami datang

+ They would be going home when we came

- They wouldn‟t be going home when we came

? Would they be going home when we came ?


1. Saya akan sedang menempuh ujian hari berikutnya pada waktu itu

2. Kami akan sedang membangun rumah itu pada waktu itu

3. Mereka sedang akan bermain babak kedua pada pertandingan sepakbola

waktu itu.



15. PAST FUTURE PERFECT TENSE

S + would have + verb 3…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….

S + wouldn‟t have + verb 3 ……object………..etc

Would + S + have + verb 3 …….object………..etc ?

Example :

- Ia sudah akan menjadi presiden ANDAIKATA partainya menang dalam

pemilihan umum.

- He would have become a presiden if his party had won in general election


1. Jika saya telah mengetahui bahwa kamu sakit, saya akan menemuimu

2. Tom tidak akan mengikuti ujian itu jika dia mengetahui bahwa soalnya akan

begitu sulit.

3. Jika saya berjumpa dengan mu, saya akan mengatakan hello

4. Jika saya telah mengumpulakan uang, saya akan menikahi mu

5. Saya akan mengirim surat ini jika kamu telah selesai membuatmya



16. PAST FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

S + would have + been + verb 4…..IF + S + had + verb 3…….

S + wouldn‟t have been + verb 4…….object…………etc

Would + S + have been + verb 4.. …….object………..etc ?

Example :

- Sedianya rapat tengah akan dimulai sejak pagi ANDAIKATA walikota

sudah datang tepat pada waktunya

- The meeting would have been starting since this morning if Mayor had come

on time.


1. Sedianya concert itu tengah akan dimulai andaikata artis artis itu datang pada

waktunya.

2. Sedianya saya tengah akan tidur andaikata mereka belum datang

3. Andaikata ayah saya telah selesai berbelanja, ibu saya akan memasak

makanan itu



17. Abbreviation (singkatan)

1. I am = I‟m

2. You are = You‟re

3. We are = We‟re

4. They are = They‟re

5. He is = He‟s

6. She is = She‟s

7. It is = It‟s

8. Will not = won‟t

9. Would not = Wouldn‟t

10. Do not = Don‟t

11. Does not = Doesn‟t

12. Did not = Didn‟t

13. Is not = Isn‟t

14. Are not = Aren‟t

15. Was not = Wasn‟t

16. Were not = Weren‟t

17. Have not = Haven‟t

18. Has not = Hasn‟t

19. Had not = Hadn‟t

20. Can not = Can‟t

21. Could not = Couldn‟t

22. Must not = Mustn‟t

23. Should not = Shouldn‟t

24. Might not = Mightn‟t

25. May not = Mayn‟t



18. PASSIVE VOICE (IN POSITIVE FORM)

Penjelasan:

1. Kalimat pasif ialah suatu kalimat yang subjeknya dikenai oleh suatu perbuatan

atau yang predikatnya berawalan di…/ ter…

2. Kata kerja yang digunakan harus kata kerja transitive, yaitu kata kerja yang

bisa diikuti oleh suatu objek atau benda.

3. Rumus kalimat pasif dalam bahasa inggris adalah sebagai berikut:

S + To be + V3…………………………………by…

4. To be berfungsi untuk menentukan Tenses dari suatu kalimat dan untuk

membentuk awalan : di….atau: ter…

5. To be dapat dijabarkan dalam 16 Tenses (lihatlah 16 Tenses pada rumus

kalimat aktif)

Pelajarilah Rumus dibawah ini :

1. Present Future Tense: S + will be + V3…by…

2. Present Future Continuous Tense: S + will be + being + V3…by…

3. Present Future Perfect Tense: S + will have been + V3

4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + will have been + being + V3….

5. Simple Present Tense: S + am/is/are + V3…

6. Present Continuous Tense: S + am/is/are + being +V3…

7. Present Perfect Tense: S + have/has + been + V3

8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense: S + have been/has been +being +V3…

9. Past Perfect Tense: S + had been +V3…

10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense: S + had been + being + V3…

11. Simple Past Tense: S + Was/were + V3…

12. Past Continuous Tense: S + was/were + being + V3…

13. Past Future Tense: S + would be + V3…



14. Past Future Continuous Tense: S + would be being +V3…

15. Past Future Perfect Tense: S + would have been + V3…

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense: S + would have been + being + V3…

Penjelasan :

1. Kata kerja yang dipakai dalam kalimat pasif ialah V3 (bukan V1, V2, V4)

2. Tenses dalam kalimat pasifditentukan aleh bentuk To be nya

3. TO BE bisa terdiri dari:

a. Satu kata saja (am/is/are/was/were) lihat nomor 5 dan 11.

b. Dua kata(will be,have been, has been, had been, would be) lihat

nomor1, 7, 9, 13. (am being-is being-are being-was being-were being)

no. 6 dan no. 12.

c. Tiga kata (will be being, will have been, have been being, has been

being, had been being, would be being and would have been) lihat

nomor 2, 3, 8, 10, 14 dan 15.

d. Empat kata (will have been being dan would have been being ) no. 4

dan 16.

4. Being dalam kalimat pasif menunjukan: Continuous.



19. PASSIVE – VOICE IN NEGATIVE FORM

1. Present Future Tense

= S tak akan di…………………

Example : Engkau tak akan dimarahi olehnya.

2. Present Future Continuous Tense

= S tidak sedang akan di……….

Example : Rapat tidak sedang akan dimulai oleh mereka pukul 9 besok pagi.

3. Present Future Perfect Tense

= S belum akan di…………

Example : Nasi belum akan dimasak olehnya sore ini

4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense

Example : Rumah itu belum lagi akan disita oleh Bank pada akhir tahun ini.

5. Simple Present Tense

Example : Pengacau-pengacau itu tidak dikenakan hukuman oleh Hakim.

6. Present Continuous Tense

Example : Mobil saya tidak sedang direparasi sekarang

7. Present Perfect Tense

Example : Saya belum diajak dalam percakapan bahasa Inggris oleh kawan-

kawan saya.

S + Won‟t be + V3……….(by him)………

S + Won‟t be + being + V3…(by them)….

S + Won‟t have been + V3….(by her)

S + Won‟t have been + V3….(by the Bank)………

S + (am not/isn‟t/aren‟t) + V3….(by the Judge)

S + (am not/isn‟t/aren‟t) + being + V3… (by……)

S + (hasn‟t/haven‟t) + been + V3….(by ……..)



8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Example : Korupsi masih belum diberantas oleh pemerintah sejak bertahun-tahun

yang lalu.

9. Past Perfect Tense

Example : Tomy belum dituduh sebagai penghianat, sebelum Jaksa Agung

terbunuh.

10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

Example : Buchary masih belum dicalonkan Walikota, ketika otonomi

dilimpahkan ke-propinsi.

11. Simple Past Tense

Example : Tindakan keras tidak dilakukan oleh pemerintah terhadap para

koruptor.

12. Past Continuous Tense

Example : Pasien tidak sedang dioperasi ketika ia meninggal kemarin.

No. 13 s/d No. 16, hanya menambahkan kata Not, pada kata bantu yang pertama.

Lihat pada 16 Tenses kalimat pasip bentuk berita.

Note : Keterangan pelaku (by me, by us, by him, dst) dan keterangan waktu, bisa

dipakai bila diperlukan. Tergantung kepada : kondisi dan situasi dari tiap

kalimat yang diucapkan.

S + (hasn‟t/haven‟t) + been + being + V3…by…..

S + hadn‟t been + V3…by…..

S + hadn‟t been + being + V3…(by……….)

S + (wasn‟t/weren‟t) + V3…(by……….)

S + (wasn‟t/weren‟t) + V3…(by……….)



20. PASSIVE VOICE IN INTERROGATIVE

1. Present Future Tense

= Yes/No,………

Example : Apakah Bahasa Inggris akan dipakai di Pontianak ?

When + ……………………………… ? = Few years from now.

2. Present Future Continuous Tense

= Yes/No,………………...

Example : Apakah rapat sedang akan diadakan pukul 9 besok ?

What time + ………………... ? = At 9 o‟clock.

3. Present Future Perfect Tense

= Yes/No,………………...

Example : Apakah pekerjaanmu sudah akan diselesaikan sore ini ?

What + …………………….. ? = Your job.

4. Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense

= Yes/No,……………….

Example : Apakah norma-norma hukum tengah akan diberlakukan sesudah

negara bangkrut ?

Why + …………………………... ? = Because none is hones in

government.

5. Simple Present Tense

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah saya diminta untuk menemani kamu ?

By whom + …………………………. ? = By our director.

Will + S + be + V3…(by..) few years from now ?

Will + S + have been + V3…………… ?

Will + S + have been + V3……………?

Will + S + have been + being + V3………… ?

(Am /Is/Are) + S + V3……………. ?



6. Present Continuous Tense

= Yes/No,………………...

Example : Apakah penari-penari itu sedang dijemput sekarang ?

Where + ……………………. ? = At the airport.

7. Present Perfect Tense

= Yes/No,………………...

Example : Sudahkah tiket-tiket itu dibeli olehmu ?

How many tickets + ……….. ? = 5 tickets

8. Present Perfect Continuous Tense

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah Budi tengah diopname di rumah sakit ?

How long + …………………. ? = For 3 days.

9. Past Perfect Tense

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah perampok-perampok itu sudah tertembak dikakinya sebelum

mereka menyerahkan diri ?

Who + ………………… ? = The robbers.

10. Past Perfect Continuous Tense

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah ia tengah diperbantukan sebelum kepada Departemen

Pendidikan sebelum ia menjadi Menteri ?

How long + …………………. ? = More than 3 year.

11. Simple Past Tense

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah masalah Tomy dibicarakan di DPR ?

What + ………………………. ? = Tomy‟s problem.

(Am/Is/Are ) + S + being + V3………. ?

(Has/Have) + S + been + V3 ………… ?

(Has/Have) + S + been + being + V3………. ?

Had + S + been + V3………. ?

Had + S + been + being + V3……………. ?

(Were/Was) + S + V3 …………. ?



12. Past Continuous Tense

= Yes/No,………………

Example : Apakah proyek perumahan sedang direncanakan di kota ini ketika saya

ada di luar negeri tahun lalu ?

By whom + ………………… ? = By the mayor.

13. Past Future Tense : Hanya mengubah : Will dengan Would dan keterangan

waktu

14. Past Future Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)

15. Past Future Perfect Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendri)

16. Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense : sama di atas (kalimat dikarang sendiri)

(Were/Was) + S + being + V3………… ?



21. CAUSATIVE Dengan HAVE Dan GET

Fungsi : I. Menyuruh sesorang untuk mengerjakan sesuatu.

II. Menyuruh agar sesuatu dikerjakan oleh orang lain.

Bandingkanlah kalimat-kalimat berikut:

1. Tono mengecat rumahnya hari ini.

2. Rumah Tono dicat sendiri olehnya.

3. Tono menyuruh tukang cat mengecatkan rumahnya.

4. Tono mengecatkan rumahnya.

Rumus-Rumus Causative:

A.

Eg: 1. He has a mechanic repair his car today

2. He will have a mechanic repair his car tomorrow

3. He is having a mechanic ………etc now

B.

Eg: 1. I had my tooth pulled out yesterday

2. Ali has had his hair cut since yesterday

Note : Perubahan Tenses hanya terjadi pada kata kerja to have.

(have (has) – had – had – having)

C.

Eg : 1. He will get me to help him tomorrow

2. He doesn‟t get me to come to his house today

3. He has get me to bring a dictionary

D.

Eg : 1. The girl gets her face made up (dihias)

2. I won‟t get my hair cut short.

S + to have + someone + V1 + … etc

S + to have + something +

V3

S + to get + someone + to + V1 + … etc

S + to get + somthing + to + V3 + … etc



3. Budi is getting his tooth pulled out now

Catatan penting : Something = (sth) = sesuatu benda

Someone = (so) = seseorang (object): me, him, …

One‟s (kepunyaan) = my…, your…, her…, our…, their…

Eg = example = contoh. (Eg = example gratia)



THE 16 TENSES

Perhatikan perubahan yang terjadi dari Rumus umum ke – TENSES TERTENTU:

1. S + will + have + S.O + V1 + …

2. S + will + have had + S.O + V1 + …

3. S + have (has) + S.O + V1 + …

4. S + had + S.O + V1 + …

5. S + have + had + S.O + V1 + …

has

6. S + had + had + S.O + V1 + …

7. S + will be + having + S.O + V1 + …

8. S + will + have been + having + S.O + V1 + …

9. S + (am, is, are) + V4 + S.O + V1 + …

10. S + (was, were) + V4 + S.O + V1 + …

11. S + (have been/has been) + having + S.O + V1 + …

12. S + had been + having + S.O + V1 + …

13. S + would + have + S.O + V1 + …

14. S + would be + having + S.O + V1 + …

15. S + would + have had + S.O + V1 + …

16. S + would + have been + having + S.O + …

RENUNGKAN:

1. to have, adalah bentuk : Infinitive (=kata kerja pokok) yang

berubah menurut Tenses tertentu. (dilahat 16 Tenses diatas).

2. S.O = Some One = adalah Object, dan bukan Subjek.

Jadi: S.O, bisa menjadi = me, you, him, her, us, them.

One‟s = bisa menjadi : my, your, his, her, our, dsb

S = (Subjek), seperti: I, You, He, She, We They, It, dan benda-benda lainnya.

(T.V, Radio, Weather, the wind).

3. V1, dalam rumus diatas tidak berubah dalam segala bentuk kalimat dan

bentuk Tenses apapun. V1, tetap V1, tidak ada perubahan.

4. V1 V2 V3 V4

have had had having

S + TO HAVE + SOME ONE + V1 + …DST



PATTERN EXERCISE:

TASK : Make free statements according to the PATTERNS (rumus) below:

A. 1.

Eg : …………………………………………

2.

Eg : …………………………………………

3.

Eg : When …………………………………………..

4.

Eg : Who has ………………………………

5. = suruhlah ……!

Eg : ……………………………………

B. 1.

Saya tidak akan mengecatkan rumahku.

= …………………………………………

2.

Apakah Budi mereparasikan mobilnya hari ini ?

= ………………………………………………... ?

3.

Dimana Evi mencabutkan giginya kemarin

= …………………………………………….

S + didin‟t have + me + V1 + … etc

Do +S + have + Us + V1 ………….?

Does

S + won‟t have + one‟s house + V3 + … etc

Have + someone + V1 + …… !

QW + will + S + have + someone + V1 + … ?

Who + has + someone +V1 + …… ?

QW + did + S + have + something + V3 + … yesterday

Do +S + have + something + V3 …… today ?

Does



4.

Siapa yang akan berpoto ?

= Who will have one‟s picture taken ?

One‟s picture = seseorang yang belum diketahui.

Who + will have + One‟s + sth + V3 + …… ?



LIST OF TRANSITIVE – VERB

No

Infinitive

(Kata Dasar)

V1

Past Tense

V2

Past

Participle

V3

Present

Participle

V4

The Meaning in Indonesian:

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

to do

to have

to tell

to own

to read

to write

to listen

to speak

to say

to ask

to answer

to borrow

to lend

to give

to send

to repeat

to buy

to sell

to present

to wait (for)

to see

to visit

to invite

to reject

to refuse

to inprove

to avoid

to deny

did

had

told

owned

read

wrote

listened

spoke

said

asked

answered

borrowed

lent

gave

sent

repeated

bought

sold

presented

waited

saw

visited

invited

rejected

refused

improved

avoided

denied

done

had

told

owned

read

written

~ed

spoken

said

~ed

~ed

~ed

lent

given

sent

~ed

bought

sold

~ed

~ed

seen

~ed

~ed

~ed

~ed

~ed

~ed

denied

~ing

having

~ing

~ing

~ing

writing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

giving

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

inviting

~ing

refusing

improving

~ing

~ing

mengerjkan, melakukan.

mempunyai

mengatakan, menceritakan, menyuruh.

memiliki

membaca

menulis

mendengarkan

berbicara, pandai berbahasa

berkata, mengatakan

bertanya, meminta, menyuruh

menjawab

meminjam (dari)

meminjamkan (kepada)

memberi (kan)

mengirim, menyuruh

mengulang

membeli

menjual

menyajikan (cerita, materi)

menunggu

melihat, bertemu, berkenalan

mengunjungi

mengundang, mengajak

menolak

menolak (tawaran, ajakan)

memperbaiki, meningkatkan

menghindari (kan)

menyangkal, mambantah



29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

to arrange

to plan

to make

to build

to burry

to scold

to rebuke

to bribe

to attack

to defend

to enforce

to learn

to study

to copy

to compose

to review

to interview

to repair

to know

to understand

to take

to eat

to drink

to substitute

to succeed

to devide

to nominate

to cook

to receive

to believe

to agree

to disagree

to propose

arranged

planned

made

buit

burried

scolded

rebuked

bribed

attacked

defended

enforced

learnt

studied

copied

composed

reviewed

intervived

repaired

knew

understood

took

ate

drank

~d

~ed

~d

~d

~ed

~d

~d

~d

~d

~d

~ed

~ned

made

built

burried

~ed

~d

~d

~ed

~ed

~d

learnt

studied

copied

~d

~ed

~ed

~ed

known

understood

taken

eaten

drunk

~d

~d

~d

~d

~ed

~d

~d

~d

~d

~d

arranging

~ing

making

~ing

~ing

~ing

rebuking

bribing

~ing

~ing

enforcing

~ing

~ing

~ing

composing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

taking

~ing

~ing

subtituting

~ing

dividing

nominating

~ing

receiving

believing

~ing

~ing

proposing

menyusun, mengatur, merencanakan

merencanakan

membuat, menyebabkan

membangun, mendirikan

menguburkan

memarahi

memarahi

menyuap, menyogok

menyerang

mempertahankan

memaksa, memberlakukan

belajar

mempelajari

menyalin

menyusun, mengarang

mengulang kembali

mewawancarai

mereparasi

mengetahui, tahu, kenal

mengerti

mengambil, mengantarkan

makan

minum

mengganti

berhasil, menggantikan

membagi

mencalonkan

memasak

menerima

percaya

setuju

tidak setuju

mengusulkan



62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

to oppose

to predict

to let

to put

to cut

to continue

to draw

to think

to express

to prove

to remember

to remind

to warn

to memorize

to forget

to admire

to praise

to insult

to submit

to report

to open

to shut

to close

to mark

to weigh

to measure

to evaluate

to taste

to hold

to touch

to teach

to return

to reply

~d

~ed

~ed

~ed

~ed

~d

drew

thought

~ed

~d

~ed

~ed

~ed

~d

forgot

~d

~d

~ed

~ted

~ed

~ed

~ed

~d

~ed

~ed

~d

~d

~d

held

~ed

taught

~ed

replied

~d

~ed

~ed

~ed

~ed

~d

drawn

thought

~ed

~d

~ed

~ed

~ed

~d

forgotten

~d

~d

~ed

~ted

~ed

~ed

~ed

~d

~ed

~ed

~d

~d

~d

held

~ed

taught

~ed

replied

opposing

~ing

~ting

~ting

~ting

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

proving

~ing

~ing

~ing

memorizing

~ting

admiring

praising

~ing

~ting

~ing

~ing

~ting

closing

~ing

~ing

measuring

evaluating

tasting

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

~ing

menentang, melawan

meramalkan

membiarkan, mengijinkan

meletakkan

memotong

meneruskan, melanjutkan

menggambar, menarik

berpikir, berpendapat

menyatakan, mengutarakan

membuktikan

ingat

mengingatkan

memperingatkan

mengingat-ingat, menghafal

melupakan

mengagumi, memuji

memuji

menghina

menyerahkan

melaporkan

membuka

menutup

menutup

manandai, memberi tanda

menimbang

mengukur

mengevaluasi

mencicipi, merasa (dengan lidah)

memegang, mengadakan

menyentuh, meraba

mengajar

mengembalikan

menjawab



95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

to pay

to calculate

to throw

to hit

to beat

to bite

to hide

to serve

to explain

to interpret

to predict

to activate

to motivate

~ed

~d

threw

~ed

~ed

bit

hid

~d

~ed

~ed

~ed

~d

~d

~ed

~d

thrown

~ed

~ed

beaten

hid

~d

~ed

~ed

~ed

~d

~d

~ing

calculating

~ing

~ting

~ing

~ing

hiding

serving

~ing

~ing

~ing

activating

motivating

membayar

menghitung

melempar

memukul

memukul

menggigit

bersembunyi

melayani, menghidangkan

menerangkan

menafsirkan

meramalkan

mengaktifkan, menggiatkan

memotivasi, menggerakan

Note : tanda ~ (tilde), ialah tanda yang berarti Kata Dasar (Infinitive)

Contoh : to work ……~ ed = worked // ~ ing = working, dst.

“to” pada Infinitive, tidak dipakai sebagai predikat dalam suatu kalimat (Lihat Rumus)

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