chapter 7 test review. 1. light colors that chlorophyll a absorbs: red and blue-violet colors that...
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CHAPTER 7 TEST REVIEW
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1. Light
• Colors that chlorophyll a absorbs:• Red and Blue-violet
• Colors that chlorophyll a reflects:• Green and blue• (Chlor b reflects green yellow)
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2. Photosynthesis EquationREDOX
reduction
oxidation
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3. LABELa = granum b = inner membrane to thylakoid diskc = thylakoid diskd = stroma
DNA
ribosomes
Stromal lamella
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4. Label
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5.
a. Porphyrin ring - captures light energy as a photoreceptor
b. Single and double bond - resonate the energy to localize electrons
c. Mg center – metals have strong attraction to electrons
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6.
• TWO POSSIBILITIES OF ENERGY FROM THE PHOTONS OF LIGHT HITTING CHLOROPHYLL:a. energized e- raised to a higher level falls back to its ground state and emits energy (as a color, heat)b. energized e- is passed to an electron acceptor• excited e- fate animation
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7. A-cuticleB-epidermisC-stomataD-Palisade layerE-bundle sheath layerF-spongy layer K G-xylem tubes (thicker)H-phloem tubes (smaller)I-air spaceJ-chloroplastK-mesophyll
I
J(dot)
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8. WATER
• How does water enter/exit a leaf?• Through the stoma in the underside of the leaf
and/ or via the water in the xylem
• Where is water found when it is split in the LDR?
• Thylakoid interior• (LUMEN)
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9.
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10. Also FdNR
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11.
• Photolysis – break-down of water by using light
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12.
• What two high-energy molecules are made in LDR to run LIR?
• ATP and NADPH
• Where are these molecules found after formed?
• Stroma
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13. CYCLIC PHOTOPHOSPHORYLATONIf NADPH is full the e- go back to Ctyb6 to Pc to PSI.
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13. Happens when NADPH is full
When NADPH is not fulllinear
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14.
• Where does oxygen come from that we breathe?
• Splitting of water
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15.
• What is the source of carbon for glucose?
• Carbon dioxide
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16. Where made?
• G3P - S• CO2 added
To RuBP with rubisco Enzyme
NADPH – Se- passedfrom FdNR to NADP+
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16. Where made?
• ATP – S• WHEN H+ ions pass through the ATP synthase
• Oxygen – L• splitting ofwater when light hits PSII
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16. Where Made?
• RuBisCO- S • In Calvin cycle, it is reused
e- excited by photons-TMPSI and PSII
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16. Where made?
• RuBP- S• In Calvin cycle
• NADP+ - oxidized -SAs e-/H+ lost to 3PGA
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17. What color is reflected?
• Xanthophyll• Yellow• Carotenoid • Orange• Chlorophyll a• Blue-green• Chlorophyll b• Yellow-green
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18.
• What are 3 products of the Calvin Cycle?• G3P• NADP+• ADP
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19.
• Name 3 products of the LDR:• ATP• NADPH• O2
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20. Label the Photosystem
700 in PSI680 In PSII
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21. Label the linear photophosphorylation (LDR)
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Linear PhotophosphorylationLDR (light dependent reaction)
LUMEN(thylakoid interior)
PS II
PqCytb6
Pc
PSI
e-
e-
FdNRFd
ATPSynthase
Out stomata
Thylakoid membrane
P680 P700
STROMA
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22.
• In carbon fixation of the Calvin Cycle, what enzyme combines CO2 with a 5-C molecule?
• ENZYME = RUBISCO• 5-C MOLECULE = RUBP
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23.
• The molecule (6-C from one CO2 + RUBP ) splits into two 3-carbon molecules :
• 3PGA
• Where found?• Stroma of chloroplast
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24.
• What is G3P used for after it leaves the Calvin cycle?
• Form glucose (two G3P = 1 glucose)• And other macromolecules (like glucose +
fructose = sucrose; glucose chain for starch)
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25.
• What molecule is regenerated in the Calvin cycle?(actually 2 are)
• Enzyme RuBisCO and RUBP (5-C molecule)
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26.
• What do excited e- cause to happen as they pass through Cytochrome b6?
• Pull H+ ions through the thylakoid membrane from stroma to thylakoid interior (by e- passing from hi to low energy thru Cytb6)
H+
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27.
• In the Calvin cycle what two molecules join with the enzyme rubisco?
• Carbon dioxide and RuBP
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28.
• How many CO2 molecules are needed to produce one glucose molecule?
• 6
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29.
• What is the strongest biological oxidizing (removing e-) agent known?
• P680
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30.
• What makes guard cells open and close?
• When the guard cells are turgid (full of water) they open. When they are flaccid/ plasmolyzed (low on water) they close.
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31. How many molecules needed in the Calvin cycle to make one glucose molecule?
• ATP• 18• CO2
• 6• NADPH• 12
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32.
• How many are made per one molecule of glucose in the Calvin Cycle?
• G3P• 2• ADP + P• 18• NADP+• 12
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33.
• What is formed at the end of each phase of the Calvin cycle?
FIXATION3PGA
REDUCTIONG3P
REGENERATIONRuBP
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34.
• What 3 things does water split into when a photon of light hits PSII?
• ½ O2
• 2 H• e-
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35.
• Which greenhouse gas has the most important effect on global warming?
• Carbon dioxide
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36.
• The banning of CFC’s was done because of what problem?
• Thinning of the ozone
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37.
• Why do the colors separate in the chromatography of spinach leaves?
• substances in a mixture have different degrees of solubility.
• Different densities of pigments (heavier ones stay closer to origin; lighter ones more farther up the paper)
• Solvents and pigments have different attraction (bonding) to each other and to the paper
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38. DEFINE
• Photoautotroph• An organism that uses light to make its own
food from inorganic substances
• Producers• Organisms that make their own food from
inorganic substances (ie., plants)
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38. DEFINE
• Carbon Fixation• Organisms that take inorganic substances (like
carbon dioxide) and turn it into organic substances (like 3PGA)
• Photon• Unit of light of varying wavelengths
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38. DEFINE
• Photophosphorylation• Using sunlight to form ATP from ADP
• Photoprotection• Pigments (usually carotenoids) that
protect the leaf from too many harmful UV rays
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38. DEFINE
• Fluorescence• the property of absorbing light of short
wavelength and emitting light of longer wavelength.
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EXTENDED RESPONSE• 1. What makes chlorophyll so unique (3
things) of its structure and function. Draw. Where in chloroplast and use phorphyrin.
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• 1. porphyrin – ringed structure acts like a mitt to catch photons and pass them to an electron acceptor instead of losing them.
• Mg center to act as a strong e- acceptor• Alternating double and single bonds resonate
the e- back and forth to capture them.• Found in the inner membrane of the
thylakoid disk. (PSII or PSI)
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EXTENDED RESPONSE
• 2. Compare and contrast PSII and PSI.• ALIKE: both capture photons and pass high
energy electrons to electron carriers.• Both contain chlorophyll molecules.
• DIFFERENT: PSII contains Chlor a of 680 nm and PSI contains Chlor b of 700 nm.
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• 2. PSII receives e- replacement from split water when photons hit it and sends e- to Pq
• PSI receives low energy e- from Pc and then to FdNR when excited
• PSII is found first and PSI is found later in the thylakoid membrane of linear photophosphorylation
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EXTENDED RESPONSE• 3. Compare chemiosmosis and ETC in
mitochondrion and chloroplasts.
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Mitochondrion Chloroplasts• a. e- come from NADH
• b. e- get high potential energy from NADH (full electron carrier)
• c. e- get picked up at the end of the chain by the final e- acceptor: OXYGEN
d. Electrons passed from NADH and FADH2 down ETC, and H+ ions cross inner membrane of the mitochondrion to make ATP as the ATP Synthase turns
• e- come from split water
-Get high energy from photons from light
-e- get picked up by FdNR and then passed to NADPH
-Electrons passed down ETC and cause H+ ions to cross into the thylakoid interior and form ATP at the ATP Synthase
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EXTENDED RESPONSE
• 4. How has the atmosphere changed?• The overuse of carbon dioxide from fossil fuel
emissions has cause an increase in the temperature of the earth’s atmosphere (global warming).
• The overuse of products that contained CFC’s caused a depletion of the ozone (O3 protective layer), especially over the Antarctic. The use of refrigerants, styrofoam, aerosal sprays and solvents.
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• The Montreal Treaty was placed into use 1989 to ban the use of substances that contained CFC’s. This is been reducing the hole in the ozone.
• Reducing the burning of fossil fuels such as automobiles, factories, and aircraft can reduce the global warming AND BAN CFC’s to increase ozone layer.