chapter fourteen lymphatic and immune systems chapter 14

Chapter FourteenChapter FourteenLymphatic and Lymphatic and

Immune SystemsImmune Systems

Chapter 14Chapter 14

In this chapter you willIn this chapter you will

Identify the structures and analyze terms Identify the structures and analyze terms related to the lymphatic system.related to the lymphatic system.

Learn terms that describe the basic Learn terms that describe the basic elements of the immune system.elements of the immune system.

Apply your new knowledge to Apply your new knowledge to understanding medical terms in their understanding medical terms in their proper context.proper context.

LymphLymph

Watery fluid that surrounds body cells and Watery fluid that surrounds body cells and flows in a system of lymph vesselsflows in a system of lymph vessels

Contains WBCs, lymphocytes and Contains WBCs, lymphocytes and monocytes.monocytes.

Contains water, salts, sugars, and waste Contains water, salts, sugars, and waste products of metabolism.products of metabolism.

Lymph NodesLymph Nodes

Clusters of lymph tissues.Clusters of lymph tissues.

Functions of lymph systemFunctions of lymph system Transports proteins back to bloodTransports proteins back to blood Absorb fats and transport back to bloodAbsorb fats and transport back to blood Important role is immune systemImportant role is immune system

Interstitial fluid and lymph Interstitial fluid and lymph capillaries – page 547capillaries – page 547

Figure 14-2 p. 547 – Blood and Figure 14-2 p. 547 – Blood and lymph circulationlymph circulation

SPLEEN – page 550SPLEEN – page 550

• Destroys old red blood cells. • Filters microorganisms and other foreign material out of the blood.• Activates lymphocytes during blood filtration. B cells produce antibodies.• Stores blood, especially erythrocytes (RBCs) and platelets

Specialized Lymphatic OrgansSpecialized Lymphatic Organs::organs composed of lymph tissueorgans composed of lymph tissue

Thymus glandThymus gland Located in the upper mediastinum between Located in the upper mediastinum between

the lungsthe lungs

Secretes a hormone called Secretes a hormone called thymosinthymosin which which stimulates the bone marrow to produce stimulates the bone marrow to produce T T lymphocyteslymphocytes, which are important in the , which are important in the immune responseimmune response

THYMUS GLAND – page 550THYMUS GLAND – page 550

• Provides immunity in fetal life and in early years of growth.

• Makes cells immunocompetent in early life.

• Early removal from an animal impairs its ability to make antibodies and produce cells to fight antigens.

Specialized Lymphatic OrgansSpecialized Lymphatic Organs::organs composed of lymph tissueorgans composed of lymph tissue

TonsilsTonsils Help protect against bacteria and other Help protect against bacteria and other

harmful substances that may enter the body harmful substances that may enter the body through the nose or mouththrough the nose or mouth

The Immune SystemThe Immune System

Types of Immunity – page 551Types of Immunity – page 551

Immune Response – page 533Immune Response – page 533

B lymphocytes are responsible for B lymphocytes are responsible for humoral immunity. humoral immunity.

originate in bone marrow from stem cellsoriginate in bone marrow from stem cells

transform into plasma cells to produce transform into plasma cells to produce immunoglobulins, antibodies that neutralize immunoglobulins, antibodies that neutralize antigensantigens

Immune Response Immune Response (cont’d)(cont’d)

T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-T lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. The function of T cells mediated immunity. The function of T cells varies:varies: Cytotoxic T cellsCytotoxic T cells (T8 cells) attach to and (T8 cells) attach to and

attack antigens.attack antigens. Other T cellsOther T cells secrete interferons and secrete interferons and

interleukins that help cells respond to interleukins that help cells respond to antigens.antigens.

Helper T cellsHelper T cells promote antibody synthesis promote antibody synthesis by B cells and stimulate other T cells.by B cells and stimulate other T cells.

Suppressor T cellsSuppressor T cells inhibit B and T cells. inhibit B and T cells.

The Immune ResponseThe Immune Response

Immunotherapy ExamplesImmunotherapy ExamplesVaccines:Vaccines: killed tumor cells produce cytokines killed tumor cells produce cytokines that enhance the immune responsethat enhance the immune response

Dendritic cells:Dendritic cells: cultured and exposed outside cultured and exposed outside body and reinfusedbody and reinfused

Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb):Monoclonal antibodies (MoAb): multiple multiple copies of cells or genes that kill tumor cellscopies of cells or genes that kill tumor cells

Donor lymphocyte infusions:Donor lymphocyte infusions: T cells, infused T cells, infused after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow after allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment)transplant, attack tumor (leukemia treatment)

Vocabulary – pages 554-555Vocabulary – pages 554-555

AdenoidsAdenoids – mass of lymphatic tissue in – mass of lymphatic tissue in nasopharynxnasopharynx

AntibodyAntibody – Protein produced by b cell – Protein produced by b cell lymphocytes to destroy antigenslymphocytes to destroy antigens

AntigenAntigen – substance body recognizes as – substance body recognizes as foreign.foreign.

VocabularyVocabulary

Cervical nodes Cervical nodes – lymph nodes in neck – lymph nodes in neck region.region.

Inguinal nodes Inguinal nodes – lymph nodes in the groin – lymph nodes in the groin region.region.

LymphLymph – thin watery fluid found in – thin watery fluid found in lymphatic vesselslymphatic vessels

Review Vocabulary WordsReview Vocabulary Words

Lymphatic and Immune Lymphatic and Immune Systems Combining Systems Combining Forms and prefixesForms and prefixes

p. 556 - 557p. 556 - 557

immun/oimmun/o protectionprotection

lymph/olymph/o lymphlymph

lymphaden/olymphaden/o lymph nodelymph node

splen/osplen/o spleenspleen

thym/othym/o thymus glandthymus gland

tox/otox/o poisonpoison

COMBINING FORMSCOMBINING FORMS

PREFIXESPREFIXES

ana-ana- again, anewagain, anew

inter-inter- betweenbetween

PrefixPrefix MeaningMeaning

PREFIXESPREFIXES

TerminologyTerminology

autoimmune diseasesautoimmune diseases

AutoAuto

immun/o: protectionimmun/o: protection

Self protectionSelf protection

immunoglobulinimmunoglobulin

immun/o - protectionimmun/o - protection

Globulin - proteinGlobulin - protein

Protection proteinProtection protein

ImmunosuppressionImmunosuppression

immun/oimmun/o

-suppression: to stop-suppression: to stop

To stop protectionTo stop protection

lymphopoiesislymphopoiesis

lymph/o: lymphlymph/o: lymph

-poiesis: formation-poiesis: formation

Formation of lymphFormation of lymph

lymphedemalymphedema


-edema: swelling-edema: swelling

lymph swellinglymph swelling

lymphocytopenialymphocytopenia

lymph/o - lymphlymph/o - lymph

cyt/o - cellcyt/o - cell

-penia - deficiency-penia - deficiency

Deficiency of lymph cells in the Deficiency of lymph cells in the blood.blood.

lymphocytosislymphocytosis


-cytosis: increase in numbers of cells-cytosis: increase in numbers of cells

An increase in numbers of An increase in numbers of lymphocytes.lymphocytes.

lymphoidlymphoid

lymph/olymph/o

-oid: resembling-oid: resembling

Derived from lymph.Derived from lymph. Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen, Lymphoid organs: lymph nodes, spleen,

and thymus glandand thymus gland

lymphadenopathylymphadenopathy

lymphaden/o: lymph node (gland)lymphaden/o: lymph node (gland)

-pathy – disease condition-pathy – disease condition

Disease condition of lymph nodes.Disease condition of lymph nodes.

lymphadenitislymphadenitis

lymphaden/o – lymph nodelymphaden/o – lymph node

-itis - inflammation-itis - inflammation

Inflammation of lymph nodes.Inflammation of lymph nodes.

splenomegalysplenomegaly

splen/o: spleensplen/o: spleen

-megaly - enlargement-megaly - enlargement

Enlargement of the spleenEnlargement of the spleen

splenectomysplenectomy

splen/osplen/o

-ectomy-ectomy

Removal of the spleen.Removal of the spleen.

hypersplenismhypersplenism

hyper- excessivehyper- excessive

splen/o - spleensplen/o - spleen

-ism – condition of-ism – condition of

Condition of excessive spleenCondition of excessive spleen A syndrome marked by splenomegaly A syndrome marked by splenomegaly

(associated with anemia, leukopenia and (associated with anemia, leukopenia and thrombocytopenia).thrombocytopenia).

thymomathymomathym/o: thymus glandthym/o: thymus gland

-oma-oma

Tumor of the thymus glandTumor of the thymus gland malignantmalignant

thymectomythymectomy

thym/othym/o

-ectomy-ectomy

Removal of the thymus gland.Removal of the thymus gland.

toxictoxic

tox/o: poisontox/o: poison

-ic-ic

Pertaining to poison.Pertaining to poison.

anaphylaxisanaphylaxis

ana-: away from, backward, up, apartana-: away from, backward, up, apart

-phylaxis: protection-phylaxis: protection

Away from protectionAway from protection An exaggerated, life-threatening, An exaggerated, life-threatening,

hypersensitivity reaction to foreign hypersensitivity reaction to foreign proteinsproteins

interstitial fluidinterstitial fluid

inter-: betweeninter-: between

-stitial: pertaining to standing or -stitial: pertaining to standing or positionedpositioned

Pertaining to fluid that is positioned Pertaining to fluid that is positioned between (body cells)between (body cells) Eventually becomes lymph fluidEventually becomes lymph fluid

Disorders of the Lymphatic and Disorders of the Lymphatic and Immune SystemsImmune Systems

ImmunodeficiencyImmunodeficiency

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)(AIDS) destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells)destroys T helper cells (CD4+ cells) opportunistic infectionsopportunistic infections malignancies malignancies

(Kaposi sarcoma, Wasting syndrome)(Kaposi sarcoma, Wasting syndrome)

Kaposi SarcomaKaposi Sarcoma

Opportunistic Infections with Opportunistic Infections with AIDS – Page 558AIDS – Page 558

CandidiasisCandidiasis

Cryptococcus (Crypto)Cryptococcus (Crypto)

Cryptosporidiosis Cryptosporidiosis

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infectionCytomegalovirus (CMV) infection

Herpes simplexHerpes simplexHistoplasmosis (Histo)Histoplasmosis (Histo)Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare (MAI) infectioninfectionPneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)Toxoplasmosis (Toxo)Toxoplasmosis (Toxo)Tuberculosis (TB)Tuberculosis (TB)

HYPERSENSITIVITY –HYPERSENSITIVITY – page 560 page 560

Allergy:Allergy: abnormal sensitivity acquired by abnormal sensitivity acquired by exposure to antigenexposure to antigen Ranges fromRanges from

allergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxisallergic rhinitis or hay fever to anaphylaxis Other allergies:Other allergies:

atopic dermatitisatopic dermatitis

asthmaasthma

urticaria (hives)urticaria (hives)

Atopic DermatitisAtopic Dermatitis

MALIGNANCIES – page 560MALIGNANCIES – page 560

Lymphoma:Lymphoma: malignant tumor of malignant tumor of lymph nodes and lymph tissuelymph nodes and lymph tissue Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg Hodgkin disease (Reed-Sternberg

cell)cell) Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (follicular

lymphoma, large cell lymphoma)lymphoma, large cell lymphoma)

Multiple myeloma:Multiple myeloma: malignant malignant tumor of bone marrow cellstumor of bone marrow cells

Thymoma:Thymoma: malignant tumor of malignant tumor of the thymus the thymus

Staging of Hodgkin DiseaseStaging of Hodgkin Disease

QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::

3.3. What is a malignant What is a malignant condition associated with condition associated with AIDS?AIDS?

A.A.anaphylaxisanaphylaxis

B.B.non-Hodgkin lymphomanon-Hodgkin lymphoma

C.C.Kaposi sarcomaKaposi sarcoma

D.D.Hodgkin diseaseHodgkin disease

Abbreviations – p. 563Abbreviations – p. 563

AIDSAIDS Acquired Immunodeficiency SyndromeAcquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome

CD4+CD4+ Protein on T-cell helper lymphocyte that is Protein on T-cell helper lymphocyte that is

infected with HIV in AIDSinfected with HIV in AIDS

ELISAELISA Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent AssayEnzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Test to detect anti-HIV antibodiesTest to detect anti-HIV antibodies

AbbreviationsAbbreviations

HIVHIV Human Immunodeficiency VirusHuman Immunodeficiency Virus Causes AIDSCauses AIDS

PCPPCP Pneumocystis cariniiPneumocystis carinii pneumonia pneumonia Opportunistic AIDS-related infectionOpportunistic AIDS-related infection

T4T4 T-cell lymphocyte that is destroyed by the T-cell lymphocyte that is destroyed by the

AIDS virus (helper T cells)AIDS virus (helper T cells)


axill/oaxill/o armpitarmpit

cervic/ocervic/o neck; cervix (neck of neck; cervix (neck of uterus)uterus)

immun/oimmun/o immune;protection;safeimmune;protection;safe

inguin/oinguin/o groingroin

lymph/olymph/o lymphlymph

lymphaden/olymphaden/o lymph gland (node)lymph gland (node)

SuffixSuffix Meaning Meaning

REVIEW SHEETREVIEW SHEET


splen/osplen/o spleenspleen

thym/othym/o thymus glandthymus gland

tox/otox/o poisonpoison



SUFFIXESSUFFIXES

-cytosis-cytosis condition of cells; condition of cells; slight slight increase in numbers increase in numbers

-edema-edema swellingswelling

-globulin-globulin proteinprotein

-megaly-megaly enlargementenlargement

-oid-oid resemblingresembling

-pathy-pathy disease; emotiondisease; emotion



SUFFIXESSUFFIXES

-penia-penia deficiencydeficiency

-phylaxis-phylaxis protectionprotection

-poiesis-poiesis formationformation

-stitial-stitial to set; pertaining to to set; pertaining to standing or standing or positioned positioned

-suppression-suppression to stopto stop



PREFIXESPREFIXES

ana-ana- up; apart; backward; again; anewup; apart; backward; again; anew

auto-auto- self; ownself; own

hyper-hyper- above; excessiveabove; excessive

inter-inter- betweenbetween

retro-retro- behind; back; backwardbehind; back; backward



QUICK QUIZQUICK QUIZ::

4. What is the fluid that lies 4. What is the fluid that lies between cells throughout between cells throughout the body?the body?

A.A. atopyatopy

B. lymphademaB. lymphadema

C. interstitialC. interstitialD. lymphopoiesisD. lymphopoiesis

The EndThe End

chapter fourteen lymphatic and immune systems chapter 14

Documents

b cells

body cells

plasma cells

stem cells

cytotoxic t cells t8

helper t cells

cells immunocompetent

function of t cells