chapter 9 alkynes dr. wolf's chm 201 & 202 1
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Sources of Alkynes Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 1TRANSCRIPT
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-1
Chapter 9Chapter 9AlkynesAlkynes
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-2
Sources of AlkynesSources of Alkynes
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-3
AcetyleneAcetylene
Industrial preparation of acetylene isIndustrial preparation of acetylene isby dehydrogenation of ethyleneby dehydrogenation of ethylene
CHCH33CHCH33800°C800°C
1150°C1150°C
cost of energy makes acetylene a morecost of energy makes acetylene a moreexpensive industrial chemical than ethyleneexpensive industrial chemical than ethylene
HH22CC CHCH22
HH22CC CHCH22 HCHC CHCH
HH22++
HH22++
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-4
NomenclatureNomenclature
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-5
HCHC CHCHAcetylene and ethyne are both acceptableAcetylene and ethyne are both acceptableIUPAC names forIUPAC names for
NomenclatureNomenclature
Higher alkynes are named in much the sameHigher alkynes are named in much the sameway as alkenes except using an -way as alkenes except using an -yneyne suffix suffixinstead of -instead of -eneene..
HCHC CCHCCH33
PropynePropyne
HCHC CCHCCH22CHCH33
1-Butyne1-Butyne
(CH(CH33))33CCCC CCHCCH33
4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne4,4-Dimethyl-2-pentyne
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-6
Physical Properties of AlkynesPhysical Properties of Alkynes
The physical properties of alkynes are The physical properties of alkynes are similar to those of alkanes and alkenes.similar to those of alkanes and alkenes.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-7
Structure and Bonding in Alkynes:Structure and Bonding in Alkynes:spsp Hybridization Hybridization
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-8
StructureStructure
linear geometry for acetylenelinear geometry for acetylene
CC CCHH HH120 pm120 pm
106 pm106 pm 106 pm106 pm
CC CCCHCH33 HH121 pm121 pm
146 pm146 pm 106 pm106 pm
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-9
Cyclononyne is the Cyclononyne is the smallest cycloalkyne smallest cycloalkyne stable enough to be stable enough to be stored at room temperaturestored at room temperaturefor a reasonable length for a reasonable length of time. of time.
Cyclooctyne polymerizesCyclooctyne polymerizeson standing.on standing.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-10
22ss
22pp
22spsp
Mix together (hybridize) the 2s orbital Mix together (hybridize) the 2s orbital and and oneone of the three 2p orbitals of the three 2p orbitals
22pp
Bonding in acetylene is based on Bonding in acetylene is based on spsp-hybridization-hybridizationfor each carbonfor each carbon
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-11
22spsp
Mix together (hybridize) the 2s orbital Mix together (hybridize) the 2s orbital and and oneone of the three 2p orbitals of the three 2p orbitals
22pp
Bonding in acetylene is based on Bonding in acetylene is based on spsp-hybridization-hybridizationfor each carbonfor each carbon
Each carbon has two Each carbon has two half-filled half-filled spsp orbitals orbitalsavailable to form available to form bonds. bonds.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-12
Bonds in AcetyleneBonds in Acetylene
Each carbon isconnected to ahydrogen by a bond. The twocarbons are connectedto each other by a bond and two bonds.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-13
Bonds in AcetyleneBonds in Acetylene
One of the two bonds in acetylene isshown here.The second bond is at rightangles to the first.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-14
Bonds in AcetyleneBonds in Acetylene
This is the secondof the two bonds in acetylene.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-15
The region of highest negative charge lies aboveand below the molecular plane in ethylene.
The region of highest negative charge encirclesthe molecule around itscenter in acetylene..
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-16
C—C distanceC—C distance
C—H distanceC—H distance
H—C—C anglesH—C—C angles
C—C BDEC—C BDE
C—H BDEC—H BDE
% % ss character character
ppKKaa
153 pm153 pm
111 pm111 pm
111.0°111.0°
368 kJ/mol368 kJ/mol
410 kJ/mol410 kJ/mol
spsp33
25%25%
6262
134 pm134 pm
110 pm110 pm
121.4°121.4°
611 kJ/mol611 kJ/mol
452 kJ/mol452 kJ/mol
spsp22
33%33%
4545
120 pm120 pm
106 pm106 pm
180°180°
820 kJ/mol820 kJ/mol
536 kJ/mol536 kJ/mol
spsp
50%50%
2626
hybridization of Chybridization of C
Table 9.1 Comparison of ethane, ethylene, and acetyleneTable 9.1 Comparison of ethane, ethylene, and acetylene
Ethane Ethylene Ethane Ethylene AcetyleneAcetylene
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-17
Acidity of Acetylene and Terminal AlkynesAcidity of Acetylene and Terminal Alkynes
HH
CC CC
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-18
In general, hydrocarbons are In general, hydrocarbons are exceedingly weak acidsexceedingly weak acids
CompoundCompound ppKKaa
HFHF 3.23.2HH22OO 1616
NHNH33 3636
4545CHCH44 6060
HH22CC CHCH22
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-19
Acetylene is a weak acid, but not nearlyAcetylene is a weak acid, but not nearlyas weak as alkanes or alkenes.as weak as alkanes or alkenes.
CompoundCompound ppKKaa
HFHF 3.23.2HH22OO 1616
NHNH33 3636
4545CHCH44 6060
HH22CC CHCH22
HCHC CHCH 2626
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-20
Electronegativity of carbon Electronegativity of carbon increases with its increases with its ss character character
CC HH HH++ ++
HH++ ++
HH++ ++
1010-60-60
1010-45-45
1010-26-26
sp3CC :
sp2
sp
HH
CC CC
CC CC HH
CC CC
CC CC :
:
Electrons in an orbital with more s character are closer to thenucleus and more strongly held.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-21
Objective:Objective:Prepare a solution containing sodium acetylidePrepare a solution containing sodium acetylide
Will treatment of acetylene with NaOH be effective?Will treatment of acetylene with NaOH be effective?
NaCNaC CHCH
HH22OONaOHNaOH ++ HCHC CHCH NaCNaC CHCH ++
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-22
No. Hydroxide is not a strong enough No. Hydroxide is not a strong enough base to deprotonate acetylene.base to deprotonate acetylene.
HH22OONaOHNaOH ++ HCHC CHCH NaCNaC CHCH ++
––HOHO
....
.... ::
HH CC CHCH HOHO HH........++ ++ CC CHCH::
––
weaker acidweaker acidppKKaa = 26 = 26
stronger acidstronger acidppKKaa = 16 = 16
In acid-base reactions, the equilibrium lies toIn acid-base reactions, the equilibrium lies tothe side of the weaker acid.the side of the weaker acid.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-23
Solution: Use a stronger base. Sodium amideSolution: Use a stronger base. Sodium amideis a stronger base than sodium hydroxide.is a stronger base than sodium hydroxide.
NHNH33NaNaNHNH22 ++ HCHC CHCH NaCNaC CHCH ++
––HH22NN
....::
HH CC CHCH HH....
++ ++ CC CHCH::––
stronger acidstronger acidppKKaa = 26 = 26
weaker acidweaker acidppKKaa = 36 = 36
Ammonia is a weaker acid than acetylene.Ammonia is a weaker acid than acetylene.The position of equilibrium lies to the right.The position of equilibrium lies to the right.
HH22NN
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-24
Preparation of Alkynes Preparation of Alkynes byby
Alkylation of Acetylene and Terminal AlkynesAlkylation of Acetylene and Terminal Alkynes
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-25
Preparation of AlkynesPreparation of Alkynes
Carbon-carbon bond formationalkylation of acetylene and terminal alkynes
Functional-group transformationselimination
There are two main methods for the preparationThere are two main methods for the preparationof alkynes:of alkynes:
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-26
Alkylation of acetylene and terminal alkynesAlkylation of acetylene and terminal alkynes
H—C H—C C—HC—H
RR—C —C C—HC—H
RR—C —C C—C—RR
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-27
RR XXSSNN22
Alkylation of acetylene and terminal alkynesAlkylation of acetylene and terminal alkynes
XX––::++CC––::H—C H—C C—RC—RH—C H—C ++
• The alkylating agent is an alkyl halide, andThe alkylating agent is an alkyl halide, andthe reaction is nucleophilic substitution.the reaction is nucleophilic substitution.
• The nucleophile is sodium acetylide or the The nucleophile is sodium acetylide or the sodium salt of a terminal (monosubstituted) sodium salt of a terminal (monosubstituted) alkyne.alkyne.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-28
Example: Example: Alkylation of acetylene Alkylation of acetylene
NaNHNaNH22
NHNH33
CHCH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22BrBr
(70-77%)(70-77%)
HCHC CHCH HCHC CCNaNa
HCHC CC CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22CHCH33
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-29
NaNHNaNH22, NH, NH33
CHCH33BrBr
Example: Example: Alkylation of a terminal alkyne Alkylation of a terminal alkyne
CCHH(CH(CH33))22CHCHCHCH22CC
CCNaNa(CH(CH33))22CHCHCHCH22CC
(81%)(81%)
C—CHC—CH33(CH(CH33))22CHCHCHCH22CC
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-30
1. NaNH1. NaNH22, NH, NH33
2. 2. CHCH33CHCH22BrBr
(81%)(81%)
Example: Example: Dialkylation of acetyleneDialkylation of acetylene
H—C H—C C—HC—H
1. NaNH1. NaNH22, NH, NH33
2. 2. CHCH33BrBr
C—HC—HCHCH33CHCH22—C—C
C—C—CHCH33CHCH33CHCH22—C—C
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-31
LimitationLimitation
Effective only with primary alkyl halides
Secondary and tertiary alkyl halides undergo elimination
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-32
E2 predominates over SE2 predominates over SNN2 when alkyl 2 when alkyl halide is secondary or tertiaryhalide is secondary or tertiary
HH CC
C— C— XX
E2E2
CC––::H—C H—C
++CCH—C H—C ——HH CC CC XX––::++
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-33
Preparation of Alkynes byPreparation of Alkynes byElimination ReactionsElimination Reactions
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-34
Preparation of Alkynes by Preparation of Alkynes by "Double" Dehydrohalogenation"Double" Dehydrohalogenation
Geminal dihalideGeminal dihalide Vicinal dihalideVicinal dihalide
XX
CC CC
XX
HH
HH
XX XX
CC CC
HHHH
The most frequent applications are in preparation The most frequent applications are in preparation of terminal alkynes.of terminal alkynes.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-35
Geminal dihalide Geminal dihalide Alkyne Alkyne
(CH(CH33))33CCCCHH22—CH—CHClCl22
1. 3NaNH1. 3NaNH22, NH, NH33
2. H2. H22OO
(56-60%)(56-60%)
(CH(CH33))33CCCC CHCH
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-36
NaNHNaNH22, NH, NH33
NaNHNaNH22, NH, NH33
NaNHNaNH22, NH, NH33HH22OO
Geminal dihalide Geminal dihalide Alkyne Alkyne
(CH(CH33))33CCCCHH22—CH—CHClCl22
(CH(CH33))33CCCCHH CHCHClCl
(CH(CH33))33CCCC CHCH
(CH(CH33))33CCCC CNaCNa
(slow)(slow)
(slow)(slow)
(fast)(fast)
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-37
CHCH33(CH(CH22))77CCHH—C—CHH22BrBr
BrBr
Vicinal dihalide Vicinal dihalide Alkyne Alkyne
1. 3NaNH1. 3NaNH22, NH, NH33
2. H2. H22OO
(54%)(54%)
CHCH33(CH(CH22))77CC CHCH
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-38
Reactions of AlkynesReactions of Alkynes
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-39
Reactions of AlkynesReactions of Alkynes
Acidity (Section 9.5)Hydrogenation (Section 9.9)Metal-Ammonia Reduction (Section 9.10)Addition of Hydrogen Halides (Section 9.11)Hydration (Section 9.12)Addition of Halogens (Section 9.13)Ozonolysis (Section 9.14)
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-40
Hydrogenation of AlkynesHydrogenation of Alkynes
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-41
Hydrogenation of AlkynesHydrogenation of Alkynes
RCRCHH22CCHH22R'R'catcat
catalyst = Pt, Pd, Ni, or Rhcatalyst = Pt, Pd, Ni, or Rh
alkene is an intermediatealkene is an intermediate
RCRC CR'CR' ++ 22HH22
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-42
Heats of hydrogenationHeats of hydrogenation
292 kJ/mol292 kJ/mol 275 kJ/mol275 kJ/mol
Alkyl groups stabilize triple bonds in the Alkyl groups stabilize triple bonds in the same way that they stabilize doublesame way that they stabilize doublebonds. Internal triple bonds are more bonds. Internal triple bonds are more stable than terminal ones.stable than terminal ones.
CHCH33CHCH22CC CHCH CHCH33CC CCCHCH33
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-43
Partial HydrogenationPartial Hydrogenation
RCHRCH22CHCH22R'R'
Alkynes could be used to prepare alkenes if acatalyst were available that is active enough to catalyze the hydrogenation of alkynes, but notactive enough for the hydrogenation of alkenes.
catcatHH22
RCRC CR'CR' catcatHH22
RCHRCH CHR'CHR'
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-44
There is a catalyst that will catalyze the hydrogenationof alkynes to alkenes, but not that of alkenes to alkanes.
It is called the Lindlar catalyst and consists ofpalladium supported on CaCO3, which has been poisoned with lead acetate and quinoline.
syn-Hydrogenation occurs; cis alkenes are formed.
Lindlar PalladiumLindlar Palladium
RCHRCH22CHCH22R'R'catcatHH22
RCRC CR'CR' catcatHH22
RCHRCH CHR'CHR'
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-45
ExampleExample
+ + H H22
Lindlar PdLindlar Pd
CHCH33(CH(CH22))33 (CH(CH22))33CHCH33
HH HH(87%)(87%)
CHCH33(CH(CH22))33CC C(CHC(CH22))33CHCH33
CCCC
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-46
Metal-Ammonia Reduction of Metal-Ammonia Reduction of AlkynesAlkynes
Alkynes Alkynes transtrans-Alkenes-Alkenes
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-47
Partial ReductionPartial Reduction
RCHRCH22CHCH22R'R'
Another way to convert alkynes to alkenes isby reduction with sodium (or lithium or potassium)in ammonia.
trans-Alkenes are formed.
RCRC CR'CR' RCHRCH CHR'CHR'
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-48
ExampleExample
CHCH33CHCH22
CHCH22CHCH33HH
HH
(82%)(82%)
CHCH33CHCH22CC CCHCCH22CHCH33
CCCC
Na, NHNa, NH33
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-49
MechanismMechanism
four steps(1) electron transfer(2) proton transfer(3) electron transfer(4) proton transfer
Metal (Li, Na, K) is reducing agent; Metal (Li, Na, K) is reducing agent; HH22 is not involved is not involved
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-50
MechanismMechanism
Step (1): Transfer of an electron from the metalStep (1): Transfer of an electron from the metalto the alkyne to give an anion radical.to the alkyne to give an anion radical.
MM ..++RR R'R'CC CC RR R'R'CC.... ..––
CC
MM++
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-51
Step (2) Transfer of a proton from the solvent Step (2) Transfer of a proton from the solvent (liquid ammonia) to the anion radical.(liquid ammonia) to the anion radical.
MechanismMechanism
HH NHNH22
....
RR R'R'CC......––CC
..R'R'
RR
CC CC
HHNHNH22
....
––::
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-52
Step (3): Transfer of an electron from the metalStep (3): Transfer of an electron from the metalto the alkenyl radical to give a carbanion.to the alkenyl radical to give a carbanion.
MechanismMechanism
MM ..++..
R'R'
RR
CC CC
HH
MM++
R'R'
RR
CC CC
HH
....––
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-53
Step (4) Transfer of a proton from the solventStep (4) Transfer of a proton from the solvent(liquid ammonia) to the carbanion .(liquid ammonia) to the carbanion .
MechanismMechanism
HH NHNH22
....
R'R'
RR
CC CC
HH
.... ––
R'R'HH
HH
CCCC
RR NHNH22
....
––::
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-54
Suggest efficient syntheses of (Suggest efficient syntheses of (EE)- and ()- and (ZZ)-2-)-2-heptene from propyne and any necessary organicheptene from propyne and any necessary organic or inorganic reagents. or inorganic reagents.
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-55
1. NaNH1. NaNH22
2. CH2. CH33CHCH22CHCH22CHCH22BrBr
Na, NHNa, NH33HH22, Lindlar Pd, Lindlar Pd
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-56
Addition of Hydrogen Halides Addition of Hydrogen Halides to Alkynesto Alkynes
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-57
Follows Markovnikov's RuleFollows Markovnikov's Rule
HBrHBr
BrBr
(60%)(60%)
Alkynes are slightly less reactive than alkenesAlkynes are slightly less reactive than alkenes
CHCH33(CH(CH22))33CC CHCH CHCH33(CH(CH22))33CC CHCH22
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-58
CHCH
Termolecular transition stateTermolecular transition state
....BrBrHH ::....
RCRC
....BrBrHH ::....
Observed rate law: rate = Observed rate law: rate = kk[alkyne][HX][alkyne][HX]22
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-59
Reaction with two moles of a hydrogenReaction with two moles of a hydrogenhalide yields a geminal dihalidehalide yields a geminal dihalide
(76%)(76%)
CHCH33CHCH22CC CCHCCH22CHCH33
2 H2 HFF
FF
FF
CC CC
HH
HH
CHCH33CHCH22 CHCH22CHCH33
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-60
Free-radical addition of HBr occurs whenFree-radical addition of HBr occurs whenperoxides are presentperoxides are present
HBrHBr
(79%)(79%)
regioselectivity opposite to Markovnikov's ruleregioselectivity opposite to Markovnikov's rule
CHCH33(CH(CH22))33CC CHCH CHCH33(CH(CH22))33CCHH CHCHBrBrperoxidesperoxides
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-61
Hydration of AlkynesHydration of Alkynes
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-62
Hydration of AlkynesHydration of Alkynes
expected reaction:expected reaction:
observed reaction:observed reaction:
RCHRCH22CR'CR'
OO
HH++
RCRC CR'CR' HH22OO++
HH++
RCRC CR'CR' HH22OO++
OHOH
RCHRCH CR'CR'
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-63
• enols are regioisomers of ketones, and exist in equilibrium with them
• keto-enol equilibration is rapid in acidic media
• ketones are more stable than enols andpredominate at equilibrium
enolenol
OHOH
RCHRCH CR'CR' RCHRCH22CR'CR'
OO
ketoneketone
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-64
Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketoneMechanism of conversion of enol to ketone
OO HH
CC CC
HH++OO
HH
HH
::
....::
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-65
Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketoneMechanism of conversion of enol to ketone
OO HH
CC CC
HH++OO
HH
HH
::
....::
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-66
Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketoneMechanism of conversion of enol to ketone
OO HH
CC CCHH++
OO
HH
HH
::
....::
::
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-67
Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketoneMechanism of conversion of enol to ketone
OO HH
CC CC
HH
HH
OO:: ::
HH++
....::
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-68
Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketoneMechanism of conversion of enol to ketone
OO HH
CC CC
HH
HH
OO:: ::
HH++
....::
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-69
Mechanism of conversion of enol to ketoneMechanism of conversion of enol to ketone
OOHH
CC CC
HH
HH
OO::
HH
++....::
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-70
Key carbocation intermediate is stabilized by Key carbocation intermediate is stabilized by electron delocalization (resonance)electron delocalization (resonance)
OO HH
CC CCHH++
....:: OO
CC CCHH
....HH++
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-71
HH22O, HO, H++
(89%)(89%)
viavia
ExampleExample
CHCH33(CH(CH22))22CC C(CHC(CH22))22CHCH33
HgHg2+2+
OO
CHCH33(CH(CH22))22CHCH22C(CHC(CH22))22CHCH33
OHOH
CHCH33(CH(CH22))22CHCH C(CHC(CH22))22CHCH33
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-72
HH22O, HO, H22SOSO44
HgSOHgSO44
CHCH33(CH(CH22))55CCHCCH33
(91%)(91%)
viavia
Markovnikov's rule followed in formation of enolMarkovnikov's rule followed in formation of enol
CHCH33(CH(CH22))55CC CHCH22
OHOH
CHCH33(CH(CH22))55CC CHCH
OO
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-73
Addition of Halogens to Addition of Halogens to AlkynesAlkynes
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-74
ExampleExample
+ 2 + 2 ClCl22
ClCl
ClCl
(63%)(63%)
CCClCl22CHCH CHCH33HCHC CCHCCH33
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-75
Addition is antiAddition is anti
BrBr22
CHCH33CHCH22
CHCH22CHCH33BrBr
BrBr
(90%)(90%)
CHCH33CHCH22CC CCHCCH22CHCH33 CC CC
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-76
Ozonolysis of AlkynesOzonolysis of Alkynes
gives two carboxylic acids by cleavage gives two carboxylic acids by cleavage of triple bondof triple bond
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-77
ExampleExample
1. O1. O33
2. H2. H22OO
++
CHCH33(CH(CH22))33CC CCHH
CHCH33(CH(CH22))33CCOHOH
(51%)(51%)
OO
HOHOCCOHOH
OO
Dr. Wolf's CHM 201 & 202 9-78
End of Chapter 9