Chapter 7

Memory

Which Ones are the Dwarfs?

Grouchy Gabby Fearful SleepySmiley Jumpy Hopeful Shy

Droopy Dopey Sniffy WishfulPuffy Dumpy Sneezy LazyPop

Grumpy Bashful Cheerful Teach

Shorty Nifty Happy Doc

Wheezy Stubby

Memory

Recalling prior experiences, information, and skills learned in the past

Three Kinds of Memory

1) Episodic Memory – Memory of a specific event • Flashbulb Memories – Memories so important its as if we have taken a picture of it (9/11) 2) Semantic Memory – General knowledge that we remember (George Washington was 1st president)*All of the above are explicit memories * (Things clearly stated or explained – specific info.)

3) Implicit Memory

Skills and procedures we have learned

Ex – Swimming or Riding a Bike

Three Processes of Memory (1)

1) Encoding – Translation of Information into a form in which it can be stored

• Visual Codes – If you try to see information as a picture • Acoustic Codes – If you try to remember as a sequence of sounds • Semantic Codes – Attempting to make sense or give meaning to information

Three Processes of Memory (2)

2 ) Storage – Maintenance of encoded information over a period of time • Maintenance Rehearsal – Repeating information over and over again to keep from forgetting it EX - Actors • Elaborative Rehearsal – Making new information meaningful by relating it to stuff you already know (Makes it more effective)

Three Processes of Memory (2) cont…

Organizational Systems – organizing information into “files” or “folders” in our head

Filing Errors – “Filing” information incorrectly

EX – Thinking that someone sings a song

when they don’t

Three Processes of Memory (3)

3) Retrieval – Locating stored info and returning it to conscious thought • Context-Dependent Memory – Memories that come back because you are in a certain place • State-Dependent Memory – Memories recalled when you re-create the mood in which they were encoded • On The Tip of Tongue – You are sure you know something, you just can’t say it (Use semantic or acoustic cues to try and get it)

The importance of organizing info storage and retrieval

Write the 12 months of the year as quickly as possible. (Timed)

How did you listed them? Put away that sheet and get out another Quickly write down the 12 months in

alphabetical order

Check Up/Write on half sheet

Describe 3 kinds of memories. Explain what flashbulb memories are. Write down 3 kinds of memory you have

learned about so far. Next to each, give an example of how you have used that type of memory recently.

How Does Your Memory Work?

https://youtu.be/pxVb6M8UPTQ?list=PLTZXElWuSBx0jaPyoQuQW_nV0izgpzigg

Warm up 3/31/15

When was the last time you had a tip-of-the-tongue experience?

Explain what you did to try to retrieve it

Three Stages of Memory (1)

1) Sensory Memory – 1st Stage of Memory Immediate, initial recording of memory (it only lasts a short time) • Iconic Memory – VERY short, accurate photographic memories (Brief…< 1 sec) • Eidetic Imagery – What we think of as photographic memory (For a Period of Time) • Echoic Memory – Traces of sound held for several seconds…why acoustic codes are easier to remember

Three Stages of Memory (2)

2) Short-Term Memory (STM) – AKA “Working Memory” – When you are thinking about something (long enough to use - # from the phonebook)

• The Primacy and Recency Effects – Its easier to remember the first and last items of a sequence • Primacy Effect – Ability to recall the initial items in a sequence • Recency Effect – Ability to recall the last items in a sequence

Three Stages of Memory (2)

Chunking – Organization of items into

familiar/manageable units Interference – When new info takes place of

what is already there

• Most people can hold SEVEN items of

information (Because STM is like a shelf)

Three Stages of Memory (3)

3) Long-Term Memory (LTM) – You have to take steps to move it from STM → LTM

(Things like Maintenance Rehearsal and

Elaborative Rehearsal)

• Capacity of Memory – No limit to how

much we can remember (Limited only by

attention we pay to things)

Three Stages of Memory (3)

Memory as Reconstructive – Not recorded and played back, but reconstructed from small pieces (Why 2 people can have completely different memories of the same event)

Schemas – Mental framework that helps us organize/interpret information that we get– Influences how we perceive things and the

ways our memories store what we perceive

Basic Memory tasks…

1. To Recall

2. To Recognize

3. To Relearn

How Does Your Memory Work?

https://youtu.be/pxVb6M8UPTQ?list=PLTZXElWuSBx0jaPyoQuQW_nV0izgpzigg

Parts 3 + 4

Case study

Take 20 min to read “Can we trust eyewitness testimony” and answer the think about it question. Be ready to share

Group work

In groups of at least 2 but no more than four………

Case Study and Questions

Forgetting and Memory Improvement

Basic Memory Tasks • Recognition – Identifying objects/events that have been encountered before (This is why multiple choice tests are easier – you just recognize the answer) • Recall – To bring information back to mind • Relearning – Learning material a second time (Usually occurs faster than the 1st)

4/2/15

Only 2 days to go………..

“Intelligence is inherited and cannot be changed no matter how hard you try”. Prepare an argument that emphasizes nurture as an element of intelligence.

Different Kinds of Forgetting

Decay – Fading away of a memory

(Decay and Interference are types of short term memory loss)

Repression

An idea from Freud that we push information out of our consciousness because it is painful or unpleasant

– Ex. You forgot to go to the dentist on purpose; b/c you know its unpleasant, painful, not fun

Amnesia

Severe memory loss caused by brain injury, shock, fatigue and illness

• Infantile Amnesia – Forgetting of events before you were 3…has nothing to do with age WHY?? 1. Brain pathways aren’t complete 2. Hippocampus (Which stores memories) isn’t complete 3. Not interested in making memories 4. Information isn’t made meaningful, so its lost

Amnesia

Anterograde Amnesia – Prevents a person from making new memories (Typically from brain damage)

Retrograde Amnesia – Forgetting the time period before the trauma

Improving Memory (1)

Drill and Practice – Over and Over Again Relate To Things You Already Know – You

have to think more deeply to do this so you remember

Form Unusual Associations – Sticks out in your mind

Improving Memory (2)

Construct Links – Peso – People pay with money Use Mnemonic Devices – Systems for

remembering information (Acronym, Jingle, Phrase, etc…)

EX – ROY G. BIV

Loci Method- Using a familiar path and landmarks, you associate information with each stop