chapter 6:sense relations 6.1 polysemy 六班: 吴熳 朱凤玲 刘恋
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6:Sense Relations
6.1 Polysemy
六班:吴熳 朱凤玲 刘恋
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Polysemy=poly + semy prefixation
Poly: many
e.g. polygamy, polyglot (multilingual)
polysyllable
polygon (pentagon)
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Words:
When first coined: monosemic
Development: same symbol, many senses
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Meaning of “take”• take • 带 (去 ), 携带• She went out of the room, taking the flowers with her.• 她带着花走出了房间。• 拿 , 取 , 抓• Who has taken my pen?• 谁把我的钢笔拿走了 ?• 需要 ; 花费• The flight took two hours.• 这一飞行花了两小时。• 学习 ; 教• She plans to take a course in mathematics.• 她打算学习数学课程。• 取得 , 接受 , 容纳• John takes second place in the race.• 约翰获得赛跑亚军。• 买下 ; 租用
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• We're taking a house in Devon for a month.• 我们打算在德文郡租间房子住一个月。• 吃 , 喝 , 服• Will you take a cup of tea?• 你要喝一杯茶吗 ?• 乘车 , 上船• Because it was wet, he took a taxi.• 因为天下雨 , 所以他搭乘了出租车。• 测定 , 量 ; 拍• The nurse took the patient's temperature.• 护士为病人量了体温。• vi.• 产生预期效果• The dye took immediately.• 马上着色了。• vt. & vi.• 上钩• The fish is taking.• 鱼要上钩了。• n.• 捕获量 ; 收入额• Take has lagged behind the increased outgo.• 收入赶不上增加的支出。• 电影镜头• We had a talk between takes.• 在拍摄镜头的间隙 , 我们谈了一次话。
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Diachronic approach
Synchronic approach
Approaches
to
Polysemy
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Diachronic approach
•
• in a historical perspective
• growth, development of the same word.
• Monosemic polysemous derived
One meaning (primary meaning)
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• screen • 屏风 , 帘 , 纱窗• The picture on this screen is a good artistic work.• 这屏风上的画是件很好的艺术品。• 掩护物• They hid behind the screen of bushes.• 他们躲在灌木丛后。• 屏幕• You can see him on the TV screen quite often.• 你可以经常从电视屏幕上见到他。• 银幕 ; 荧光屏• She first appeared on the screen ten years ago.• 十年前 , 她第一次出现在银幕上。
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Why little to do with the first meaning?
How are the later senses obtained?
• Extension: 江 , 河 长江 , 黄河• Narrowing:
• Analogy: face of the clock
• Transfer: neck
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Old words die out: Obsolete, disappear
New words are added
Existing words change their meaning
• Derived meaning all come from the first one.
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Primary meaning replaced by new meanings
E.g. Maid
1. Female servant especially in a large house
2. (old use) a woman or a girl who is not married
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Have a guess!
1.They are regarded by all good wives far and near as perfect barometers.
2. Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.
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Synchronic Approach
Various meanings same word
In a historical period
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• Basic meaning
(central meaning)
• Secondary meanings
(not in importance)
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• Face
• The front of the head• The expression of the countenance• A surface of a thing• The side or surface that is marked, as of a clock, playing card, domino, etc.• The appearance; outward aspect; resemblance• Dignity; self-respect; prestige, as in lose/save face• The topography (of an area)• The functional and striking surface (of a tool, golf club, etc.)• (colloq) effrontery; audacity• What is shown by the language of a document, without explanation and
addition• (Mining) the end of a tunnel, drift, etc. where work is being done.• (typography) the type surface on which a letter is cut
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• cache • [kæʃ]• n.• 藏物处• Police discovered a cache of weapons in the roo
m.• 警方在房间里发现了一批隐藏的武器。• 藏匿的珍宝• 高速缓冲存储器
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Processes of Development
Radiation
Concatenation
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Radiation—Wheels
Independent , can be traced back to the
original meaning.
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• Neck
• That part of man or animal joining the head to the body
• That part of the garment• The neck of an animal used as food, e.g. neck of
lamb• A narrow part between the head and body or
base of any object• The narrowest part of anything: bottle, land,
strait or channel
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Concatenation— Chains
Meaning shift
Chains missing
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• Candidate
• White-robed
• Office seeker in white gowns
• A person who seeks an office
• a person proposed for a place, award, etc.
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Radiation and Concatenation
• Closely related
• Different stages
• R before C
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