chapter 7: cell structure and function. chapter 7 – the cell – iq # 1 1.what century did the use...
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CHAPTER 7:
CELL STRUCTURE AND
FUNCTION
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Chapter 7 – The Cell – IQ # 1
1. What century did the use of the microscope begin (p. 169)?
2. What does cell theory state? Summarize in your own words (p. 170).
3. Define Prokaryote and Eukaryote, what are the example organisms that are associated with each type (p. 173)?
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7-1 Life Is CellularA. The Discovery of the Cell
1. Early Microscopes • Robert Hooke-
• Anton van Leeuwenhoek-
2. The Cell Theory• Mathias Schleiden-
• Theodor Schwann-
• Rudolf Virchow-
Used compound microscope to look at a slice of cork
Observed tiny living things in pond water
Concluded all plants are made of cells
Stated all animals are made of cells
Concluded new cells come from existing cells
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Cell Theory:
• All living things are composed of _____
• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things
• New cells are produced from ____________
cells
Existing cells
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Where does the mold come from?
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Exploring the Cell
B. Exploring the Cell1. Electron Microscope (TEM & SEM) -Specimen placed in a vacuumhttp://www.mos.org/sln/sem/
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Scanning Electron Microscope Mosquito Head Old, Used Mascara Brush
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B. Exploring the Cell1. Electron Microscope (TEM & SEM) -Specimen placed in a vacuumhttp://www.mos.org/sln/sem/
2. Scanning Probe Microscope -1990 development of fine probe microscope -operates in _______________ -can even show samples in solution
ordinary air
Exploring the Cell
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• The light microscope enables us to see the overall shape and structure of a cell
Microscopes
Figure 4.1A
Image seen by viewer
Eyepiece
Ocularlens
Objective lens
Specimen
Condenser lens
Light source
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C. Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes• cells vary in size from _________________-
___________________• Viruses are not cells
0.2 micrometers1000 micrometers
Cell membrane
Cell membrane
CytoplasmNucleus
Organelles
Cytoplasm
Eukaryotic cellProkaryotic cell
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Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic cell
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Prokaryotes Common to Both Eukaryotes pro=__________
karyote= kernel (nucleus)
generally smaller less complicated Single Celled no
Kingdom • Monera - Eubacteria (Bacteria)
before
Membrane bound organelles
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Bacteria Cells
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Prokaryotes Common to Both Eukaryotes Pro= before
karyote= kernel (nucleus)
generally smaller less complicated Single Celled no
Membrane Bound Organelles
Kingdom • Monera - Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Archaea (catch all for single celled
organisms)
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Archaea
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Prokaryotes Common to Both Eukaryotes pro=__________
karyote= kernel (nucleus)
generally smaller less complicated Single Celled no
Kingdom • Monera - Eubacteria (Bacteria)
Archaea (catch all for single celled
organisms)
contain __________
___________
Eu= ___________
Karyote=kernel (nucleus)
Generally larger Contain
membrane bound organelles (“little organs”)
Ex:
before true
Membrane bound organelles
Plants, animals, fungi, and protists
DNA
Cell membrane
Ribosomes
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Fungi
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Protists
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Eukaryotic Cell vs. Prokaryotic cell
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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membraneContain DNARibosomes
NucleusOrganelles:Endoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatusLysosomesVacuolesMitochondriaCytoskeleton
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
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Monday Night Homework
• Happy Halloween!!
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IQ # 2 – 7.1 Review• How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? How are they
the same? • What are the three parts of Cell Theory?• Matching
1. Plants2. Archaea3. Animals4. Fungi5. Bacteria6. Protists
A. ProkaryoticB. Eukaryotic
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Announcements• Make-Up Day
– TOMORROW – Wednesday Nov 2– Lunch – Quizzes
• Josh H – Quiz 6• Ryan C – Quiz 2
– After School or 6th Period – Exams• Breanna R – Test # 4
• Extra Credit– TOMORROW – Wednesday Nov 2– Work on Sections 7.1-7.2 in Workbook
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Microscope Lab
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Microscopes Image seen by viewer
Eyepiece
Ocular lens
Objective lens
Specimen
Condenser lens
Light source
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Tuesday Night Homework
• Due November 2– Section Assessment 7.1
• Pg. 173• Questions 1-5
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IQ # 31. What differences between Plant and Animal cells do you
see (p. 175)?2. What is the structure of the nucleus? What is held inside
the nucleus (P. 176)?3. What do Ribosomes do? Where can you find Ribosomes
(p. 177)?4. What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do? How many
types of E.R. are there? How do they differ in function (p. 177-178)?
5. What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus? What are its functions (p. 178)?
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Agenda• Review Prokaryotes v. Eukaryotes
– Khan Academy Video ~ 15 Minutes– Bacteria – Intro to Bacteria
• Begin Cell Organelles Lecture– Nucleus– Ribosomes– E.R.– Golgi Apparatus
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CA State Science Standards1. The fundamental life processes of plants and animals depend on a variety of chemical
reactions that occur in specialized areas of the organism’s cells. As a basis for understanding this concept:
E. Students know the role of the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus in the secretion of proteins.
F. Students know usable energy is captured from sunlight by chloroplasts and is stored through the synthesis of sugar from carbon dioxide.
G. Students know the role of the mitochondria in making stored chemical-bond energy available to cells by completing the breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide.
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Bacteria – An Introduction
• Khan Academy• http://
www.khanacademy.org/video/bacteria?playlist=Biology
• HANDOUT
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Nucleus• “Control Center for the Cell”• Contains DNA• Nuclear Envelope
– 2 membranes– Pores
• Chromatin or Chromosomes• Nucleolus
– Ribosome Synthesis
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Chromatin
Nucleolus
Pore
NUCLEUS
Two membranesof nuclearenvelope
ROUGHENDOPLASMICRETICULUM
Ribosomes
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Ribosomes• “Producer of the Proteins”• Small pieces of RNA • Found throughout the cytoplasm• 2 subunits• Free Ribosomes
– In Cystol (Cytoplasm) – For use in the Cell
• Bound Ribosomes– In Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) – For use in membranes, organelles, or export
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Endoplasmic Reticulum - E.R.• “Maker of Exports”• Lipids for Cell Membrane created• Proteins and Other Materials Exported• Smooth E.R.
– Contain enzymes– Detoxification (Lots of Smooth E.R. in Liver Cells)
• Rough E.R.– Rough part is Ribosomes on surface of E.R.– Portion involved in protein synthesis
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SMOOTH ER
ROUGHER
Nuclearenvelope
Ribosomes
SMOOTH ER ROUGH ER
Figure 4.9
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Golgi Apparatus• “Exporter”• Stacks of sacks• Golgi modifys, sorts, packages proteins (and
other material) from the E.R. for – Storage– Secretion
• In high density in cells that secrete a lot– Salivary Glands– Pancreas
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Wenesday Night Homework
• Due November – Section Assessment 7.2
• Pg. 181• Questions 1-5
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IQ # 41. Why does the nucleus have pores? What is the function of
Nucleolus? What does DNA look like if it is in the chromatin state (Draw it)?
2. What does a Ribosome look like (DRAW IT)? What is its main function? What is it made of?
3. Make a chart What are the 2 types of E.R.? How do their functions differ? How do they look different (Draw it)?
4. What does the Golgi Apparatus look like (Draw It!)? What are its three main functions? What organelle do its materials come from and where are they headed? (Draw the chain of events)
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Announcements
• Tomorrow is Friday What does that mean?
QUIZ!!!• Sections 7.1-7.2
– Organelles– Difference between Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes– Difference in plant and animal cells
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Agenda
• IQ # 4• Lecture Cell Oranelles, Part 2
– Lysosomes– Vacuoles– Mitochondria– Chloroplasts– Cytoskeleton
• Cell City Analogy Activity• Review of 7.1 and 7.2 Homework
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Lysosomes• “The Clean-Up Crew”• Organelles filled with Enzymes
– Bud off of Golgi
• Digestion of lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins into components
• Breakdown of old, dead organelles– Keep cell healthy
• Found in high densities in White Blood Cells• Lysosomes Fail -
– Tay-Sac Disease
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LYSOSOME
Nucleus
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Rough ER
Transport vesicle(containing inactivehydrolytic enzymes)
Golgiapparatus
Plasmamembrane
LYSOSOMES
“Food”
Engulfmentof particle
Foodvacuole
Digestion
Lysosomeengulfingdamagedorganelle
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Vacuoles• “The Storage Unit”• Storage of
– Water– Salts– Proteins– carbohydrates
• Typically very large in plant cells– Create enough pressure so cells can structurally support
heavy items
• Some animals can actively pump water in and out• Central in the cell
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Mitochondria and Chloroplasts• “The power company”• Energy harvesting Organelle• Chloroplasts
– Only photosynthetic organisms• Plants• Photosynthetic Bacteria/ Algae
• Mitochondria– ALL living cells
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Mitochondria• “The Converter”• Convert chemical energy from food into usable
energy in the cell• 2 Membranes• Has own DNA and Ribosomes
– Acts mostly independently from cell
• Location for Cellular Respiration ATP Production• All your mitochondria are from your Mother!
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Figure 4.16
Outermembrane
MITOCHONDRION
Intermembranespace
Innermembrane
Cristae
Matrix
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Chloroplasts• “The Light Catcher”• Capture sunlight and convert it into chemical
energy Photosynthesis (Glucose Production)• 2 Membranes• Has own DNA
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Chloroplast Stroma
Inner and outer membranes
Granum
Intermembranespace
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Cytoskeleton• “The Steel of the Cell”• Network of protein filaments
– Maintain shape in the cell– Allow the cell to move
• Microfilaments – Thread like– Made of Actin– Extensive, forms tough flexible framework– Aid in movement (like an amoeba crawling)
• Microtubules– Hollow– Made of Tubulin– Important in cell division (spindle fibers)– Flagella or Cilia
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MICROFILAMENT
Figure 4.17B
INTERMEDIATEFILAMENT
MICROTUBULE
Actin subunit Fibrous subunitsTubulinsubunit
7 nm 10 nm25 nm
The Cytoskeleton
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Cell Wall
• “The Armory” • Only found in Plant Cells• Adds strength to the cell • Keeps water pressure from exploding the cell
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Cell Membrane
• Selectively Permeable• 7.3 – Whole section on it.
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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membraneContain DNA
ribosomes
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles
MitochondriaCytoskeleton
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Lysosomes
Cell membraneRibosomes
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatusVacuoles
MitochondriaCytoskeleton
Cell WallChloroplasts
Central Vacuole
Section 7-2
Venn Diagrams
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure(chart)
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Figure 4.5B
Nucleus
Golgiapparatus
Not inanimal
cells
Centralvacuole
Chloroplast
Cell wall
Mitochondrion
Peroxisome
Plasma membrane
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Ribosomes
Smoothendoplasmicreticulum
Cytoskeleton
Microtubule
Intermediatefilament
Microfilament
Plant Cell
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Animal Cell
Plasma membrane
Figure 4.5A
Golgiapparatus
Ribosomes
NucleusSmooth endoplasmicreticulum
Roughendoplasmicreticulum
Mitochondrion
Not in most plant cells
Cytoskeleton
Flagellum
Lysosome
Centriole
Peroxisome
Microtubule
Intermediatefilament
Microfilament
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Animal Cell
Figure 4.5A
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Figure 4.5B
Plant Cell
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Chapter 7 – The Cell – IQ # 1
1. What century did the use of the microscope begin (p. 169)?
2. What does cell theory state? Summarize in your own words (p. 170).
3. Define Prokaryote and Eukaryote, what are the example organisms that are associated with each type (p. 173)?
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IQ # 2 – 7.1 Review• How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? How are they
the same? • What are the three parts of Cell Theory?• Matching
1. Plants2. Archaea3. Animals4. Fungi5. Bacteria6. Protists
A. ProkaryoticB. Eukaryotic
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IQ # 31. What differences between Plant and Animal cells do you
see (p. 175)?2. What is the structure of the nucleus? What is held inside
the nucleus (P. 176)?3. What do Ribosomes do? Where can you find Ribosomes
(p. 177)?4. What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do? How many
types of E.R. are there? How do they differ in function (p. 177-178)?
5. What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus? What are its functions (p. 178)?
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IQ # 41. Why does the nucleus have pores? What is the function of
Nucleolus? What does DNA look like if it is in the chromatin state (Draw it)?
2. What does a Ribosome look like (DRAW IT)? What is its main function? What is it made of?
3. Make a chart What are the 2 types of E.R.? How do their functions differ? How do they look different (Draw it)?
4. What does the Golgi Apparatus look like (Draw It!)? What are its three main functions? What organelle do its materials come from and where are they headed? (Draw the chain of events)
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Prokaryotes Eukaryotes
Cell membraneContain DNA
ribosomes
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatusLysosomesVacuoles
MitochondriaCytoskeleton
Animal Cells Plant Cells
Lysosomes
Cell membraneRibosomes
NucleusEndoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatusVacuoles
MitochondriaCytoskeleton
Cell WallChloroplasts
Central Vacuole
Section 7-2
Venn Diagrams
7-2 Eukaryotic Cell Structure(chart)
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Thursday Night Homework• Due November 4
– Cell City Analogy• Complete the example given• Create your own analogy• Draw your own analogy!
– Be creative
– QUIZ TOMORROW!!!
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IQ # 5 – 7.31. What does the cell membrane do? What is it composed
of? What is the difference between Cell Membrane and the Cell Wall? (p. 182-183)
2. What is diffusion? When does it stop? Does diffusion require energy? (p. 184)
3. What is Osmosis? How does it differ from diffusion? What are the three types of osmotic situation? (p. 185)
4. Define Facilitated Diffusion. Does it require energy? What object in the cell membrane assists in facilitated diffusion?
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Announcements• Collect last weeks extra credit• Tomorrow
– Troy Central Tutoring– Sections 7.3-7.4
• Grades are submitted, on ABI• Test – Chapter 7 – Tuesday – November 15th
– Tentatively
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Agenda• Review Quiz• Go over Yesterdays Lab• Lecture 7.3
– Cell Membranes– Diffusion– Osmosis
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7-3 Cell Boundaries A. Cell Membrane• Regulates what ___________ and __________ the cell• Provides • Composed of a ______________
enters leaves
protection and supportlipid bilayer
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Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
CELL MEMBRANE “FLUID MOSAIC”
“Phospholipids”
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7-3 Cell Boundaries A. Cell Membrane• Regulates what ___________ and __________ the cell• Provides • Composed of a ______________
• __________________ are embedded in the bilayer;
enters leaves
protection and supportlipid bilayer
Protein molecules
form channels and pumps to move material across the cell membrane.
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Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
CELL MEMBRANE “FLUID MOSAIC”
“transport”“Phospholipids”
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7-3 Cell Boundaries A. Cell Membrane• Regulates what ___________ and __________ the cell• Provides • Composed of a ______________
• __________________ are embedded in the bilayer;
• _________________ are attached to some of the proteins; allows cells to __________ one another.
enters leaves
protection and supportlipid bilayer
Protein molecules
form channels and pumps to move material across the cell membrane.
Carbohydrates
identify
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Outsideof cell
Insideof cell(cytoplasm)
Cellmembrane
Proteins
Proteinchannel Lipid bilayer
Carbohydratechains
CELL MEMBRANE “FLUID MOSAIC”
“transport”
“ID tags”
“Phospholipids”
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Function of the Plasma Membrane
**Small, Nonpolar molecules easily pass through the membrane: O2, CO2, Hormones, Steroids
vs.**Large, Charged do not pass through easily and must be helped in. These molecules would include:
C6H12O6 , Proteins, and Ions
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B. Cell Walls• Found in
• Cell walls are porous enough to allow
• Main function is to provide
• Plant cell walls made of __________ (carbohydrate fiber)
plants, algae, fungi and many prokaryotes
water, oxygen, carbon dioxide easily
support and protection for the cell
cellulose
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C. Diffusion Through Cell Boundaries•All living cells exists in a
•Cell membranes regulate
•Cell membranes are _____________________ (aka: _______________)
•If substances can pass, then the cell membrane =
•If substances cannot pass, then the cell membrane=
liquid environment.
the movement of molecules in and out of the cell.
selectively permeablesemipermeable
impermeable
Permeable
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1. Measuring Concentration• Cytoplasm=
• Concentration=
• Example:12g salt/3L H2O= 60g salt/3L H2O=
• Concentration gradient=
Water and other substances between the cell membrane and the nucleus.
mass of solute/volume of solution
4 g/L
20 g/L 5X moreconcentrated
unequal distribution of particles
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IQ # 61. What molecules can move easily through your cell
membrane? Which molecules cannot? (review lecture notes from yesterday)
2. Draw the lipid bilayer (cell membrane) including the phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. (p. 182).
3. Describe Figure 7-15. What is happening? What is moving across the membrane. (p. 185)
4. What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic? (p. 185)
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Announcements
• Today – Extra Credit – Sections 7.3-7.4– Pass back old EC worksheets
• Tomorrow – Quiz • Next Tuesday – Exam!
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Agenda
• Diffusion Review– Demonstration
• Osmosis– Starch/ Glucose Demonstration
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2. Diffusion• Particles constantly
• Particles move from a _____ concentration _____ a ____ concentration (with the concentration gradient); process is known as _________
• Diffusion continues until
• Equilibrium =
Diffusion depends upon random particle movements, substances diffuse across membranes ______ requiring the cell to use _______
•
collide and spread out randomly in solution
high to lowdiffusion
equilibrium is reached
When particles are evenly distributed in solution
without energy
The movement of particles will continue to move equally across the cell membrane to maintain equilibrium.
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D. Osmosis• • Osmosis =
Selectively permeable membrane
BeforeOsmosis
AfterOsmosis
H2O passes easily across most membranes
The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
watersolute
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Section 7-3
Figure 7-15 Osmosis
Left Beaker:• More sugar molecules on the ____ side (Highly concentrated)• • The membrane is permeable to water but not sugar.•
1. How Osmosis Works
left
Low concentration on the right side.
Net movement of water from low concentration to high concentration.
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Hypertonic Solution Isotonic Solution Hypotonic Solution
“above strength” “same strength” “below strength”
High concentration of Equal concentration of Low concentration of Dissolved substances dissolved substances dissolved substancesIn Solution in solution
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
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Cells in a hypertonic solutionCells in a hypertonic solution
In a hypertonic In a hypertonic solution, water solution, water leaves a cell by leaves a cell by osmosis, causing osmosis, causing the cell to shrink.the cell to shrink.
H2OH2O
Water MoleculeDissolved Molecule
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Cells in a hypotonic solutionCells in a hypotonic solution In a hypotonic In a hypotonic
solution, water solution, water enters a cell by enters a cell by osmosis, causing osmosis, causing the cell to swell.the cell to swell.
H2OH2O
Water MoleculeDissolved Molecule
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Cells in an isotonic solutionCells in an isotonic solution In an In an isotonic isotonic
solutionsolution, the , the concentration of concentration of dissolved substances dissolved substances in the solution is the in the solution is the same as the same as the concentration of concentration of dissolved substances dissolved substances inside the cell.inside the cell.
H2OH2O
Water MoleculeDissolved Molecule
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Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
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2. The effects of Osmosis on cells
Cells in a hypotonic solution
Cells in a hypertonic solution
Cells in an isotonicsolution
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E. Facilitated Diffusion• Molecules, that cannot diffuse across the cell membrane’s
lipid bilayer on their own, can move
• Molecules still ___________________ concentration
HighConcentration
LowConcentration
CellMembrane
Glucosemolecules
Proteinchannel
Section 7-3
Facilitated Diffusion
With the help of protein channels
move from high to low
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F. Active Transport• Movement of molecules
• Requires • Needs Molecule to
be carried
Moleculebeing carried
Energy
against a concentration gradient (from low to high)
energy
a transport protein or pump
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Large molecules and clumps of material can be taken into the cell by a process known as ___________. The two kinds of endocytosis are:
1. Phagocytosis=
2. Pinocytosis=
___________= release of large amounts of material
endocytosis
‘Cell eating’
‘cell drinking’
Exocytosis
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Announcements
• Collect Extra Credit• Exam on Wednesday• Tomorrow:
– Play awesome review game
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Agenda• Finish “Secrets of the Cell”• Go over Quiz• Finish Ch. 7 Lecture• Review Old HWs and IQs
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Transport of Large Transport of Large ParticlesParticlesTransport of Large Transport of Large ParticlesParticles
• Endocytosis is a process by which a cell surrounds and takes in material from its environment.
Endocytosis Exocytosis
Digestion
Nucleus
Wastes removal
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Let’s Review:
PASSIVE TRANSPORTACTIVE
TRANSPORT
1. 2.
* *
*
Simple diffusion (includes Osmosis)
Facilitated Diffusion
No ATP No ATP ATP required
Hi-Lo Hi-Lo Lo-Hi
No protein Needs protein Needs Protein
1. interactive sites for cell membrane, diffusion, active, passive transport
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7-4 The Diversity of Cellular LifeA. Unicellular Organisms (single celled)
• Unicellular organisms _________ multicellular organisms
• Examples:
B. Multicellular Organisms (many celled)• Cells become ___________ to perform different tasks
• Cells need to communicate and cooperate
outnumber
Yeast, algae, bacteria
specialized
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C. Levels of Organization The levels of organization in a multicellular organism are:
individual
Muscle cell
Smooth muscle( tissue)
Stomach(organ)
Digestive system(organ system)
Section
CELLS TISSUES ORGANS ORGAN SYSTEMS
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1. Tissues=• Four types of tissue:
- - - -
2. Organs=
• Ex. bicep muscle is made of muscle, connective, and nervous tissue
3. Organ Systems=
Group of similar cells that perform a particular function
muscle
epithelialnervous
connective
Groups of tissues
Group of organs that work together to perform a specific function.
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Homework
• Ch. 7 Review Sheet
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Chapter 7 – The Cell – IQ # 1
1. What century did the use of the microscope begin (p. 169)?
2. What does cell theory state? Summarize in your own words (p. 170).
3. Define Prokaryote and Eukaryote, what are the example organisms that are associated with each type (p. 173)?
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IQ # 2 – 7.1 Review• How do prokaryotes and eukaryotes differ? How are they
the same? • What are the three parts of Cell Theory?• Matching
1. Plants2. Archaea3. Animals4. Fungi5. Bacteria6. Protists
A. ProkaryoticB. Eukaryotic
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IQ # 31. What differences between Plant and Animal cells do you
see (p. 175)?2. What is the structure of the nucleus? What is held inside
the nucleus (P. 176)?3. What do Ribosomes do? Where can you find Ribosomes
(p. 177)?4. What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum do? How many
types of E.R. are there? How do they differ in function (p. 177-178)?
5. What is the structure of the Golgi Apparatus? What are its functions (p. 178)?
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IQ # 41. Why does the nucleus have pores? What is the function of
Nucleolus? What does DNA look like if it is in the chromatin state (Draw it)?
2. What does a Ribosome look like (DRAW IT)? What is its main function? What is it made of?
3. Make a chart What are the 2 types of E.R.? How do their functions differ? How do they look different (Draw it)?
4. What does the Golgi Apparatus look like (Draw It!)? What are its three main functions? What organelle do its materials come from and where are they headed? (Draw the chain of events)
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IQ # 5 – 7.31. What does the cell membrane do? What is it composed
of? What is the difference between Cell Membrane and the Cell Wall? (p. 182-183)
2. What is diffusion? When does it stop? Does diffusion require energy? (p. 184)
3. What is Osmosis? How does it differ from diffusion? What are the three types of osmotic situation? (p. 185)
4. Define Facilitated Diffusion. Does it require energy? What object in the cell membrane assists in facilitated diffusion?
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IQ # 61. What molecules can move easily through your cell
membrane? Which molecules cannot? (review lecture notes from yesterday)
2. Draw the lipid bilayer (cell membrane) including the phospholipids, proteins, and carbohydrates. (p. 182).
3. Describe Figure 7-15. What is happening? What is moving across the membrane. (p. 185)
4. What is the difference between hypertonic, hypotonic, and isotonic? (p. 185)
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IQ # 7 – Section 7.4 1. What is the difference between unicellular
organisms and multicellular organisms? (p. 190)2. Describe Cell Specialization. What are 3 examples
of specialized animal cells? What are 2 examples of specialized plant cells? (p. 191-192)
3. What does a histotechnologist do? (p. 192)4. What are the three levels of organization
discussed? Name an example for each level. (p. 192-193)