Chapter 8

DELIVERY OF CARGO

Objectives: After studying the topic in the course book and seminar the students should be able to: recognise and use correctly the words and phrases related to the delivery of cargo; translate a text on delivery of cargo giving correct Romanian equivalents; construct and act out a dialogue between the First Mate and the Agent about the delivery of cargo.

1. Read the following text and try to guess the new words and phrases from the context.

On arrival in the port of discharge necessary arrangements are made for discharging the cargo. In the majority of cases, the agent entrusts the discharging of goods to some stevedoring company or wharfingers. This company usually undertakes to discharge the cargo into their own warehouses and then to deliver this cargo to the respective consignees.

In other cases, the agent arranges with the consignees a direct delivery of goods alongside the ship. In both cases the Chief Mate is under duty to make out notices of readiness and to hand them over to the agent. The agent, in his turn, hands in these notices to the consignees.

As a rule the cargo is delivered against original bills of lading and on payment of freight. The receiver of the goods is to sign his name on the bill of lading to the effect that full cargo under the bill has been received to his entire satisfaction. Such an endorsement is called “clean receipt”. A bill of lading is a negotiable document and it is often sold and resold before it is presented to the master at the port of discharge. So, when a bill of lading is presented to the master he must see that it has been properly endorsed by the consignee and by each of the holders, if the bill of lading has changed hands.

Usually the ship’s agent is charged with the legal formalities. He negotiates with the consignees or the holders of the B/L and introduces to the master the right and legitimate person who must take the delivery of goods. The agent also secures clean receipts for the goods delivered.

Sometimes the goods are delivered in small separate lots against the consignees’ receipts. With the final lot all these receipt are exchanged for a duly signed and endorsed bill of lading.

Very often the agent places his signature and seal on the bill of lading, which serves as a proof that the goods have been delivered to the right persons.

According to the contract the agent is bound to collect from the receivers of goods the freight and other charges due to the shipowners. The amount of freight is usually in the bill of lading. Besides, the agent usually gets direct instructions from the shipping company as to what amount of money he should collect in connection with a definite shipment.

The master of the ship may deliver the goods only after he has ascertained that the freight and other charges, if any, have been paid. The fact that the money has been paid must be efficiently confirmed by the agent. He usually does this by giving the captain either a formal written notice or by arranging with the captain that he will visa each B/L the money under which has been duly collected.

In case of non-payment of freight and of other charges due to the ship the master may exrecise a lien upon the goods and the agent renders him assistance in this connection.

In case of shartage of goods or any claims or disputes on the part of consignees the agent is to arrange immediate checking of the cargo in order to protect the interests of the vessel. If the shortage or defects of goods are found on discharging, an appropriate statement of facts should be drawn up. This statement is usually signed by the master, by the agent and sometimes by the customs house officer or a surveyor.

2. Role play the following dialogues and then make out and perform your own dialogues

2.1. Dialogue 1.

CS = Chief Stevedor ; CM = Chief Mate

CS: Well, we’ve finished with that lot of sugar. What’s your tally?CM: let me see. According to my entries we’ve got on board 912 bags of sugar. All of them stowed on hold no. 3.CS: Then our tallies don’t agree. We had 920 bags in that lot.CM: I’m afraid you’ve included in the total some of the bags that were rejected. Let us check separate drafts then. The first 17 drafts were of 50 bags each. Then in the eighteenth draft 4 bags were badly soiled, 1 bag torn and 2 bags rather wet. All these 7 bags were rejected. Then in the eighteenth draft one bag burst and started leaking, so we sewed it up and returned ashore. And, finally, in the last draft you sent up only 20 bags.CS: Well, I have to investigate that. Maybe you are right and these 9 bags are still under the shed, waiting for their turn. I’ll directly send a man to find that out.CM: By the way, in the fifteenth draft, there were 7 second-hand bags. I’ll have to make an appropriate remark about that in my mate’s receipt.CS: Do you keep those 7 bags together with the rest of the lot, or have you stowed them aside?CM: We have stowed them aside in Hold No 3; you may go and see them for yourself.CS: No. I believe you. I’ll ring up the office to find out whether they want to substitute new ones for them. As to those 8 bags, you were right. I’ve just been told that they still have them under the shed to be substituted by new ones. They will be directly delivered, so, please make out the mate’s receipt for the whole amount of 920 bags. As to your remark about 7 second-hand bags, I’ll arrange that with the owners and let you know the result a little later.

2.2. Dialogue 2.

CM: Chief Mate; CS = Chief Stevedore

CM: I’ve been informed that there are two boxes of nonstandard size in that lot under your Shipping Order No. 27. The numbers and the marks are the same. You’d better go and see them in Hold No.2. We stowed them aside.CS: No, that’s all right with those boxes. They belong to the next lot of bigger sized boxes. With the next draft we’ll send up the two missing boxes and you may close up Shipping Order No. 27. Don’t forget only to tally these two bigger boxes with the lot under Shipping Order No. 28 which will cover a separate bill of lading.CM: Never mind that. As to Shipping Orders Nos.25 and 26, our tallies agree and you may have my mate’s receipts.CS: Well, if you don’t mind, I’ll have them right now.CM: Here you are. Please have them.CS: Thank you.

2.3.Dialogue 3

CM = Chief Mate; A = Agent

CM: 10 casks are short under your shipping Order No.30.A: Yes, I know that. These casks proved to be a little bit leaky and we had to hoop them afresh. I’ve ordered to have them sent up as soon as they are ready, and the chief stevedore will report to you when they are on board.CM: We wanted to take aboard these crates which are ashore, under Shipping Order No.27, but we had to reject them.A: Why, what’s the matter with them?CM: You see, these crates are not strong enough. You should strengthen them with bolts.A: All right, I’ll see to that. What about the consignment of rubber under Shipping Order No.7?CM: Under this shipping order we took on board only 658 bales. Thus, 7 bales were evidently short-shipped. There must be some mistake in that order as our tallies agree with the shore tallymen’s.A: You must have made a mistake in calculating the total.CM: No, not I. I’ve checked the total twice and both times I got the same figure. Besides this total agrees with that of your tallymen.A: I’ll investigate that. Maybe this shortage is covered by the surplus in some other lot.CM: No, I don’t think so. We haven’t got any surplus so far.A: Well, anyhow, please give the mate’s receipt under this shipping order for the amount stated and we’ll give you a letter of guarantee for the missing quantity.CM: I am sorry, Mr Patterson. We can’t do that. We have very strict orders not to receive any letters of guarantee.A: I must say it is quite customary with other shipping companies. You run no risk. But since you have different customs, I don’t insist on that. Please make out your receipt for the amount you have on board, and I’ll settle the discrepancy with the shippers.

2.4. Dialogue 4.

CM = Chief Mate; A = Agent

CM: I am sorry Mr Patterson but the packing of many bales has been tampered with. We can accept this lot only with an appropriate reservation in the bill of lading.A: I’ve warned the shippers to this end beforehand. There is nothing to be done now. Make remarks in your mate’s receipt and I’ll insert a proper reservation in the bill of lading.CM: Very well, Mr.Patterson. I’ll insert in the mate’s receipt “ Packing damaged on bales Nos. so and so’ Now have you brought the B’s/L for yesterday’s lot of spices and other commodities?A: Yes, I have. Here you are. Check them, initial them and let’s go to the master to have them signed.CM: Wait a moment, Mr Patterson. I must first verify the data with my entries. Will you kindly help me with it to do it more quickly.A: Certainly, I will. Let’s begin with B/L No. 3782.CM: What shipping order does it pertain to?A: This B/L covers our two Shipping Orders Nos.27 and 28.CM: Oh, I see, thank you. This B/L is O.K.What’s the next one?A: The next one is B/L No. 31 for 2000 pieces of iron bars.CM: This bill covers Shipping Orders Nos.34 and 37, doesn’t it?A: Yes, exactly so.

CM: Then, I’m afraid you must have missedmy remark on the mate’s receipt: “ 3 pieces of iron bars in dispute”.A: No, I didn’t. I put down that remark on the margin.CM: Oh, excuse me, I’ve overlooked it. Well, everything is OK then. Let’s go to the master to have these B’s/L signed.A: OK let’s go.

2.5. Dialogue 5.

M = Master; A = Agent

M: How many copies of the B/L am I to sign Mr Agent?A: For B/L no. 3782 you are to sign four copies; as for the rest three copies will do.M: All right, here you are. Please have all the papers; they are duly and properly signed. When will you issue the rest of the bills of lading?A: What B’s/L do you mean, Captain ?M: Oh, I mean B’s/L for the rails and cotton. We are just completing loading and I think we may put to sea by tomorrow night.A: Oh, that’s what you mean. Well, tomorrow by 3 p.m. I hope I’ll bring you the last B/L and the remaining shipping documents.M: That’s very good indeed. How many copies of the cargo manifest are you going to give us?A: I think three copies will sufficeM: Oh, no they won’t. I would kindly ask you to give us five copies of the manifest and four copies of the stowage plan. You know we had some trouble with these copies last time. The Gibraltar Customs House asked us to present two copies of the cargo manifest and we had to type them ourselves. It took us a lot of time and put us to much inconvenience.A: Oh, I see. Well, don’t bother about that. I’ll do as you ask.

2.6. Dialogue 6

M = Master; CS = Cargo Superintendent

M: Are you the representative of the Oil Company, Sir?CS: I am cargo Superintendent of the Kuwait Oil Co., Ltd. Where do you come from?M: We come from Haipheng.CS: Have you prepared notices of readiness?M: yes, we have. Here they are. We are ready to start loading the cargo from 1.00pm today. Will you sign your acceptance and state in its copy the time when the notice is served?CS: Yes, of course. Now, we have to settle several points with regard to handling the cargo.M: Good. Shall we start with examining the tanks and signing the certificate of inspection?CS: I suppose we may do it right away. Have you already made connections to the submarine hoses?M: No, not yet. We are just picking up floating buoys and hoses from the submarine pipeline. Your mooring master is superintending that job. I’ll call for my second mate to show you the tanks.

2.7. Dialogue 7

M = Master; CS = Cargo Superintendent

CS: I’ve examined all the tanks; they are dry and clean. Here is the certificate of inspection which I’ve already signed. Here are some papers which you are to sign too.M: What papers do you mean?CS: First of all the declaration that your water ballast intended for discharging here is free of oil or other harmful contamination.M: That’s clear. Let me sign it. What else?

CS: Here is another declaration that all the fire and safety regulations have been complied with.M: That’s also clear. Anything else?CS: Yes, there are two more papers. One is the declaration to the effect that all the necessary valves are open and that the vessel is in a proper condition to receive cargo. The other one is to the effect that ship’s seacocks are closed except these which are necessary for the normal running of the ship.M: Very well. Here you are. I’ve signed everything. Now, how can we arrange for the signals?CS: The signals are as follows: six short blasts on your whistle when you are ready to load. One long blast when you want to slow down the loading rate. Two short blasts when you what it at full speed, and three long blasts meaning ‘stop”.M; That’s settled. Besides, we’ll station a deck-hand to relay orders by voice to your man at the shore terminal valve.CS: That’s good, Sir. I’ll instruct our man accordingly. Will your deck-hands relay commands in English?M: Yes, they will, but briefly, like: “start”, “slow speed’, “full speed”, “Stand by to slow down” and “stop”CS: That’ll do, Sir.M: When loading is completed send someone to take at once the measurings and the samples.CS: Certainly, Sir, you needn’t worry about that.

3.VOCABULARY AND EXPRESSIONS

to entrust = a încredinţanegotiable = negociabilto be satisfied with = a fi satisfăcut deto endorse = a giraholder = deţinătorto negotiate = a nogocia, a duce tratativeto exchange = a schimba, a face schimbseal = sigiliuproof = dovadă, probăto be bound = a fi obligatto collect = a strîngeamount = sumă, cantitateto state = a declara, a stabilito ascertain = a constata, a stabili, a precizacharges = taxe, sume datorateto confirm = a confirmaseacock = robinetclaim = reclamaţie, pretenţiestatement of facts = raport oficial

to draw up = a întocmito consign = a expediaaccording to = conform cu, potrivit cuto overlook = a emite, a trece cu vedereato resume = a reluato suppose = a presupunerusty = ruginitto refuse = a refuzato stipulate = a stipulaunknown = necunoscutmean = mediulay days (hours) = staliiullage = ulajullage tables = table de ulajto compute = a calculato drain (tanks) = a evacuatape = bandă, ruletă (de măsurat)certificate of quality = certificat de calitatecertificate of inspection= certificat de inspectiethe bill of lading has changed hands = conosamentul a trecut din mîna în mînăto exercise a lien upon the cargo = a exercita dreptul de gaj asupra mărfiito take delivery of the cargo = a recepţiona marfatwo bags were short = lipsă de doi sacito relieve of liability = a fi eliberat de răspundereto bear responsibility = a purta răspundereato thieve the tank = a lua probe de apă de la fundul măriito strip the tank = a evacua tancul completoutage measurements = măsurătoare, sondaje la nivelul stratului de lichid.

4. Reading comprehension.4.1. Read again the text and answer the following questions.

1. To whom may the agent entrust the discharging of goods?2. What does the stevedoring company usually undertake to do in such cases?3. Against what document is the cargo delivered to the consignee?4. Should the freight be paid before or after the delivery of the cargo?5. May a bill of lading be sold to another person?6. Who is to see that cargo is delivered to the legitimate holder?7. Who is to secure clean receipts for the goods delivered?8. 8. What payments is the agent to collect from the consignees?9. What must the master ascertain before he delivers the goods?10. In what case does the agent visa the bills of lading?11. In what case may the captain exercise a lien upon the goods?12. What is the agent to do in case of shortage of goods?13. What document is usually drawn in such a case?14. By whom is this statement usually signed?

4.2. Read the dialogues again and answer the following questions:

4.2.1. Dialogue 1 1.What cargo were they ready to discharge?2.When was the first mate to receive clean receipts?3.What were these receipts to be exchanged for?4. To whom were the refrigerators to be delivered?5. Why did the first mate want to have clean receipts for each draft?

4.2.2. Dialogue 2

1. What consignment were they talking about?2. What did the first mate say about the remark on the B/L?3. How ought they to have stated that remark correctly?4. What document did they decide to draw up?

4.2.3. Dialogue 3

1. Why couldn’t the agent give clean receipts for the steel billets?2. What clause was there in the Bill of Lading?3. What document were the experts to draw up?4. In what condition was the cargo delivered?

4.2.4. Dialogue 4

1. Up to what temperature was the cargo heated in the tanks?2. 2. What was that done for?3. 3. Were they ready to take measurements in the tanks?4. Who were they waiting for?5. What did the captain say about the gauging equipment aboard?

5. What consignment were they talking about?6. What did the first mate say about the remark on the B/L?7. How ought they to have stated that remark correctly?8. What document did they decide to draw up?

4.2.5.Dialogue 5

1. Why couldn’t the agent give clean receipts for the steel billets?2. How deep a layer of oil was he asked to leave below?3. What were the drains to be pumped into?4. What did the captain say about the additional samples taken from the barge?5. What samples were to serve as characteristics of the whole lot?

4.2.6. Dialogue 6

1. When was cargo superintendent going to start inspecting the tanks?2. How did the cargo superintendent want to have the pipeline pressed after discharge was

completed?3. What did the captain need the written order for?4. How many tons of cargo were to be discharged into the barge?

5. Standard Marine Communication Phrases Related to Preparing to Load/UnloadGo through the standard phrases below, then turn to the text and dialogues above and identify all the SMCP and observe how they are used in context.

Prepare the vessel for loading/unloading = Pregătiţi nava pentru încărcare/descărcareUnlock the hatch covers = Descuiaţi capacele gurilor de magazieRig hatchrails in no…hold(s) = Pregătiţi calea de rulare la magazia(magaziile) nr…..Give notice of readiness to load/unload by…UTC/local time = Notificaţi “nava gata de încărcare/descărcare” pînă la orele…UTC/LTHave you received the cargo list? = Aţi primit lista de încărcare?Complete the cargo list = Completaţi lista de încarcareComplete the stowage plan = Completaţi cargo-planulMake a stability calculation = Efectuaţi un calcul de stabilitateAre the goods ready to load? = Sunt bunurile gata de încărcare?Are the cargo holds clean/dry/free of odour = Sunt magaziile de marfă curate/uscate/aerisite?Clean the cargo hold(s)/deck(s) = Curătaţi magazia/magaziile puntea/punţile de marfăAre the safety arrangements in the cargo hold(s) operational ?= Sunt dispozitivele de siguranţă din magazia/magaziile de marfă operaţionale?Check the drain well(s) are clean = Verificaţi dacă puţul/puţurile de santină este/sunt curat/curateTest the drain suctions = Probaţi tubulatura de drenajCover the bilge(s) with tarpaulins/wrapper/…before loading = Acoperiţi santina/santinele cu prelate/huse…înainte de încărcareAre sufficient dunnage and mats available? = Există suficiente materiale de separaţie şi rogojini disponibile?Can the heavy lift(s) be stowed on deck = Pot fi stivuite pe punte coţadele grele?Fill the double bottom tank(s)/ballast tank(s) before loading the heavy lift(s) = Umpleţi tancul (tancurile) din dublu-fund/tancul (tancurile) de balast înainte de a încărca coţada (coţadele) grele.Pump out the ballast water = Evacuaţi prin pompare apa de ballastWhat is the maximum loading rate/unloading rate/pumping rate? Care este rata maximă de încărcare/descărcare/pompare?The maximum loading rate/unloading rate/pumping rate is…tones/cubic metres per hour = Rata maximă de încărcare/descărcare/pompare este de…tone/metri cubi pe oră.Do not exceed a loading rate/unloading rate/pumping rate of…tonnes/cubic metres per hour = Nu depăşiţi o rată de încărcare/descărcare/pompare de…tone/metri cubi pe oră.

Additional phrases for tankers

Is the COW-system/inert gas system operational? = Este sistemul COW/sistemul de gaz inert operaţional?When do you start crude oil washing? = Cînd începeţi spălarea cu ţiţei?How much time does it take to ballast/deballast? = Cît timp este necesar pentru balastare/debalastare?What is the pumping pressure? = Care este presiunea de pompare?

Check the cargo connections = Verificaţi racordurile de marfaCan we connect the loading arm? = Putem conecta braţul de încărcare?What backpressure is required for stripping? = Ce contrapresiune este necesară pentru stripuire?Do you have reducers of…inches? = Aveţi reducţii de…inci?Close all sea valves and overboard discharges = Închideţi toate prizele de apă de mare şi sabordurile laterale de descărcare.

6.Grammar. Conditionals: Introduction

6.1. We can use if with many different structures. Here are the most common:6.1.1.Open present or future conditionals

If + present simple + will + infinitiveIf he asks me, I’ll help him.(Perhaps he will ask me)

6.1.2. Unreal present or future conditionalsIf + past simple + would + infinitive

If he asked me I would help him.( but he won’t ask me, or he probably won’t)6.1.3. Unreal past conditionals

If + past perfect + would have + past participleIf he had asked me, I would have helped him. (But he didn’t ask me)

6.1.4. General conditionalsIf + present simple + present simple

If he asks me, I always help him.(=Whenever he asks me…)6.2. An if-clause can go at the beginning or the end of a sentence.

If it rains, I’ll stay at home.I’ll stay at home if it rains.We often write a comma (,) after the if-clause when we begin with this clause.

6.3. We can use conditional clauses without if.Unless we hurry, we’ll be late.Suppose you won a lot of money, what would you do?

6.4. Open present or future conditionals6.4.1. Basic form

IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEIf I go out I’ll buy a newspaper.If you don’t study you won’t pass your exam.If they offer you the job, what will you do?

6.4.2. UseWe use this structure when there is a possibility that the situation in the if-clause will happen in the future.If I go out, I’ll buy a newspaper. (Perhaps I will buy a newspaper, perhaps I won’t)If we have enough time, we’ll visit Robert. (Perhaps we will have enough time, perhaps we won’t)We also use this structure when there is a possibility that the situation in the if-clause is true in the present.If you’re hungry, I’ll make you something to eat. (Perhaps you are hungry, perhaps you aren’t).

6.4.3. Other forms6.4.3.1. We can also use shall instead of will with I and we in the main clause.

If I fail the exam, I shall take it again.6.4.3.2. In this structure, we can use a modal verb e.g. can, may instead of will in the main clause.

6.4.3.3. We can also use the imperative in the main clause.If you see Maria, give her a message for me, please.6.4.3.4. We can use the present perfect or present continuous instead of the present simple in the if-clause.If you have finished the letter, I’ll post it for you.I’ll come back later if you’re working now.6.4.3.5. We can also use should after if when we are less sure about a possibility. Compare:If I see Maria, I’ll give her your message. (Perhaps I will see Maria)If I should see Maria, I’ll give her your message.( I am less sure that I will see Maria.)We can also begin with should when we are less sure.Should I see Maria, I’ll give her your message,

6.5. Unreal present or future conditionals6.5.1. Basic form

IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEIf I had a lot of money, I’d travel round the worldIf he got up earlier he wouldn’t be late for work.If you didn’t pass the exam, would you take it again?

6.5.2. UseWe use this structure to talk about unreal present or future situations.

If I had a lot of money, I’d travel round the world. (But I don’t have a lot of money)If I didn’t feel so tired, I’d come out with you. (But I feel very tired)If the weather was nice, I’d go to the beach. ( But the weather is not nice.)

We also use sentences like these to talk about unlikely present or future situations.If she really loved you, she wouldn’t be so horrible to you.If I won a lot of money, I’d take a long holiday.

The past form e.g. had, loved does not have a past meaning in sentences like these: it has a hypothetical present or future meaning.

6.5.3. Other forms6.5.3.1. We often use were instead of was after if, especially in a more formal style.

If the weather were nice, I’d go to the beach.I’d come out for a walk with you if I weren’t so busy.We often use if I were you to give advice.If I were you, I’d apply for a job.

6.5.3.2. We can use the modal verbs might or could instead of would in the main clause.If I won a lot of money, I might stop working. (=…I would perhaps stop working.)I could repair the car, if I had the right tools. (= I would be able to repair the car…)

6.6. Unreal past conditionals6.6.1. Basic form

IF-CLAUSE MAIN CLAUSEIf the weather had been nice yesterday I would have gone to the beachIf I had studied hard, I would have passed the exam.If you hadn’t missed your bus, you wouldn’t have been late for school.

If I hadn’t helped you what would you have done?

6.6.2. UseWe use this structure to talk about unreal past situations.If the weather had been nice yesterday, I would have gone to the beach. (But the weather was not nice.)

If I’d studied hard, I would have passed the exam.(But I did not study hard)If you hadn’t missed your bus, you wouldn’t have been late for school.(But you missed your bus.)

6.6.3.Other formsWe can use the modal verbs might and could instead of would in the main clause.If you had taken the exam, you might have passed it.(=..you would perhaps have passed it.)I could have repaired the car, if I’d had the right tools. (=…I would have been able to repair the car…)

6.7. Conditional clauses without if6.7.1. UnlessWe can use unless to mean ‘If…not.’Unless you put on some suncream, you’ll get sunburnt. (= If you do not put on some suncream…)I won’t go to the party unless you go too. (=…if you do not go too.)

We often use unless in threats e.g. Unless you stop making that noise, I’ll scream! And warnings e.g. You’ll be hungry later unless you eat now.

Compare if and unlessIf you eat now, you won’t be hungry later.Unless you eat now, you’ll be hungry later.

I’ll go to the party if you go too.I won’t go to the party unless you go too.

6.7.2. As/So long as, provided/providing (that)We use As/So long as, provided/providing (that) to mean ‘if but only if’.You can borrow my camera as long as you’re careful with it. (=…if but only if you’re careful with it.)I’ll go to the party provided you go too. (=…if but only if you go too.)

6.7.3. And and or (else)6.7.3.1. We sometimes use and to join two ideas instead of using an if-clause.Stay in bed for a few days and you’ll be fine.( =If you stay in bed for a few days, you’ll be fine.)6.7.3.2.We can use or (else) to mean ‘if not’ or ‘otherwise’.Don’t try to lift that box or (else) you’ll hurt yourself.(=If you try to lift that box, you’ll hurt yourself.)

6.7.4. ShouldWe can use should instead of if when we are less sure about a possibility. Compare:If we have enough time, we’ll visit Robert.(Perhaps we will have enough time.)

Should we have enough time, we’ll visit Robert.( I am less sure that we will have enough time.)We can also use should after if with this meaning e.g. If we should have enough time, we’ll visit Robert.

6.7..5. Suppose/SupposingWe can also use suppose or supposing instead of if, especially in unreal conditions.Suppose/Supposing you won a lot of money, what would you do?

7. Grammar Practice

1. Put the verbs into the correct form: will/won’t or the present simple. Are these things true?Example: If we keep on (keep on) using more and more cars, we’ll run out (run out) of oil.

1. If we…(run out) of oil, we…(need) other kinds of energy.2. Pollution…(increase) if we…(use) more oil and coal.3. If pollution…(increase), more and more trees…(die)4. The climate…(change) if more trees…(die)5. If we…(try) to control pollution, it…(be) very expensive.6. If we…(not control) pollution soon, it…(be) too late!

2. Complete the sentences using the words in the box.Example: If I don’t leave now, I might be late.

Have finished can lane might be should need are feeling may go should phone

1. If you need any more money I…you some.2. You can go now if you….3. If the weather is fine tomorrow, we…for a picnic.4. Just ask me if you….any help.5. If anyone…for me while I am out, tell them I’ll be back at 4 o’clock.6. Go to bed now if you…tired.

3. Complete the sentences Example: What would this woman do if she knew the boy was there? Do,know

1. If she…he was there, she…him to go away. Know,tell2. She…her purse and perhaps she…police. Move, call3. What…the boy…if he…the two policemen were nearby? Do, know4. If he…, he…to take the woman’s purse. Know, not/try5. Perhaps he…away if he…them. Run, see

4. Find the endings. Put the verbs into the correct form. Example: 1. I’d give up work if I were a millionaire.

1. I’d give up work if it…(be) a nice day tomorrow.2. We’ll go for a picnic if I…(not/have) such a big nose.3. If I took more exercise the world…(be) a better place.

4. I’ll watch TV tonight. I…(go) to the concert next week,5. I’d be better looking if I…(be) a millionaire.6. If people weren’t so greedy, if I…(not/go)out.7. If I can get a ticket I…(not/be) so unfit.

5. Put the verbs into the correct form: the past perfect, or would(n’t) have + past participle.

Example: She would have spoken to you if she had seen (see) you.

1. If I…(not/be) so busy yesterday, I would have visited you.2. If you had seen the film, you…(enjoy) it.3. She would have gone to university if she…(have) the opportunity.4. If he had been more careful, he…(not/have) an accident.

6. Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea from B.

Example: 1. If I get a headache, I usually take some aspirin.

A B1. If I get a headache, they die2. I feel terrible, it makes me feel nervous3. If I drink too much coffee, if you don’t get enough exercise4. If flowers don’t get any water, I usually take some aspirin5. You put on weight if I don’t get 8 hours’ sleep a night

7. Rephrase the sentences using unless.Example: If we don’t leave now, we’ll miss the start of the film.

Unless we leave now, we’ll miss the start of the film.

1. If you don’t wear your coat, you’ll be cold.2. I’ll phone you, if you don’t phone me first.3. He won’t receive the letter tomorrow if you don’t post it before 1 o’clock today.4. I won’t go to school tomorrow if I don’t feel better.5. I can’t write to you if you don’t give me your address.6. Your cough won’t get better if you don’t stop smoking.

8. Choose the correct word or expression.Example: We’ll have a picnic tomorrow unless/provided it rains.

1. Unless/Provided you tell me the truth, everything will be all right.2. In Britain you can marry at the age of sixteen unless/provided you have your parents’

permission.3. He won’t forgive you unless/as long as you say you’re sorry.4. Unless/providing you land me the money, I won’t be able to go on holiday.5. I’ll buy the car unless/as long as it’s not too expensive.

9. Read the sentences. Make a new sentence with the same meaning using the word(s) in brackets.Example: If you don’t lend me your map, I’ll get lost. (or)

Lend me your map or I’ll get lost. If you do as I say, everything will be all right. (and)

Do as I say and everything will be all right.

1. If you don’t stop making that noise, I’ll hit you. (or)2. If you take this umbrella, you won’t get wet. (and)3. If you don’t drive more carefully, you’ll have an accident. (or else)4. If you help me, I’ll help you. (and)

10. Complete the sentences using should I/he/she and the verb in the box.Example: I think I’ll arrive at the meeting on time, but should I be late, please start without me.

Miss change be need fail

1. I think I’ve got enough money, but…any more, I’ll borrow some.2. I’m sure he’ll pass the exam, but…he can always take it again.3. I don’t think I’ll go to the party, but…my mind I’ll let you know.4. She expects to catch the last bus, but…it, she’ll tale a taxi.

11. Join each idea in A with the most suitable idea from B. Make sentences beginning Suppose/Supposing….Example: 1. Suppose/Supposing I moved to Scotland, would you come and visit me?

A B1. I moved to Scotland would you have taken it?2. someone finds my wallet what would the prize have been?3. they had stayed at our house do you think they will take it to the police?4. they had offered you the job would you come and visit me/5. you had won the competition where would they have slept?

12. Complete the sentences using the correct form of the verbs in brackets: the present simple, past simple, past perfect, will/won’t…would(n’t)…or would(n’t) have…..Examples: My father would have died if the doctors hadn’t operated (not/operate) on him straight away.Don’t worry about getting home. If you miss (miss) the last bus, I’ll give you a lift in my car.My friend would get (get) better marks at school if she did more homework.If she doesn’t have much time, she normally has (have) a sandwich for lunch.

1. I…(wear) some warm clothes today, if I were you. It’s quite cold outside.2. You…(not/have) the accident if you’d been more careful.3. If I…(have) enough money, I’d buy a new one.4. If you…(wait) for a few minutes, I’ll come into town with you.5. I would have told you if I…(know).6. People…(like) Robert more if he didn’t always talk about himself.7. I…(speak) to my boss about my holidays today if I get the chance.8. If he…(make) a promise, he always keeps it.9. I’d go to the cinema more often if it…(not/be) so expensive.10. I…(not/leave) my last job if the wages had been better.11. He always…(get) angry if you talk to him about politics.12. If you go out without a coat, you…(catch) a cold.13. If you…(ask0 me, I would have helped you.14. What…(you/do) if you saw someone drowning in the sea?

15. I’ll go out this evening if I…(not/be) too busy.

8.Grammar Practice-Answer-key

1. 1.run out, ‘ll need; 2. Will increase, use; 3. Increases, will die; 4. Will change, die; 5. Try, will be; 6. Don’t control, will be

2.1. can lend; 2. Have finished; 3. May go; 4. Should need; 5. Should phone; 6. Are feeling

3.1. knew, would tell; 2. Would move, would call; 3. Would, do, knew; 4. Knew, wouldn’t

try; 5. Would run, saw.

4.1.I’d give up work if I were a millionaire; 2. We’ll go for a picnic if it’s a nice day; 3. If I took more exercise, I wouldn’t be so unfit; 4. I’ll watch TV tonight if I don’t go out; 5. I’d be better-looking if I didn’t have such a big nose; 6. If people weren’t so greedy, the world would be a better place; 7.If I can get a ticket, I’ll go the concert next week.

5.1.hadn’t been; 2. Would have enjoyed; 3. Had had; 4. Wouldn’t have had.

6. 1.If I get a headache, I usually take some aspirin; 2. I feel terrible if I don’t get 8 hours’ sleep a night; 3. If I drink too much coffee, it makes me feel nervous; 4. If flowers don’t get any water, they die; 5. You put on weight if you don’t get enough exercise.

7.1.Unless you wear your coat, you’ll be cold; 2. I’ll phone you unless you phone me first; 3. He won’t receive the letter tomorrow unless you post it before 1 o’clock today; 4. I won’t go to school tomorrow unless I feel better; 5. I can’t write to you unless you give me your address; 6. Your cough won’t get better unless you stop smoking.

8.1. provided; 2. providing; 3. unless; 4. Unless; 5. As long as

9.1. Stop making that noise or I’ll hit you; 2. Take this umbrella and you won’t get wet; 3. Drive more carefully or else you’ll have an accident; 4. Help me and I’ll help you.

10.1. should I need; 2. should he fail; 3. should I change; 4. should she miss

11.1.Suppose/Supposing I moved to Scotland, would you come and visit me?; 2. Suppose/Supposing someone finds my wallet, do you think they will take it to the police?3. Suppose/Supposing they had stayed at our house, where would they have slept?;

4.Suppose/Supposing they had offered you the job, would you have taken it?; 5. Suppose/Supposing you had won the competition, what would the prize have been?

12.1. would wear; 2. Wouldn’t have had; 3. Had; 4. Wait; 5. Had known; 6. Would like; 7. ‘ll speak; 8. Makes; 9. Weren’t/wasn’t; 10. Wouldn’t have left; 11. Gets; 12. ‘ll catch; 13. Had asked; 14. Would you do; 15. ‘m not.