Chapter Four

Oxford English 8A

• Do you know any international cities?• International airline? (Cathay Pacific)• What international languages do you know?• What does “digit” mean ?• a number (1, 2,3 etc)• a finger• What word do “calculator” and “calculate”

come from?• a word that means a stone.• What are the connections between “number”

and “finger” and between “stone” and “calculator”?

• What is the biggest number?

• Work in groups and write down all the things you use counting or numbers for from the time you get up in the morning until you go to bed at night.

• Wake ---- look at time on clock• Get in lift---press button number• Go to bus---stop and look for bus

number• Count money for bus fare

• Write down the names of ten kinds of jobs that use numbers a lot:

• architect , banker, engineer, maths teacher, scientist, hawker, pilot, salesperson, accountant,etc.

• Think of any jobs in which numbers are not often used:

• film star, artist, priest, journalist, writer, bus driver, typist, farmer , etc

Ancient numbers

Greek Egyptian

( 希腊的 ; 希腊人 ; 希腊语 )

( 埃及的 ; 埃及人 )

Roman

Ⅰ=1 =5 =10 L=50 Ⅴ ⅩC= 100 D= 500 M=1000

III= = = Ⅳ Ⅵ

ⅩⅨ= = ⅩⅩ

ⅩL = MCM C=Ⅴ ⅩⅩ 198045

3 4 5

19 20

The system of numbers that every one uses today __________ the numbers from ___________and ______. With these numbers ,

We can ___________from ____________to the

____________.______ first invented and developed the _________________. They then

________________.This was a very important invention because it made it _______ to _________ and to ______________.

Chinese

壹 贰 叁 肆 伍 陆 柒 捌 玖 拾 佰 仟 万

30%

a percentage

n. 百分数 , 百分比

60o

a number showing degrees

n. 度数 , 度 ,

a protractor a pair of compasses

√ 56

square root

平方根

What are these?

for measuring angels for drawing circles

What are these?

a decimal number

adj. 小数的 , n. 小数

0.824

a pair of odd number

adj. 奇数的 , 单数的 , 不成对的 ,

51 89

a fraction

n. 分数

56

a pair of even number

adj. 偶数的

32 158

+add ; plus

-subtract , minus

xmultiply, times

÷

divide

=equals

addition, additional

GreekEgyptian Roman

Chinese

They all show the number 6.They nearly all counted in tens.

They are all ancient numbers.

We count in tens because we have ____________.ten fingers.

Who invented these numbers?

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 9

Which was invented first?

Why did people invent “0” ?

Indian

Arabian number

It made it easier to write big numbers and to calculate.

Development of calculating machines

an abacus

bead

one of the first calculating machinesfast and accurateused today

calculation, calculator

electronic calculator

a modern calculating machine

can add , subtract, multiply and divide

can calculate percentages and square roots

Why do you often use it?

Development of calculating machines

computer

a very powerful calculating machine

can do a calculation that you could not do in your whole lifetime

brain

living computer

Which is more powerful?

Development of calculating machines

Shakuntala Devi

7 686 369 774 870× 2 465 099 745 779 =?

18 947 668 177 995 426 462 773 730

28 seconds

How long did it take her to work out this problem?

an Indian lady

She can calculate like lightning.

916748676920039158098660927585380162483106680144308622407126516427934657040867096593279205767480806790022783016354924852380335745316935111903596577547340075681688305620821016129132845546805780158806771

How long did it take to solve this problem?

a = 23

a = ?

Shakuntala Devi: seconds

Computer : seconds

546,372,891

50

60

like lighting

in a flash

She’s got an amazing brain.

What the world would be like if there were no numbers?

accurate

adj with no mistakes

测量必须是精确的 .

The measurements must be accurate.

amazing adj very surprising

An ox eats an amazing amount of food.

amaze (v) amazement (n)

electronic adj. using electrons for power

Most modern calculators are electronic.

electronics (n.) takes a singular verb

percentage n. an amount that is part of a hundred

Only a small percentage was absent.

More than 90 per cent pf the class was present.

Percentage is always written as one word and per cent is written as two words.

consist of an active verb be made up of

Our lunch today consists of rice and pork.

这个班级由 22 位男生和 17 位女生构成 .

The class consists of 22 boys and 17 girls.

The class is comprised of 22…

program V give orders to a computer

He tried to program his computer to correct the errors in his compositions.

program n. a computer program.

In British English, programme is a radio / TV item or a plan / schedule

+add ; plus

-

18 + 26 = 44

subtract , minus

87 - 24 = 63

=equals

A: Add 18 and 26

B:18 plus 26 is/equals 44

A: Subtract 24 from 87

B: 87 minus 24 is/equals 63

60 + 34 = 94

35 – 20 = 15

xmultiply, times

40 x 5 =200

÷

divide

90 ÷30 = 3

A: Multiply 40 by 5

B: 40 multiplied by 5 is 200

A: Divide 90 by 30 .

B: 90 divided by 30 equals 3

20 x 5 = 100

80 ÷16 = 5B1

What is it?

A: Think of a number. But don’t tell me what it is.

Add 1.

Multiply the answer by 2.

Now add 3.

Now multiply by 2 again.

Now subtract 10.

Now tell me the answer.

B:

A:

Work in pair

48

12

2a

b

c

i ii iii

4

5

8

9

3

16

7

Read these numbers

1 mile = 1.609 km one point six o nine

40% of our classmates are girls.

5

6of the students get to school on foot.

forty percent

five sixths

His telephone number is 86765434.

I was born on January 18,1967.

The Changjiang River is 6,378 kilometers long.

32,805,041   thirty-two million eighty hundred and five thousand and forty-one

1,306,313,812   one billion three hundred and six million three hundred and thirteen thousand eight hundred and twelve

Say these cardinal numbers

1950

one thousand nine hundred and fifty

one nine five zero

nineteen fifty

1. 72+27 2. 105-22 3.10,000 x 36 4. 1,440 ÷12 5. 0.92 x 18.18 6. 0.504 ÷ 0.12

____________________________________________________________________________________

1. 72+272 2. 150-22 3.10,000 x 3.6 4. 1,440 ÷120 5. 0.92 x 18.16 6. 0.504 ÷ 1.12

Work in pair

Fellow students Mr Tang has given our school a gift of ￥ 35,000. Our group thinks we should buy these three things. First __________________. This will cost about ￥ ________ Second, __________________________________. This will cost about ￥ __________. Third ,____________________________________________________ This will cost about ￥ ________. Have you got any questions?

We should buy new equipment for gym5,000

We would like to buy some more books for the library.

10,000

We should buy some computers 20,000

a traffic accident

3,748

3,644

3,729

3,639

The graph shows that there ___________________________ in 1996 in our city. In ______, the number _____ to ________ and _____ to _________ in ________. In _______ the number ________again to _______. It ____to ________in _________

were 3,691 traffic accidents1997 rose 3,748

fell 3,644 1998 1999rose 3,729 fell 3,639

2,000

Traffic accidents 1996-2000

riserose fall fell

Fahrenheit 华伦海特

Anders Celsius 摄尔西乌斯

25 C twenty-five degrees Celsiuso

77 F seventy-seven degrees Fahrenheito

18 世纪初德国仪器制造家华伦海特发明了一个玻璃水银柱温度计，柱上刻有度数，当水银因热而膨胀时，可以读出柱高的增加数。华伦海特用冰与食盐的混合物所能得出的最低温度作为他的刻度的零度。按他的刻度，水的水的结冰读数为 32° ，水的沸腾读数为212° ，两者距离为 180° 。这种刻度很快得到普遍应用，特别是在气象工作方面，因其刻度细，有利于气象测量。 1730 年法国博物学家列奥米尔建议把结冰与沸腾之间的距离分成 80° ，这就是列氏温标。不久以后瑞典天文学家摄尔西乌斯提议把两者中间的距离分成 100° 。 18 世纪末法国国民公会采用摄氏刻度作为公制的一部分，现在大多数国家都使用这种刻度的温度计。

30o

60o90o

thirty degrees

sixty degrees

ninety degrees

1. Wilbur and Orville Wright, Wilbur was born on April 16, 1867 and Orville was born on August 19,1871. 2. Our school was built in 1987. 3. Changjiang River, 6,378 km4.The Himalayas in Tibet,China. Mount Qomolangma 8,844.43 meters high.5. 1991, about three years.6. 1,306,000,000. 550,000,000

7. 400,000 m2 140,000 m2 (square meters)8. 1,462 km (by train) /1,300 km 15 hours by train. One and a half hours by plane.9. 5 oC in winter ,26 oC in summer