Occipital

Foramen magnum

(1) base of skull; back of cranium

opening for the spinal cord

Anatomy Name:________________________ Entry #: ________________

CHAPTER 7, PART II (BONES)

INSTRUCTIONS: 1) READ Chapter 7, pg. 140-161. 2) Using the outline, make a note card for each underlined bone name or phrase. 3) On each note card, put the name of the bone on one side & the

number (in parenthesis) and the location or description on the other side.

4) For each italicized word, write the word on the bottom right corner of the card for the bone it is part of (side with bone name) & the information on back of card in bottom right corner.

5) Look up the diagrams of each bone in the text book as you make your cards and LEARN the bone locations.

Front of Card Back of card I. Axial skeleton – 80 bones; bones of the skull, vertebral column & thoracic cage A. Skull (28) 1. Cranium (brain case) – flat bones; house and protect the brain a. Frontal bone (1) – forehead and upper portion of each eye orbit b. Occipital bone (1) – base of skull; back of cranium 1. foramen magnum – opening for the spinal cord c. Parietal bone (2) – form roof of cranium; part of sides and top of cranium d. Sphenoid (1) – central bone of the skull that forms part of anterior of cranium; forms part of the eye orbit; has a central part with two “wings” 1. sella turcica – fossa for the pituitary gland

e. Ethmoid (1) – located in front of the sphenoid bone; forms upper nasal region and helps to form nasal septum

f. Temporal (2) – sides and base of cranium; located around ears 1. external auditory meatus – opening to ear 2. temporal process – extension of bone toward anterior; meets with zygomatic process to form zygomatic arch 3. middle and inner ears are in the temporal bones

Page 2 Notes on Chapter 7, Part II 2. Facial bones (13) – protect and support the mouth, nose, eyes, and ears a. zygomatic bones (2) – cheek bones; have processes that join temporal bone 1. zygomatic process – extension of bone toward posterior; meets with temporal process to form zygomatic arch 2. zygomatic arch – combination of temporal & zygomatic processes

b. maxillary or maxilla (2) – upper jaw bones; join to form hard palate of roof of mouth

c. vomer (1) – forms septum of nasal cavity with ethmoid bone d. inferior nasal conchae (2) – scroll-like, delicate bones that form the lateral

walls of the nasal cavity e. lacrimal bones (2) – scale-like bone on the medial wall of each orbit

between the ethmoid & maxilla; smallest bones of the face; has opening for tear ducts

f. mandible (1) – lower jaw; only movable bone of the skull g. nasal bones (2) – long, thin, rectangular bones that make up the bridge of the

nose h. palatine (2) – make up part of hard palate; L-shaped bones located behind

the maxillae 3. Other bones of the skull

a. ossicles (6) – three bones of each middle ear; smallest bones of the skeleton b. hyoid bone (1) – in the neck above the larynx; attachment for muscles of the tongue B. Vertebral column – 26 bones held together by cartilage and ligaments; provides flexibility and support for the trunk and protects the spinal cord

1. Development a. begins as 33 separate bones; the sacral and coccygeal vertebrae fuse b. sacral and thoracic curves are present at birth; curve posteriorly c. cervical curve – appears when a baby sits up and holds head erect; curves anteriorly

d. lumbar curve – appears when a baby begins to walk; curves anteriorly 2. Divisions

a. Cervical (7) – vertebrae of the neck; have large foramen and small body 1. atlas (1) – 1st cervical vertebra; has no body; supports the skull 2. axis (1) – 2nd cervical vertebra; forms a pivot around which the atlas rotates

b. Thoracic (12) – vertebrae of the chest; have areas for attachment of ribs c. Lumbar (5) – vertebrae of lower back; have largest bodies because they

receive most of the body’s weight d. Sacrum (fusion of 5 vertebrae) – triangular structure that forms the base of

the vertebral column e. Coccyx (fusion of 4 vertebrae) – tip/tail of vertebral column

Page 3 Notes on Chapter 7, Part II

3. Numbers of vertebrae Cervical 7 Thoracic 12 Lumbar 5 Sacral 1 (5 before fusion) Coccyx 1 (4 before fusion) (DO NOT MAKE A CARD) Total 26 (33 before fusion) 4. Structure of vertebra

a. body – solid part; weight-bearing portion of vertebrae b. vertebral foramen – for attachment of ligaments & muscles of the back c. spinous process – for attachment of ligaments & muscles of the back d. transverse processes – on either side for attachment of muscles e. articular processes – form joints connecting the vertebrae C. Sternum and Ribs – make up the thoracic cage 1. Sternum – breastbone; flat, elongated bone at the midline of the anterior portion of the thoracic cage; has three parts.

a. manubrium – upper body; articulates with clavicles b. body – central part; weight-bearing portion c. xiphoid process – cartilaginous tip

2. Ribs – 12 pairs attached to thoracic vertebrae a. true ribs – (7 pr) – direct cartilage connections with sternum b. false ribs – (3 pr) – indirect attachment to sternum; join 7th rib c. floating ribs – (2 pr) – no connection to sternum II. Appendicular Skeleton – 126 bones

A. Shoulder/Pectoral Girdle – provides for the attachment of muscles which bind the arms to the trunk and permit their free movement; made of scapula & clavicles 1. Scapula (2) – shoulder blade; broad, triangular bones on either side of upper back

a. spine – ridge on shoulder blades that divides posterior into unequal parts b. acromion process – flattened projection that overhangs the shoulder joint;

attachment site for muscles of upper limbs and chest c. glenoid fossa (cavity) – rounded concave fossa into which the head of the

humerus fits d. coracoid process – projects forward toward the clavicle; for attachment of

muscles and ligaments of upper limbs and chest 2. Clavicles (2) – collar bones; slender, rod-like bones with elongated S-shapes;

articulate with manubrium of sternum and scapulae; attachment for muscles B. Arm (upper limb)

1. humerus (2) – long bone of upper arm; extends from scapula to elbow a. olecranon fossa – depression on surface of the humerus for the ulna

Page 4 Notes on Chapter 7, Part II

2. ulna(2) – longer bone along back of forearm; on side of the hand with the little finger; overlaps with the humerus a. olecranon process – projection on upper end of ulna; articulates with humerus at olecranon fossa 3. radius (2) – rotates over the ulna in lower arm; on side of hand with thumb 4. carpals (16) – rock-like bones of wrist; 8 in each wrist 5. metacarpals (10) – form the framework of the palms; 5 in each hand 6. phalanges (28) – bones of the fingers and thumbs; 14 bones in each hand;

each of the 4 fingers has 3 phalanges and the thumb has 2 phalanges C. Pelvic girdle – composed of two large coxal bones joined to each other anteriorly

and with the sacrum posteriorly; sacrum, coccyx, and pelvic girdle form bowl- shaped pelvis 1. ilium – large, upper portion of hip; flares outward forming prominence of hip a. iliac crest – prominent ridge of ilium; margin of coxal prominence 2. ischium – posterior portion of pelvis; L-shaped 3. pubis (pubic bone) – the most anterior portion of the pelvis D. Leg 1. femur (2) – thigh bone; longest bone in the body 2. tibia (2) – shin; bigger bone of the lower leg 3. fibula (2) – long, slender bone on lateral side of the tibia 4. patella (2) – kneecap; develops in tendon of front thigh muscle 5. tarsal bones (14) – 6 rock-like bones in each ankle a. talus – broad-topped tarsal bone for articulation with bones of lower leg b. calcaneus – heel bone; supports weight of body & is an attachment for muscles of the calf 6. metatarsal bones (10) – form the framework of the instep; 5 in each foot 7. phalanges (28) – 14 toe bones in each foot

Anatomy Name:______________________________ Entry #: _________________

CHAPTER 7, PART II (BONES) I. Axial skeleton – _______________________________________________________ A. Skull ( ) 1. Cranium ( ) – ____________________________________________ a. Frontal bone ( ) – ______________________________________________ b. Occipital bone ( ) – _____________________________________________ 1. foramen magnum – __________________________________________ c. Parietal bone ( ) – ______________________________________________ d. Sphenoid ( ) – _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 1. sella turcica – ______________________________________________

e. Ethmoid ( ) – _________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

f. Temporal ( ) – ________________________________________________ 1. external auditory meatus – ____________________________________ 2. temporal process – ___________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. ___________________________________________________________

2. Facial bones ( ) – __________________________________________________ a. zygomatic bones ( ) – ___________________________________________ 1. zygomatic process – __________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________ 2. zygomatic arch – ____________________________________________

b. maxillary or maxilla ( ) – _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

c. vomer ( ) – ____________________________________________________ d. inferior nasal conchae ( ) – _______________________________________

_____________________________________________________________ e. lacrimal bones ( ) – _____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

f. mandible ( ) – _________________________________________________ g. nasal bones ( ) – ________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ h. palatine ( ) – ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ 3. Other bones of the skull

a. ossicles ( ) – ___________________________________________________ b. hyoid bone ( ) – ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ B. Vertebral column – __________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

1. Development

a. ______________________________________________________________ b. sacral and thoracic curves – _______________________________________ c. cervical curve – ________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

d. lumbar curve – _________________________________________________ 2. Divisions

a. Cervical ( ) – ___________________________________________________ 1. atlas ( ) – ___________________________________________________ 2. axis ( ) – ___________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

b. Thoracic ( ) – _________________________________________________ c. Lumbar ( ) – __________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ d. Sacrum ( ) – ___________________________________

______________________________________________________________ e. Coccyx ( ) – ___________________________________

3. Numbers of vertebrae Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral ( ) Coccyx ( ) Total ( ) 4. Structure of vertebra

a. body – _______________________________________________________ b. vertebral foramen – ____________________________________________ c. spinous process – ______________________________________________ d. transverse processes – __________________________________________ e. articular processes – ____________________________________________ C. Sternum and Ribs – _________________________________________________ 1. Sternum – ______________________________________________________ . ________________________________________________________________

a. manubrium – _________________________________________________ b. body – _______________________________________________________ c. xiphoid process – ______________________________________________

2. Ribs – _________________________________________________________ a. true ribs – ( prs) – ____________________________________________ b. false ribs – ( prs) – ____________________________________________ c. floating ribs – ( prs) – _________________________________________ II. Appendicular Skeleton – _______________________________________________

A. Shoulder/Pectoral Girdle – __________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ 1. Scapula ( ) – ____________________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

a. spine – ______________________________________________________ b. acromion process – ____________________________________________ c. glenoid fossa (cavity) – _________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ d. coracoid process – ____________________________________________

____________________________________________________________ 2. Clavicles ( ) – __________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ B. Arm (____________)

1. humerus ( ) – ___________________________________________________ a. olecranon fossa – ______________________________________________ 2. ulna( ) – _______________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ a. olecranon process – ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 3. radius ( ) – ____________________________________________________ 4. carpals ( ) – ___________________________________________________ 5. metacarpals ( ) – _______________________________________________ 6. phalanges ( ) – _________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________ C. Pelvic girdle – _____________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. ilium – _________________________________________________________

a. iliac crest – ___________________________________________________ 2. ischium – ______________________________________________________ 3. pubis (pubic bone) – _____________________________________________ D. Leg (_____________) 1. femur ( ) – _____________________________________________________ 2. tibia ( ) – _______________________________________________________ 3. fibula ( ) – ______________________________________________________ 4. patella ( ) – _____________________________________________________ 5. tarsal bones ( ) – ________________________________________________ a. talus – _______________________________________________________ b. calcaneus – __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 6. metatarsal bones ( ) – ____________________________________________ 7. phalanges ( ) – __________________________________________________