CHAPTER 8SECTION 2

WOMEN MAKE PROGRESS

• EARLY 1900S MANY WOMEN WANTED TO EXPAND THEIR ROLE IN SOCIETY

• WOMEN ACTIVISTS HELPED BRING ABOUT PROGRESSIVE REFORMS AND WON THE RIGHT TO VOTE

• EDUCATION HELPED WOMEN ACHIEVE THEIR GOALS – COLLEGES FOR WOMEN LIKE BRYN MAWR COLLEGE AND THE SCHOOL OF SOCIAL WORK TRAINED WOMEN TO LEAD NEW ORGANIZATIONS WORKING FOR SOCIAL REFORM

• BECAUSE OF EDUCATION AND MODERN IDEAS MANY MIDDLE CLASS WHITE WOMEN BEGAN TO TACKLE PROBLEMS THEY SAW IN SOCIETY

WORKING WOMEN• MOST WOMEN WORKED DIFFICULT JOBS WITH LONG HOURS AND DANGEROUS CONDITIONS AND WERE EXPECTED TO TURN OVER THEIR EARNINGS TO THE MAN IN HER LIFE

• MANY WOMEN WORKED IN FACTORIES OR AS LAUNDRESSES OR SERVANTS – MOST WERE IMMIGRANTS, AFRICAN AMERICANS OR FROM RURAL AREAS WITH LITTLE EDUCATION

• BECAUSE THEY HAD LITTLE EDUCATION MANY EMPLOYERS WERE ABLE TO CHEAT THEM OR BULLY THEM

• WITHOUT THE RIGHT TO VOTE WOMEN HAD LITTLE INFLUENCE ON POLITICIANS THAT COULD HELP EXPAND THEIR RIGHTS

REFORMERS WORKING FOR WOMEN’S RIGHTS

• REFORMERS WANTED TO LIMIT THE NUMBER OF HOURS WOMEN WORKED

• MULLER V. OREGON – SUPREME COURT CASE REVIEWED AN OREGON LAW THAT LIMITED WOMEN’S WORK DAY TO TEN HOURS – ARGUED BY LOUIS BRANDEIS – HE BELIEVED LONG WORKING HOURS WAS HARMFUL TO WOMEN AND THEIR FAMILIES – THE SUPREME COURT AGREED

• LAWS COULD LIMIT THE NUMBER OF HOURS WOMEN WORKED – SIMILAR LAWS WERE NOT ALLOWED FOR MEN – PROGRESSIVES THOUGHT THIS WAS GREAT FOR WOMEN – OTHER SIDE OF THIS WAS IT WAS USED TO JUSTIFY PAYING WOMEN LESS THAN MEN

FLORENCE KELLY

• BELIEVED WOMEN WERE HURT BY THE UNFAIR PRICES OF GOODS THEY HAD TO BUY TO RUN THEIR HOMES

•1899 – SHE HELPED FOUND THE NATIONAL CONSUMER LEAGUE (NCL) WHICH:

•GAVE SPECIAL LABELS TO GOODS PRODUCED UNDER FAIR, SAFE AND HEALTHY WORKING CONDITIONS AND URGED WOMEN TO BUY THEM AND AVOID PRODUCTS THAT DID NOT HAVE THIS LABEL

•BACKED LAWS CALLING FOR THE GOVERNMENT TO INSPECT MEATPACKING PLANTS

•BACKED LAWS TO MAKE WORKPLACES SAFER

•BACKED LAWS TO MAKE PAYMENTS TO THE UNEMPLOYED

•KELLY ALSO HELPED TO FORM THE WOMEN’S TRADE UNION LEAGUE (WTUL) TO IMPROVE CONDITIONS FOR FEMALE FACTORY WORKERS – LEADERS WERE BOTH UPPER CLASS AND WORKING CLASS THE WTUL:• PUSHED FOR FEDERAL LAWS THAT SET A MINIMUM WAGE AND EIGHT HOUR WORK DAY

• CREATED THE FIRST WORKERS’ STRIKE FUND THAT WAS USED TO HELP SUPPORT FAMILIES WHO REFUSED TO WORK IN UNSAFE OR UFAIR CONDITIONS

CHANGES IN FAMILY LIFE

• PROGRESSIVES WANTED TO IMPROVE FAMILY LIFE – PUSHED FOR LAWS THAT COULD HELP MOTHERS KEEP FAMILIES HEALTHY AND SAFE

TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT – WAS LED BY THE WOMEN’S TEMPERANCE CHRISTIAN MOVEMENT

– PROMOTED THE PRACTICE OF NEVER DRINKING ALCOHOL – MEMBERS FELT IT LED MEN TO SPEND THEIR MONEY ON LIQUOR WHICH LED TO THE NEGLECT AND ABUSE OF THEIR FAMILIES

•TEMPERANCE MOVEMENT LED TO THE PASSAGE OF THE 18TH AMENDMENT WHICH OUTLAWED THE PRODUCTION AND SALE OF ALCOHOL

MARGARET SANGER

• THOUGHT THAT FAMILY LIFE AND WOMEN’S HEALTH WOULD IMPROVE IF MOTHERS HAD FEWER CHILDREN

MARGARET SANGER

• OPENED THE NATION’S FIRST BIRTH CONTROL CLINIC – WAS ARRESTED SEVERAL TIMES AND CONSIDERED A PUBLIC NUISANCE

MARGARET SANGER

• 1921 SHE FOUNDED THE AMERICAN BIRTH CONTROL LEAGUE TO MAKE THIS INFORMATIN AVAILABLE TO MORE WOMEN

IDA WELLS •HELPED FORM THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF COLORED WOMEN (NACW) WHICH:1.HELPED FAMILIES

STRIVE FOR SUCCESS AND TO ASSIST THOSE

WHO WERE LESS FORTUNATE

2.SET UP DAY-CARE CENTERS TO PROTECT

AND EDUCATE BLACK CHILDREN WHILE THEIR PARENTS WORKED

RIGHT TO VOTE

•BIGGEST GOAL OF PROGRESSIVE WOMEN WAS FOR SUFFRAGE – THE RIGHT TO VOTE

– THEY BELIEVED IT WAS THE ONLY WAY TO MAKE SURE THE GOVERNMENT WOULD: 1. PROTECT CHILDREN 2. FOSTER EDUCATION 3. SUPPORT FAMILY LIFE

CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT

• URGED WOMEN TO JOIN THE NATIONAL AMERICAN WOMAM SUFFRAGE ASSOCIATION (NAWSA) – IN WHICH SHE WAS THE PRESIDENT

CARRIE CHAPMAN CATT

• INTRODUCED A SOCIETY PLAN TO RECRUIT WEALTHY, WILL EDUCATED WOMEN AND THOSE FROM ALL LEVELS OF SOCIETY INCLUDING AFRICAN AMERICANS, MEXICAN AMERICANS AND JEWISH IMMIGRANTS

– CALLED SUFFRAGETTES

– TO PROMOTE SUFFRAGE IN THEIR AREAS

SOME WOMEN WORKED AGAINST SUFFRAGE:

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OPPOSED TO WOMAN SUFFRAGE (NAOWS)

– BELIEVED THE EFFORT TO WIN THE VOTE WOULD TAKE WOMEN’S ATTENTION AWAY FROM FAMILY AND VOLUNTEER WORK THAT WOULD BENEFIT SOCIETY

ALICE PAUL

• BELIEVED DRASTIC STEPS WERE NEEDED TO WIN THE VOTE - ORGANIZED WOMEN TO RECUIT OTHERS ACROSS THE NATION

ALICE PAUL• FORMED THE NATIONAL WOMAN’S PARTY (NWP) WHICH: 1. USED PUBLIC PROTEST MARCHES 2. BECAME THE FIRST GROUP TO MARCH WITH PICKET SIGNS OUTHISE THE WHITE HOUSE • HUNDREDS WERE ARRESTED AND SOME WENT ON HUNGER STRIKES UNTIL THEY WERE GIVEN THE RIGHT TO VOTE (PAGE 225)

• THE NWP ANGERED MANY PEOPLE INCLUDING OTHER SUFFRAGE GROUPS – THEY HELPED WITH THE RIGHT TO VOTE BECAUSE THEY MADE OTHER SUFFRAGE GROUPS LOOK GOOD IN COMPARISON – THE NWP WAS MORE RADICAL THAN OTHER GROUPS

NINETEENTH AMENDMENT

• 1917 – CARRI CATT AND FLORENCE KELLEY LED THE NAWSA TO SUPPORT THE WAR EFFORT

– ALONG WITH THE NWP THEIR EFFORTS LED TO LEGISLATORS TO SUPPORT THE AN AMENDMENT FOR WOMEN SUFFRAGE

NINETEENTH AMENDMENT

• JUNE 1919 – CONGRESS APPROVED THE NINETEENTH AMENDMENT

– WHICH STATED THAT THE RIGHT TO VOTE “SHALL NOT BE DENIED OR ABRIDGED ON ACCOUNT OF SEX”

NINETEENTH AMENDMENT

AUGUST 18, 1920

THE TENNESSEE STATE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES PASSED THE AMENDMENT BY ONE VOTE

– MAKING THE AMENDMENT OFFICIAL

NINETEENTH AMENDMENT ALICE PAUL AND CARRIE CATT BOTH CLAIMED RESPONSIBILITY FOR THE RATIFICATION OF THE AMENDMENT

BOTH GROUPS WERE RESPONSIBLE FOR THE RATIFICATION

NINETEENTH AMENDMENT

NOVEMBER 2, 1920

MILLIONS OF AMERICAN WOMEN VOTED FOR THE FIRST TIME IN A U.S. PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION