Chapter 9 Chapter 9 Microbial Ecology Microbial Ecology

Microbiological EcologyMicrobiological Ecology:: Microbial ecology is the stMicrobial ecology is the study of the behavior and activiudy of the behavior and activities of microorganisms in theities of microorganisms in their natural environments.r natural environments.

9.1 Microorganisms in Nature 9.1 Microorganisms in Nature EcosystemEcosystem9.1.1 Microorganisms9.1.1 Microorganisms inin AquaticAquatic EnvironEnviron

mentment

1. Freshwater1. Freshwater microorganismmicroorganism

（（ 11 ）） Oligotrophic Oligotrophic hydromicroorganism

（（ 22 ）） Copiotrophic Copiotrophic hydromicroorganism

2. Marine microorganism2. Marine microorganism

Figure 9-1 Thiomargarita namibiensis ,the World`s Known the Largest Bacterium.[From Lansing M. Prescott et al Microbiology (fifth edition)]

9.1.2 Microorganisms in 9.1.2 Microorganisms in atmosphereatmosphere

Table 9-1 Bacterium quantity in 1M3 air in different environments

Environment Environment NumbersNumbers

barnbarn 1-2×101-2×1066

dormdorm 2000020000

city streetcity street 50005000

Town parkTown park 200200

Air up the oceanAir up the ocean 1-21-2

north polenorth pole （（ nortnorth latitude80h latitude80

°° ））

00

（ From ZhouDeqin, <Microbiology Course> ,Edition One,Page284)

9.1.3 Microorganisms in Soil 9.1.3 Microorganisms in Soil EnvironmentEnvironment

Bacterium quantities have a general decuple Bacterium quantities have a general decuple degression law per gram soil degression law per gram soil ：： bacteriabacteria（～（～ 108108 ）＞）＞ actinomycesactinomyces （～（～ 107107 ）＞）＞ mmildewildew （～（～ 106106 ）＞）＞ microzynemicrozyne （～（～ 105105 ））＞＞ algaealgae （～（～ 104104 ）＞）＞ protozoanprotozoan （～（～ 101033 ） ）

9.1.4 Microorganism Grown 9.1.4 Microorganism Grown inside and outside Organismsinside and outside Organisms

11 、、 Normal Microbiota of the Humans BoNormal Microbiota of the Humans Body and Animals.dy and Animals.

22 、、 The Microbiota of the PlantsThe Microbiota of the Plants

（（ 11 ） ） RhizosphereRhizosphere MicroorganismsMicroorganisms

（（ 22 ）） adnascent Microorganismsadnascent Microorganisms

（（ 33 ）） endogenesis Microorganismsendogenesis Microorganisms

9.2 The Relationships of Microbia9.2 The Relationships of Microbials and also with other Organismsls and also with other Organisms

1.1. Neutralism2. Mutualism2. Mutualism(1) Mutualism(1) Mutualism between microorganisms (2) Mutualism(2) Mutualism between propagation and microorga

nisms3. Symbiosis3. Symbiosis（（ 11 ） ） SymbiosisSymbiosis between microorganisms（（ 22 ） ） Plant-Plant-microorganism symbiosissymbiosis（（ 33 ） ） Animal-microorganism symbiosissymbiosis

Acetic acid

Light

Figure 9-2 Mutualism mechanism between Desulfuromonas.acetoxidans and Chlorobium sp.

Desulfuromonas.aceto

xidans

Cell fundus

Chlorobium sp.

Cell fundus

S

H2S

CO2 CO2

Figure 9 － 3 Diagrammatize transverse section about plant`s Endomycorrhizae and Ectomycorrhizae

spit

Fibrous fodder

Nature bacterium

Quickly reproduce in

the rumen

CO2 ， CH4 ， H2…

A great deal thalli was digested by the abomasu

m

excrement

milk ， beefOrganic acid ， ethanolAbsorb by rumen

Gas from mouth

Figure 9-4 microbial metabolize relation in milch cow’s rumen

4. Parasitism4. Parasitism

（（ 11 ） ） Parasitism between microorganisms（（ 22 ） ） Plant--Microorganism Parasitism

（（ 33 ） ） Animal--microorganism Parasitism

5.5. AntagonismAntagonism

A B

Figure 9 － 5 Antagonistic between Microbes （ Figure A :Antagonistic bacillus antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of Verticillium dahliae ； Figure B: Antagonistic, Actinomycete antibiotic production and inhibition of growth of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinum on an agar medium ）

66 PredationPredation

Figture 9 － 6 Predatory Fungus catch Nematode （ From ZhangKeqin Predatory Fungus Biology>2001 ）

9.3 Microbial’s effect in biogeoch9.3 Microbial’s effect in biogeochemical cyclesemical cycles

1. Carbon cycle1. Carbon cycle

CO2+H2O

Fossil fuelRespiraton

O2 +“CH2O” Alcohol ， Organic Acid ， H2+CO2

CH4Photosyn-thesis

Zymosis

Aerobic Anaerobic

Figure 9 － 7 Carbon 、 Hydrogen 、Oxygen cycle in the nature

2. Nitrogen2. Nitrogen cyclecycleOrgaism nitrogen

NH4+NO3

-

NO2-

NO

N2ONH2OH

NH4+

②nitrification

Nitrate assimil-ation

⑤Ammonium assimilationbiology

Nitrogen fixation

⑥DissimilationNitratereduction ⑧Anamm

ox process

②Nitrification

④Ammonifying

Figture 9 － 8 The Basic Nitrogen Cycle （ Red arrows: Interaction between microorganisms and plants ； Yellow arrows: Important taches in Nitrogen Fixation.)

assimilation

AtmosphereN2

3.Sulfur Cycle3.Sulfur Cycle

S

SO42- H2S

Organic sulfur

④Desulfovibrio

①Sulfate reduction ②Mineralization

③Sulfur oxidation

⑤Sulfer reduction

Figure 9 － 9 The Basic Sulur Cycle （ Red arrow: Reaction

operate by plants and microorganisms together ）

③Sulfur oxidation

4.Phosphorus Cycle4.Phosphorus Cycle

Infusibility Phosphate

Phosphorous Acid or

Dissolubility Phosphate

Organic Phosphorus

Combined with electropositive in soil

Action of acid product microorganisms or production of Phosphorus

Plants and Microorganism’s Assimilation

Microbial decompose

Figure 9-10 Microorganisms in Phosphorus Cycle

5. Iron Cycle5. Iron Cycle

Aerobic

AnaerobicFe2+

Fe3+

Fe3O4

Fe3O4

Ferribacterium limneticum, Geobacter metallireducens, Geobacter sulfurreducens,Geovibrio ferrireducens, Desulfuromonas acetoxidans

Anaerobic purple phootrophic bacteria

Aquaspirillum magnetotacticum

Unknown chemical

Figure 9-11 The basic Iron cycle

Aerobic,Thiobacillu ．Thermophilic,Sulfol-obus

9. 4 Microorganisms and the 9. 4 Microorganisms and the Environment PollutionEnvironment Pollution

1. Pollution caused by microorganisms1. Pollution caused by microorganisms

（（ 11 ）） Atmosphere Pollution Atmosphere Pollution

（（ 22 ）） Aquatic Environment PollutionAquatic Environment Pollution

（（ 33 ）） Terrestrial Environment Pollution Terrestrial Environment Pollution （（ 44 ）） Eutrophication (nutrient enrichEutrophication (nutrient enrichment)ment)

（（ 55 ）） Pollution from microbe’ metaboliPollution from microbe’ metabolize outcomeze outcome

Table 9-2 Pathogen microbes Spread by Atmosphere and Pathogen microbes Spread by Atmosphere and the Disease Caused by Themthe Disease Caused by Them

Pathogen microbePathogen microbe Name of diseaseName of diseaseBacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Streptococcus pneumoniae Staphylococcus sp Streptococcus pyogenes Neisseria meningitidis Corynebacterium diphtheriae Bordetella pertussis Yersinia pestis Bacillus anthracis Legionella pneumophila

Bacteria Disease Phthisic Streptococcal pneumonia Staphylococcal respiratory infections Streptococcal sore throat Scarlet fever Epidemiccerebrospinal meningitis Diphtheria Chincough Plague Pulmonary Anthrax Legionnaires’ disease

Virus Influenza virus Picornaviridae Parotitis virus Measles virus Variola virus Chicken pox virus Measles Adenovirus

Virosis Influenza,Flu Common cold Mumps Measles Smallpox CChicken pox Measles Pharyngitis\virosis pneumonia..

Other Pathogen microbe Coxiella burnetii Mycoplasma preumoniae Actinomadura asteroides Histoplasma capsulatum Cryptococcus neoformans Micropolyspora faeni

Other diseases Q hot Mycoplasmal pneumonia N.asteroides’ disease Histoplasmosis Cryptococcosis Haystacks

Table 9-3 Pathogen Microbes Enter into Water Through Pathogen Microbes Enter into Water Through DejectionDejection 、 SewageSewage

BacteriaBacteria VirusVirus othersothersSalmonellaSalmonellaShigellaShigellaEnteropathogenicE.EnteropathogenicE.

colicoliProteusProteusKlebsiellaKlebsiellaFrancisellaFrancisella tularensistularensis PseudomonasPseudomonasserratiaserratiaY.enterocoliticasY.enterocoliticasCampylobacter jejuCampylobacter jeju

ninicomma bacilluscomma bacillusEl Tor El Tor vibriovibrioMycobacteriumMycobacteriumBacillusBacillusBacillusBacillusStreptococcusStreptococcusLeptospiraLeptospira

Poliomyelitis virusPoliomyelitis virusCoxsackie virusCoxsackie virusEnteric cytopathogEnteric cytopathog

enic human orenic human orphan virus, ECphan virus, ECHOVHOV

ReovirusesReovirusesAdenovirusAdenovirusRotavirusRotavirusHepatitis Hepatitis virusvirus

Gastroenteritis virGastroenteritis virusus

Entamoeba histoluEntamoeba histoluyticytic

IsosporiasisIsosporiasisGiardia lambliaGiardia lambliaSchistosoma JaponSchistosoma Japon

icumicumHookwormHookwormAscaridAscaridPinwormPinwormTaenia saginata goTaenia saginata go

ezeezeToenia solium linnToenia solium linn

aeusaeus

Table 9-4 Several pathogenic organisms’ surviving time in the soil

Pathogenic organisms Time

Enterococcus faecalisEnterococcus faecalisSalmonellaSalmonella

ShigellaShigellaTubercle bacillusTubercle bacillus

Bartonella HenselaeLeptospirBartonella HenselaeLeptospiraa

Bacillus anthracisBacillus anthracisEntamoeba histoluyticEntamoeba histoluytic

2626~~77 77 DaysDays1515~~280 280 Days,more thanDays,more than280 280 DD

aysays11~~3 Months3 Months

More than 180 More than 180 DaysDays88~~6060DaysDays

1515~~43 43 DaysDays1515~~60 60 DaysDays

66~~8 8 DaysDays88~~170 170 DaysDays

Table 9-5 Comparation of Microbial in Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Lakes

ItermIterm Eutrophic LakesEutrophic Lakes Oligotrophicn lakesOligotrophicn lakes

NumberNumberKindsKindsDistributionDistribution

Move at day Move at day and and night night

Massive Massive bloomsblooms

Main algaMain alga

AbundanceAbundanceLessLessMostly on the surface of Mostly on the surface of

water waterLimitLimit

RegulantyRegulanty

CyanophyceaeCyanophyceaeChroococcaceaeChroococcaceaeMicrocystisMicrocystisMicrocystis Microcystis aerugrinosaaerugrinosaMicrocystis Microcystis flosaquaeflosaquaeMicrocystis Microcystis marginatamarginataNostocaceaeNostocaceaeAnabaenaAnabaenaAnabaena spiroidesAnabaena spiroidesAphanizomenonAphanizomenonOscillatoriaceaeOscillatoriaceaeOscillatoriaOscillatoriaDeatomaceaeDeatomaceaeMelosiraMelosiraFragilariaFragilariaStephanodescusStephanodescusAstericoollaAstericoolla

LessLessPlentyPlentyCan find in deep waterCan find in deep water

FrequentlyFrequently

FewFew

ChlorophyceaeChlorophyceaeStaurastrumStaurastrumDiatomaceaeDiatomaceaeTabellariaTabellariaCyclotellaCyclotellaChrysophyceaeChrysophyceaeDinobryonDinobryon

Table 9-6 May Epiphyte Toxins and it’s Production Bacterium

Toxin kindsToxin kinds NameName Primary bacteriumPrimary bacterium

Liver toxinLiver toxin AflatoxinAflatoxin

SterigmotocystinSterigmotocystinP.isandicum P.isandicum 、、 luteoskluteosk

yrinyrin 、、 cyclochlorocyclochlorotintin

Rubrafoxin BRubrafoxin BOchratoxin AOchratoxin A

Aspergillus flavusAspergillus flavus 、、 A. parasiA. parasiticusticus

A.versicoloe A.versicoloe 、、 A. nidulansA. nidulansIslanditoxinIslanditoxin

P.RubrumP.RubrumA.ochraceusA.ochraceus

Kidney toxinKidney toxin Citrinin Citrinin Kojic AcidKojic Acid

A citrimumA citrimumA. oryzaeA. oryzae

NeurotoxinNeurotoxin PatulinPatulin

Citre-oviridinCitre-oviridinMaltoryzineMaltoryzine

P.urticaeP.urticae 、、 Penicillium cydopiuPenicillium cydopiumm

P.citreo-virideP.citreo-virideA. oryzae var. microsporusA. oryzae var. microsporus

Blood making Blood making tissue toxintissue toxin

Fusarium toxinFusarium toxinDONDONSaxitoxinSaxitoxin

F.sporotriumF.sporotriumF. nivaleF. nivaleStachybotryStachybotry

Light sensitive Light sensitive dermitisdermitis

sclerinsclerin Sclerotinia sclerotiumSclerotinia sclerotium

2. Indicater Organisms as an inde2. Indicater Organisms as an index of possible contaminationx of possible contamination

Current Drinking Water Standards in ChinaCurrent Drinking Water Standards in China ：： No more No more than 100 bacteriums in single than 100 bacteriums in single 1ml 1ml tap watertap water ，， and no and no more than more than 33 coliforms in single coliforms in single 1L1L water. water.

When water is polluted by fecal contaminationWhen water is polluted by fecal contamination ， ， babacterias and coliforms will increase. Commonlycterias and coliforms will increase. Commonly ， ， BacteBacterias in rias in 1ml 1ml water: water:

1010--100100, Extremely cleanly water, Extremely cleanly water 100100--10001000,cleanly water,cleanly water 10001000--1000010000, not quite cleanly water, not quite cleanly water 10,00010,000--100,000100,000, uncleanness water, uncleanness water More thanMore than1000.0001000.000, Extremely uncleanness wate, Extremely uncleanness wate

3. Microorganisms’ Repair to 3. Microorganisms’ Repair to Environment ContaminationEnvironment Contamination

（（ 11 ）、）、 Principles and Applications of MicroorPrinciples and Applications of Microorganisms used in Waste Water Treatment ganisms used in Waste Water Treatment 11 、、 General guidelines for microbiologic General guidelines for microbiologic quality of waters quality of waters ：：22 、、 Aerobic Microbial Aerobic Microbial Treatment33 、、 Anaerobic Microbial Anaerobic Microbial Treatment44 、、 Activated Sludge Activated Sludge Treatment55 、、 Membrane Filtration TechniqueMembrane Filtration Technique66 、、 Photosynthetic Bacteria Treatment

Figure 9-12 Metallograph of the Floc formed by the zoogloea bacilli and the filamentous bacilli in Activated Sludge [From Lansing M.Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth edition)]

Dense waste waterBOD10000ml/L

Unfreeze treatment

Adjust pHPSBtreatmentNo.1

Refluence Cultivate trough

Bacterium trough

No.2 No.3 No.4Deposition pool

Oxidation pool

Thalli utilization

Rare wasteBOD500ml/Lauound

Figure 9-13 Waste Water Treatment with Photosynthetic Bacteria

Input water

Chlorination vessels

Activated sludge vessels

Primary clarifiers

Final clarifiers

Secondary clarifiers

Output water

Figure 9-14 An Aerial View of a Modern Conventional Sewage Treatment Plant.

Table9-7 Major steps in Primary, Secondary,and Tertiary Treatment of Wastes

TreatingTreatingstepstep

processesprocesses

PrimaryPrimary Removal of insoluble particulate materials by Removal of insoluble particulate materials by setting, screening, addition of alum and setting, screening, addition of alum and other coagulation agents, and other other coagulation agents, and other physical proceduresphysical procedures

SecondarySecondary Bioloigical removal of dissolved organic matteBioloigical removal of dissolved organic matterr

Tricking filtersTricking filters Activated sludgeActivated sludge LagoonsLagoons Extended aeration systemsExtended aeration systems Anaerobic digestersAnaerobic digesters

TertiaryTertiary Biological removal of inoganic nuterientsBiological removal of inoganic nuterientsChemical removal of inorganic nutrientsChemical removal of inorganic nutrientsVirus removal/inactivationVirus removal/inactivationTrace chemical removalTrace chemical removal

[From Lansing M.Prescott et al Microbiology(fifth edition)]

（（ 22 ）） Operation and Applications Operation and Applications in dealing with Exhaust gas by Microin dealing with Exhaust gas by Micro

organismsorganismsMicroorganism filter method: Microorganism filter method:

A method using solid grain ,which contain micA method using solid grain ,which contain microorganisms to absorb infectant in the air ,and throorganisms to absorb infectant in the air ,and then the microorganisms transfer them into en the microorganisms transfer them into innocuityinnocuity substance. The common solid grain ar substance. The common solid grain are soil and compost, some are biology filtrate bed e soil and compost, some are biology filtrate bed or microbe filtrate box which are specialism desior microbe filtrate box which are specialism designed. gned.

（（ 33 ）） :Microorganisms used in :Microorganisms used in treating solid castoffs, Methods treating solid castoffs, Methods

and Applicationsand Applications

11 、 、 AerobicAerobic compostcompost

2 2 、、 AnaerobicAnaerobic compostcompost

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