chapter 5images.pcmac.org/.../presentations/ppt.ancient.5.pdfgeography and early india chapter 5...
TRANSCRIPT
Chapter5
GeographyandEarlyIndiaChapter5Section1
• LikeMesopotamiaandEgypt,Indiawashometooneoftheworld’sfirstcivilizations• TheoneinIndiaalsogrewinarivervalley.
India:• Huge• Subcontinent• MountainsseparateIndiafromtherestofAsia• NorthernIndia- >Himalayas->highestintheworld• WesternIndia->HinduKushMts.• TharDesert• ManyriversflowfromtheHimalayas• IndusriverisnowlocatedinpresentdayPakistan
• Itflooded,thushelpingthesoil
ClimateofIndia• ClimateofIndia:• HotandHumid• InfluencedbyMonsoons->windpatterns• WetmonsoonsfromtheArabiansea
inthesummer->flooding• DrymonsoonsfromtheHimalayas
inthewinter->warmwintersCheck:HowdoyouthinkmonsoonsaffectedSettlementinIndia?
Harappan Civilization• Harappan:• Agriculture&Irrigation->growthoffarming• Assurplusesgrew- >towns&cities->divisionoflabor• NamedafterHarappaPakistan->moderncity->ruinsdiscovered• Ruinsoftwolargecities:HarappaandMohenjo Daro• ThecitiesareontheIndusriver->300milesapart->verysimilar
Whydon’tweknowmuchaboutHarappan Civilization?
• Harappans createdIndia’sfirstwritingsystem• Scholarscannottranslatethelanguage• WeknowlittleofHarappan society• PerhapstheyhadKingsandCentralGovernment• Harappans endedaround1700BC->notsurewhy->??
AryanMigration
• Aryans:2000BCarrivedinIndia• OriginallyfromareanearCaspianSea• InformationcomefromtheVedas:poems,hymns,mythswrittenbyAryanpriests
• Didnotbuildbigcities– hadsmallvillages• TheVedaswerewritteninSanskrit,themostimportantlanguageofAncientIndia,whichwasonlyspokennotwrittenatfirst• Sanskritisnolongerspoken,butisarootofmanySouthAsianlanguages
ReligionsofIndia
Brahmanism• BecauseAryanpriestwerecalledBrahmins– theirreligionisoftencalledBrahmanism.• AryanreligionwasbasedontheVedas:• FourVedas– sacredhymnsandpoems• VedicTexts– BrahminswrotetheirthoughtsabouttheVedas
HinduismDevelops• TheVedas,theUpanishads,andtheotherVedictextsremainedthebasisofIndianreligionforcenturies.• Eventuallytheideasofthesesacredtextsbegantoblendwithothercultures,creatingareligioncalledHinduism.
HinduBeliefs• 3Majorgods:(therearealsolessergods)1. Brahma:theCreator2. Shiva:theDestroyer3. Vishnu:thePreserver
LifeandRebirth• Soul:atman• UltimateGoal:toreunitetheatman(soul)withBrahman• Theworldweliveinisanillusionandittakesseverallifetimestoseethroughtheillusiontoreality->Brahman• Reincarnation:processofrebirth
OriginsofHinduism• AstheAryansmovedintoIndia,theydevelopedastrictsystemofsocialclasseswhichbecamepartofIndiansociety• Socialclasses(groups)wereorganizedbypeople’soccupations.• Strictrulesdevelopedabouthowpeopleofdifferentgroupscouldinteract.
TheCasteSystem• Intime,eachofthefourvarnas inAryansocietywasfurtherdividedintomanycastes,orgroups.• CastedividedIndiansocietyintogroupsbasedonaperson’sbirth,wealth,oroccupation.• Thecastedeterminedaperson’splaceinsociety.• InearlierAryansociety,womencouldgetaneducationandownproperty.Thatchangedlater.• BythelateAryanperiod,thecaste“untouchables”developed.• Theyheldthelowestjobsofall– cleaningbathrooms,gettinggarbage,etc.
CasteRules• TheAryansdevelopedsutras,orguides,whichlistedalltherulesfortheCastesystem• Peoplewerenotallowedtomarryoutsidetheircaste• Peoplewerenotallowedtoeatwithanyoneoutsidetheircaste• Peoplespentmostoftheirtimewithothersinsidetheircaste
TheVarnas
OtherReligionsfromHinduism• Jainism:StartedbyMahavira 600BC• Emphasizes:nonviolencetowardallthings• Vegetarians
• Sikhism:StartedbyGuruNanakAD1400• BlendofHinduismwithIslam(monotheistic)• Meditation->enlightenment->equalityforall• Reincarnation• Wear5thingsatalltimes:longhair,comb,bracelet,sword,&specialundergarment
BuddhismORIGINS:• SiddharthaGautamawasaprinceborninIndiatothewarriorcaste(Kshatriya).HewasHindu.• Hewasconcernedwithpeople’ssufferings,sohejourneyedabout6-7yearstodiscoverthemeaningoflife.• Hespentmuchtimefasting andmeditatingcomingtotheconclusionthatSufferingcomesfrom3things:
1. Wantingwhatwelikebutdonothave2. Wantingtokeepwhatyoulike3. NotwantingwhatweDOhave
TeachingsofBuddhism• Siddharthawas35yearsoldwhenhereceived“enlightenment”• FromthenonhewouldbecalledTheBuddhaorthe“EnlightenedOne”• ThefirstbelieversinBuddhismweremerchants,artisans,&Kings• FourNobleTruths:1. Noonecanescapesuffering2. Sufferingcomesfromourowndesires3. Peoplecanovercomedesire&reachNirvana(perfectpeace)4. PeoplecanovercomebyfollowingtheEightfoldPath
ChallengingHinduIdeas• ChallengedVedas• ChallengedAnimalSacrifice• ChallengedPriests&Rituals• OpposedCasteSystem• AnyonecouldachieveNirvanawhofollowedtheEight-foldpath• BelievedinreincarnationliketheHindus
• Buddhismmadepeoplefeelliketheyhadpowertochangetheirlives.
TheEightfoldPath
1. RightView:youwillsuffer;FourNobleTruths2. RightIntent:inclinetowardgoodness3. RightSpeech:AvoidliesandGossip4. RightAction:Don’tstealfromorharmothers5. RightLivelihood:rejectworkthathurtsothers6. RightEffort:Preventevilanddogood7. RightMindfulness:Controlyourfeelings&thoughts8. RightConcentration:Practicemeditation
BuddhismSpreads• Within200yearsafterBuddha’sdeath– BuddhismhadspreadthroughmostofIndia• Asoka – powerfulkinginIndia200BC• Asoka – becameBuddhistandbuilttemplesandschoolsthroughoutIndia• SpreadBuddhismintoareasoutsideofIndiabysendingmissionariesthroughoutAsia
BuddhismSplits• EventuallydisagreementsbetweenBuddhistsledtoasplitwithinthereligion• TwomajorbranchesofBuddhism:1.Theravada
2.Mahayana• Theravada:followtheBuddha’steachingsexactlyashestated• Mahayana: OtherpeoplecaninterpretBuddha’steachingstohelppeoplereachNirvanaBothbrancheshavemillionsofbelieverstoday–Mahayanaisthelargerbranch
IndianEmpires• AfterAryans– Indiadividedintosmallstateswiththeirownruler• 300sBC– AlexandertheGreat(Greek)ConqueredNWIndia• Alexanderdidnotstaylong• 320sBCChandraguptaMaurya foundedtheMauryanEmpirethatlastedfor150years• Hugearmy,WarElephants,Chariots,• Farmerspaidheavytaxesinreturnforprotection.• ChandraguptabecameaJainist monkandpassedthronetohisson.
Ashoka• 270BCCandragupta’s grandsonAshoka becameking.• StrongestofalltheMauryanrulers• ConqueredotherkingdomsextendingruleovermostofIndia• HeconvertedtoBuddhism andsworeagainstWar• Hededicatedhimselftohelpinghispeople:wellsdug,roadsbuilt,shadetreesplanted,resthouses.• SentmissionariestospreadBuddhism
EndofMauryanEmpire• AfterAsoka’sdeath- hissonsfoughtforpower– empirefellapart – lastMauryankingwaskilledbyhisowngeneral.• Indiadividedintosmallerstatesonceagain• Remaineddividedfor500yearswhileBuddhismspread&Hinduismdeclined
ANewHinduEmpire• AD320– GuptadynastyestablishedinIndia• Indiaunitedandprospered• GuptarulerswereHinduandmadeHinduthemajorreligion• ManyHindutempleswerebuiltandwritingswererevived• TheyallowedfreedomofreligionforBuddhism&Jainism
GuptaSociety• GuptaKingsstrengthenedIndia’seconomyandprosperity• TheybelievedthesocialorderofHinducastesystemwouldstrengthentheirrule• Castewouldkeepstability
• ENDED!!!• GuptarulecontinuedtilltheAD400swhenHunsinvaded• ByAD500sGuptaruleended.• Indiadividedintosmallkingdomsyetagain
IndianAchievements• ART:HinduandBuddhisttemples
Hindupaintingsofgods;BuddhistpaintingsofSiddharthaSculptureandColumnswereintricatelycarved
IndianAchievement• LITERATURE:ØMahabharata:oneoftheworld’slongestliteraryworks.Itisthestoryoftwofamiliesstrugglingforcontrolofakingdom.
ØRamayana:aboutaprince,Rama(Vishnuinhumanform)cametoridtheworldofdemonsandsavehiswife,Sita.Seenasmodelsfortheidealmarriage.
IndianAchievement• SCIENCE:• Metalworking–– highqualitytoolsandweapons• Alloys – mixingmetals-metallurgy• Hindu-Arabicnumerals– createdbyIndians&broughttoEuropebyArabs• CreatedZero• MedicinefromPlants– inoculation• Astronomy:knewthatoursunwasastarwithplanetsrevolvingaroundit.Predictedeclipses
EssentialQuestion• WhatimpactdidAsoka’slifehaveonAsiainthepastandfortoday?
SayWhat?HUH???
• http://archaeologyonline.net/artifacts/aryan-harappan-myth
https://www.quora.com/Who-are-the-actual-Aryans-Europeans-Iranians-or-Indians