chapter 7 - quality of groundwater
TRANSCRIPT
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TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN
FAKULTAS TEKNIK
UNIVERSITAS HASANUDDIN
GOWA
2014
HIDROGEOLOGI
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KELOMPOK 1
1. Muhammad Hanif Patiroi D62113001
2. Ksatria Surahmat Rauf D62113005
3. Erwin Suhendar D62113010
4. Yuni Wulan Agriani D62113014
5. Abdurrahman Jauhari D62113018
6. Rahma Kasna D62113303
7. Sriwijaya Sahap D621133078. Reifan Fahrisyah D62113313
9. Chairul Wahyu Adha D62113317
10.Zeth A Nehemia Taime D62113701
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KUALITAS AIRTANAH
(QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER)
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Kualitas
Airtanah
Quality of
Groundwater)
1. Sumber Salinitas (Sources of Salinity )
2. Pengukuran Kualitas Air (Measures of Water Quality )
3. Analisis Kimia (Chemical Analysis )
4. Representasi Grafik (Graphic Representations )
5. Analisis Fisik (Physical Analysis )
6. Analisis Biologi (Biological Analysis )
7. Sampel Airtanah(Groundwater Samples )
8. Kriteria Kualitas Airtanah (Water Quality Criteria )
9. Perubahan Komposisi Kimia (Changes in Chemical
Composition )
10. Gas-Gas Terlarut (Dissolved Gases )
11. Suhu (Temperature )
12. Airtanah yang Mengandung Garam (Saline Groundwater )
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Sumber Salinitas
(Sources of Salinity)
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Salinitas adalah tingkat keasinan atau kadar garamyang terlarut dalam air atau Salinitas adalah banyaknya
zat yang terlarut. Zat yang terlarut ini meliputi garam-
garam anorganik, senyawa-senyawa organik yang berasal
dari organisme hidup dan gas-gas terlarut.
Salinitas
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Siklus geokimia air permukaan dan air tanah.
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Unsur Kimia yang ditemukan dalam Air Tanah.
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Pengukuran Kualitas Air
(Measures of Water Quality)
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Pengukuran Kualitas Air
Kimia
• ph
• konduktasilistrik
Fisik
• Suhu
• Warna
• Kekeruhan
• Bau
• Rasa
Biologi
• Bakteri
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Analisis Kimia
(Chemical Analysis)
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Konsentrasi ion yang umum ditemukan di tanahdilaporkan dalam satuan unit berat per volume (mg / l).
Total konsentrasi ion (atau total padatan terlarut) juga
dilaporkan dengan cara yang sama.
Konsentrasi Berat
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Dengan mengetahui konsentrasi ion berat setara,rasio dapat segera ditentukan karena satu berat setara
kation persis akan menggabungkan dengan satu berat
setara anion. Gabungan berat ion sama dengan berat
formula dibagi dengan muatannya.
Kesetaraan Kimia
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Sebuah penentuan cepat total padatan terlarut
dapat dilakukan dengan mengukur konduktansi listrik darisampel air tanah. Konduktansi listrik spesifik
mendefinisikan konduktansi dari satu sentimeter kubik air
pada suhu standar 25⁰C, kenaikan 1⁰C meningkatkan
konduktansi sekitar 2 persen.Konduktansi spesifik diukur dalam mikrosiemen /
cm (µS/cm).
Total Padatan Terlarut dengan Konduktansi Listrik
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Kekerasan dari kehadiran kation logam divalen,
yaitu kalsium dan magnesium yang paling melimpah ditanah. Ion-ion ini bereaksi dengan sabun membentuk
endapan. Karena tindakan logam-logam ini yang bereaksi
dengan sabun merugikan, maka proses pelunakan air
untuk menghilangkan kekerasan diperlukan.Air keras cenderung berasal di daerah di mana tebal
formasihumus berada di atas batu kapur.
Kekerasan
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Kekerasan HT lazim dinyatakan sebagai setara
dengan kalsium karbonat. Dengan demikian,
Kekerasan
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Representasi Grafik
(Graphic Representations)
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Analisis kualitas air tanahmenggunakan grafik bar
vertikal
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Analisis kualitas air tanah
menggunakan diagram vektor
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Analisis kualitas air tanah
menggunakan diagram pola
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Analisis kualitas air tanahmenggunakan diagram
bundar
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Analisis kualitas air tanahmenggunakan diagram
trilinier
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Analisis kualitas air tanahmenggunakan diagram semi-
logalitmik schoeller
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Analisis Fisik
(Physical Analysis)
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Analisis Biologi
(Biological Analysis)
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Analisis bakteriologi penting untuk mendeteksi pencemaran biologis
pada air tanah. Untuk melakukan analisis biologi pada air tanah harus dilakukan
di laboratorium. Tes ini dilakukan untuk menentukan kualitas standar biasanya
untuk keamanan air minum.
Analisis Biologi
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Karena jumlah mikroorganisme yang begitu banyak di sekitar kita,
penentuan jumlah angka mikroorganisme sangat penting dilakukan untuk
menetapkan keamanan suatu sediaan makanan dan minuman. Adapun berbagai
metode telah dikembangkan untuk menghitung jumlah mikroorganisme. Salahsatunya, Analisis kuantitatif mikrobiologi pada air minum untuk mengetahui mutu
air minum tersebut. Maka untuk menghitung atau mengukur jumlah jasad renik
dalam suatu suspensi, salah satunya adalah dengan cara pemeriksaan adanya
bakteri Coliform pada minuman dengan metode MPN (Most Probable Number).
Tipical uji MPN terdiri dari lima tabung masing-masing dari tiga volume
(misalnya 10, 1, dan 0,1 ml)
MPN ( Most Probable Number )
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Kombinasi tabung positif yang didapat adalah 3 tabung positif dari
pengenceran 1/10, 2 tabung positif dari pengenceran 1/100 dan 1 tabungpositif dari pengenceran 1/1000. Angka MPN yang dihasilkan setelah
dicocokkan dengan tabel adalah 150 MPN/g.
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Sampel Airtanah
(Groundwater Samples)
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Sampel Airtanah
Alat yang digunakanCara pengambilan sampel
airtanah
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Kriteria Kualitas Airtanah
(Water Quality Criteria)
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Kriteria Kualitas Air
(Water Quality Criteria)
Konsumsi Langsung
(Air Minum)
Kebutuhan
Industri
Kebutuhan
Irigasi
ph, warna air,
kekeruhan, rasa, bau,
kandungan garam,
logam, senyawa
organik terlarut,
mikroorganisme
Salinitas, kekerasan,
silika
Kandungan garam
dalam air
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Perubahan Komposisi
Kimia
(Changes in Chemical Composition)
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Seperti air tanah bergerak di bawah tanah cenderung untuk
mengembangkan keseimbangan kimia dengan reaksi kimia dengan efek
lingkungannya. beberapa kesetimbangan dalam air tanah memiliki aplikasi
penting misalnya, mengisi ulang buatan, pergerakan polutan, dan penyumbatansumur.
Curah hujan kimia dapat menghilangkan ion dalam larutan dengan
membentuk senyawa larut. Pengendapan kalsium karbonat dan pelepasan
karbon dioksida terlarut mungkin akibat dari penurunan tekanan dan / ataupeningkatan suhu. Zat besi dalam larutan mengoksidasi pada paparan udara dan
disimpan sebagai hidroksida besi.
Perubahan Komposisi Kimia
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Diagram Klasifikasi dari
Air Irigasi(Diagram for Classification
of Irrigation Waters)
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Klasifikasi Kualitas dari Air Irigasi
(Quality Classification of Water Irrigation)
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Salt distribusi di bawah katun alur-irigasi untuk tanah awalnya salinized 0,2
persen garam (3100 mikrodetik / cm) dan irigasi dengan air salinitas media.
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Peningkatan yang ditandai dalam salinitas selama musim dingin dihasilkan dari
pengendapan, tetapi juga selektif berkonsentrasi kandungan mineral dalam air
tanah dicairkan
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Gas-Gas Terlarut
(Dissolved Gases)
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Gas-gas Terlarut
• Karbon dioksida (2)
• Oksigen (2)
• Nitrogen (2)
Siklus Geokimia
• Hidrogen Sulfida (2)
• Metana (4)
Siklus Biokimia
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Suhu
(Temperature)
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Berdasarkan keputusan Menteri Kesehatan
Republik Indonesia Nomor 907/Menkes/SKVII/2002
tentang standar baku mutu air tanah yang dapat
dikonsumsi, dimana suhu air tanah yang layak dikonsumsi
adalah±
3°C.
Suhu
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Suhu pada air tanah dapat diukur dengan
menggunakan metode termometri menggunakan
termometer. Dimana sampel air tanah yang telah diambil
dapat langsung diukur suhunya di lokasi pengambilan
sampel maupun di laboratorium saat dilakukan analisis
terhadap sampel.
Suhu
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Peningkatan suhu mengakibatkan peningkatan
viskositas, reaksi kimia, evaporasi, volatilisasi, serta
menyebabkan penurunan kelarutan gas dalam air (gas O2,
CO2, N2, CH4, dan sebagainya) (Haslam, 1995)
Suhu
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Airtanah yang
Mengandung Garam
(Saline Groundwater)
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Air garam adalah air yang mengandung konsentrasi signifikan dari garam
terlarut (terutama NaCl) dan umumnya dikenal sebagai air garam. Konsentrasi
garam biasanya dinyatakan dalam bagian per seribu (per mil, ‰) atau bagian per
juta (ppm). The United States Geological Survey mengklasifikasikan air garamdalam tiga kategori salinitas. Konsentrasi garam dalam air sedikit garam sekitar
1.000 sampai 3.000 ppm (0,1-0,3%), dalam air garam cukup 3.000 sampai 10.000
ppm (0,3-1%) dan dalam air yang sangat asin 10.000 ke 35.000 ppm (1-3,5%). Air
laut memiliki salinitas sekitar 35.000 ppm, setara dengan 35 gram garam per satu
liter (atau kilogram) air. Tingkat kejenuhan tergantung pada suhu air. Pada 20 ° Csalah satu mililiter air dapat melarutkan sekitar 0.357 gram garam; konsentrasi
35,7%. Pada mendidih (100 ° C) jumlah yang bisa dilarutkan dalam satu mililiter
air meningkat menjadi sekitar 0,391 gram atau larutan garam 39,1%.
Air Garam
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DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Todd, David Keith. 1980. Groundwater Hydrology Second
Edition. Canada : John Wiley and Sons
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SEKIAN
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