Chapter 8 The Jeffersonian and Madison Presidency

Election of 1800

The following candidates runAdamsJeffersonPinckneyAaron Burr

Hamilton V. Adams

As Adams began his reelection Hamilton targets him.Hamilton published a number of pamphlets questioning the morals of Adams.

Hamilton attempted to rig the election again for Pinckney.

Jefferson v. Burr

Burr and Jefferson both tied in the election.

The House of representatives must decide the President. The President would have to get 9 of the 13 states

Jefferson received 8 states Burr received 5. It was believed Burr would concede. He did not.Eventually Jefferson was elected.

Twelfth Amendment

Presidential elections will have separate votes for President and Vice President.

U.S. Expansion

The U.S. grew by two million in ten years. Mostly based on natural reproduction.

Twenty percent of the population in the South were slaves. 1/5 of the U.S. populationThe areas of the country begin to take on their own regional identity. The Mississippi river was still critical to transportationMuch of America’s productivity was based on agriculture and commerce.

Native American Response

Tecumseh , and Prophet classified themselves as Indians for the first time.The pushed Native Americans to avoid contact with whites. They were hoping for a cultural revolution, but eventually this would fall to expansion.Including the battle at Horseshoe bend where natives were forced out of Missippi by Andrew Jackson.

Jefferson and Native Americans

Jefferson wanted to try mend cultural bonds with Native Americans.

He had hoped to set up reservations to Protective Natives during the expansion.

In time though it was clear that other delegates would not support this idea.

Jefferson respected the Natives though was no necessarily impressed by their culture.

The Jeffersonian Cabinet

Jefferson decided that the only way to have a successful Presidency he would have to select those loyal to him.

As Jefferson Republicans flooded the cabinet other members like John Jay chose to leave.

Jefferson entered office taking note of America’s growing financial issues.

The Jefferson plan

Jefferson thought it his views on government were the best way to handle the growing debt.

This clear interest was reducing the size of governemnt.

Making cuts

To deal with coming cost Jefferson decided to cut the Federal Budget.The first step was to reduce the size the Navy

The next step was to the remove the size of the military, taking it from full standing and scaling it down.

The period before the Purchase

Before the Louisiana purchase there was much concern over the southern territory. The Spanish seceded the rights to much of their southern territories to the French. With this in mind Jefferson sent representatives to try and diplomatically deal with the French.He would send future diplomat James Monroe, and Robert Livingston.

The Louisiana Purchase

Monroe expected for relations to go poorly, but was surprised by how eager the French were to sell the land.

The French in reality had growing financial issues under the Napoleon reign.In the end America would buy the territory, for 15 millions dollars Jefferson was able to double the size of the country.

Resentment over the purchase

Before Jefferson committed to buying the land from the French he had quite a bit of apprehension.

He felt the action would define him as a President that would use the sweeping power of the central government to achieve his goals.

Some felt the same, but it seemed after the purchase that there only a few who dissented towards the decision.

Louis and Clark Expedition The expedition was commissioned by President Thomas Jefferson shortly after the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, consisting of a select group of U.S. Army volunteers under the command of Captain Meriwether Lewis and his close friend Second Lieutenant William Clark. The journey lasted from May 1804 to September 1806.

The primary goal was to explore and map the newly acquired territory, find a practical route across the Western half of the continent, and establish an American presence in this territory before Britain and other European powers tried to claim it.The campaign's secondary objectives were scientific and economic: to study the area's plants, animal life, and geography, and establish trade with local Indian tribes. With maps, sketches and journals in hand, the expedition returned to St. Louis to report their findings to Jefferson

Moving west

Those who moved west during and after the expedition had the following characteristics.Tried to transplant their Eastern ideasNeeded to adapt to the new envriomentDeveloped new folkwaysDepended on water for transportation While there was a move west many cities in the East were areas of international tradeSamuel Slater on the East Coast worked to develop the first idea of the factory system.

Barbary War

Another issue facing the new Jefferson Presidency was the threat of pirates

More specifically the Barbary pirates that were stationed in Tripoli. Or the Northern coast of Africa

The band had terrorized much of the United states and European trade.

Barbary war continued

Eventually the band of pirates seized American ships taking their crew hostage.

The band expected payment from the United States.

Jefferson was unwilling to do so. Jefferson Relied on a Naval blockade of the nations along with an invasion by the first force of marines.

Beginning of Marbury V. Madison

As Adams left he passed the Judiciary act of 1801It created 12 new circuit courts along with judges to fill them.Adams filled the judgeships with Federalist. (Midnight appointees)The new President Jefferson and Republicans railed against these judges. Stating they were unnecessary due to the lacking amount of cases they would hear.

The court case of Marbury V. Madison

Marbury was one of the federalist appointed judges. Then secretary of state James Madison refused to give Marbury the papers that would give him authority of a judge. (Madison believed him to be corrupt. Marbury requested that the case be heard by the supreme court.

Marbury v. MadisonThe decision

The new chief justice Marshall would preside over the case.

His ruling stated that the court didn not have jurisdiction some these matters. But the argument used Marbury to file the case could be linked to the unconstitutionality of the Judiciary actThis meant that the judiciary act was unconstitutional

Legacy

The key point of the case is that it developed the idea the supreme court had the power of Judicial review

Judicial review stated that the supreme court had the power to review laws passed by government and decided if they were constitutional.

Burr controversy

Burr was allowed to very little as Vice PresidentNot a good fit for an ambitious man.Burr decided to run governor of New YorkHamilton published a series of scathing pamphletsHamilton though believing it to be silly did not want his on besmirched. Hamilton met Burr in July 10, 1804 and Hamilton was killed.The idea was to have a military coup in Louisiana.This was based on the idea the citizens Louisiana were culturally different then the rest of the U.S.

Regulating the Slave Trade

As Jefferson moved forward from the Burr debacle demanded that the political groups in the country developed a way to end the slave trade in America. The northerners favored a strong bill that would even make smuggling slaves into the country a capital offense.Their issue was what to do with slaves that had been confiscated by customs agents

The final bill

The final law stated that the slave trade would end, and all smuggled slaves would integrated into the state customs that they were brought into.

A break in peace

By 1803 the peace between France and Britain was broken as the two fought for superiority on land and sea. Originally American traders took advantage making as much money as they could

In time Britain created the orders of council which threatened seizure of ships and banned neutral trade.

The French followed suit creating similar terms. Jefferson was offended feeling that both sides violated natural rights of a country

Beginning of the Embargo Act

Jefferson decided to keep all American ships at home to stop and seizures, as well as deprive the other countries of good, especially food. Eventually Jefferson developed the idea of creating embargo, basically halting trade with Britain and France, this would hopefully bring both countries back into peaceful trade with the U.S.Eventually enforcing the Embargo act almost turned the government into a police state on the coast.The act hardly damaged the British economy.The act was repealed right before the election for Madison

James Madison

James Madison was a very intelligent man ,but had a modest personality.Madison quickly passed the intercourse act.The U.S. opened trade but placed a ban on trade with the British and French.America announced a reopening of trade with Britain though Erskine did not receive approval from the crown.

Impressment

Early in Madison’s presidency British soldiers would pull over American traders and force the sailors to join the British Navy= impressmentA group that were pro war known as the war hawks pushed Madison towards war.Eventually Madison declared war on Britain believing taking British held Canada would lead to success in the war.

War of 1812

Madison Failed to capture Canada in time, by the time America had they were quickly pushed outBritain gained controlled of the ocean after destroying the American navy leading to the British burning of Washington.Britain began to patrol off the coast of America=the attack on Ft. Mchenry=inspiration for the star spangled banner.

Battle of New Orleans

Britain continued to randomly attack the coas but no plan how to control America

Jackson Lead a group of men to defend what was thought to be the weakened point of New Orleans. Jackson won handedly though the war had ended almost a week earlier.

Treaty of Ghent

restored the borders of the two countries to the line before the commencement of hostilities

Overall it did very little and left future issues to be discussed later.