chapter 6a a tour of the cell. cytology: science/study of cells light microscopy resolving power~...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6A
A Tour of the Cell
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Cytology: science/study of cells
Light microscopyResolving power~ measure of clarityElectron microscopyTEM~ electron beam to study cell ultrastructureSEM~ electron beam to study cell surfacesCell fractionation~ cell separation; organelle studyUltracentrifuges~ cell fractionation; 130,000 rpm
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Electron Micrograph
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Cell Types: Prokaryotic
Nucleoid: DNA concentrationNo organelles with membranesRibosomes: protein synthesisPlasma membrane (all cells); semi-permeableCytoplasm/cytosol (all cells)
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Cell Size
As cell size increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreasesRates of chemical exchange may then be inadequate for cell sizeCell size, therefore, remains small
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Nucleus
Contains the Genetic materialChromatin (chromosomes)Nucleolus: rRNA; ribosome synthesisDouble membrane envelope with poresProtein synthesis/Transcription (mRNA copies DNA)
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Ribosomes
Protein manufactureFree - cytosol; produce proteins that function in the cellBound – rough endoplasmic reticulum; found on surface membranes; manufacture proteins that are exported from the cellComposed of 2 subunits (rRNA & protein)
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Endomembrane System, I
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)Continuous with nuclear envelopeSmooth ER - no ribosomes; synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates; detoxification of drugs and poisonsRough ER - with ribosomes; synthesis of secretory proteins (glycoproteins); membrane production
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Endomembrane System, II
Golgi apparatus - ER products are modified, stored, and then shippedCisternae: flattened membranous sacs making up Golgitrans face (shipping) & cis face (receiving)Transport vesicles pinch off of ends of Golgi
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Endomembrane System, III
Lysosomes - sac of hydrolytic enzymes; digestion of macromoleculesPhagocytosisAutophagy: recycle cell’s own organic materialTay-Sachs disease~ lipid-digestion disorder
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Endomembrane system, IV
Vacuoles -membrane-bound sacs (larger than vesicles)Food Vacuole (phagocytosis)Contractile (pump excess water)Central (storage in plants) •tonoplast membrane
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