chapter 6 infrared and other networking media
DESCRIPTION
Chapter 6 Infrared and Other Networking Media. Dr Lami Kaya. Bölüm 6 Kızıl ötesi ve diğer ağ ortamları. Dr Lami Kaya. Infrared (IR). Was included in the first version of 802.11 It has not gained popularity for WLANs Few manufacturers have developed IR networking devices - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 6
Infrared and Other Networking Media
Dr Lami Kaya
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Bölüm 6
Kızıl ötesi ve diğer ağ ortamları
Dr Lami Kaya
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Infrared (IR)
• Was included in the first version of 802.11 • It has not gained popularity for WLANs
– Few manufacturers have developed IR networking devices– IR networking has been limited in its effective range
• However, they are being used for WPANs – Short-ranges and low-rates
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Infrared (IR) Kızıl Ötesi
• 802.11 in ilk versiyonuna dahildi• WLAN lar için popülarite kazanamadı
– Çok az üretici IR ağ araçları geliştirmektedir– IR ağların etkili olan alanı sınırlıdır.
• Bununla birlikte, WPAN lar için kullanılır– Kısa-alan ve düşük-verihızı
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IR Operations
• Primary IR components– Light-emitting diode (LED)
• Electronic device that emits a light beam to encode data– Receiver
• Light-sensing device that is able to ‘see’ the light beam and decode the data carried in the light stream
• Line-of-sight requrement in IR– Light source and receive must have a line-of-sight (LOS) orientation
• Source and receiving devices must be placed and aligned on the same plane • Directly opposite each other with a clear and unobstructed path between them
– LOS requirement perhaps the most limiting factor keeping IR from becoming a widely used networking medium
– Newer emerging IR technologies are able to operate without a direct LOS• Makes them better for larger WPANs
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IR İşlemleri
• Birincil IR bileşenleri– Light-emitting diode (LED)
• Bir ışık süzmesi yayarak datayı kodlayan elektronik araçtır– Alıcı
• Işık-duyarlı araç ışık süzmesini görebilecek yetenektedir ve ışık akışının taşıdığı veriyi çözer
• Line-of-sight requrement in IR– Işık kaynağı ve alıcı bir görüş düzleminde (line-of-sight(LOS)) olmak
zorundadır• Kaynak ve alıcı araç aynı düzlemde olacak şekilde yerleştirilmelidir• Birbirleri ile direk karşılıklı aralarında herhangi bir engel olmaksızın durmalıdırlar
– LOS gereksinimleri belkide kızıl ötelerinin ağ ortamı olarak yaygın bir şekilde kullanılmamasındaki en sınırlayıcı faktörlerdir
– Newer emerging IR technologies are able to operate without a direct LOS• Makes them better for larger WPANs
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Understanding Diodes
• A diode is an electronic device that consists of two primary electrodes and a buffering space
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Diyotların Anlaşılması
• Bir diyot iki tane birincil elektrot ve bir buffering alanından oluşan elektronik araçtır
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Diodes
• Two electrodes in a diode are made up of materials that have atoms– Positively charged (P-type)
• Have space (or hole) for additional electrons– They can be added by attracting them from a negatively charged atom
– Negatively charged (N-type)• Have extra (or free) electrons
– They can be attracted away from an atom by a positively charged material
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Diyotlar
• Diyotdaki iki elektrot şu atomlara sahip maddelerden yapılır– Positively charged (pozitif yüklü)(P-type)
• Yeni elektronlar için yeri olan– They can be added by attracting them from a negatively charged atom
– Negatively charged (negatif yüklü)(N-type)• Fazladan elektronları olan
– Bunlar positif yüklü maddeler tarfından çekilir
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Diodes
• Inside a diode, the N-type material is placed adjacent to the P-type material– Without any external current being applied– A depletion zone is created at the junction of two
materials• Free electrons from the N-type materials fill the voids (holes) of
the P-type materials• This creates insulator
– through which a current or charge can not flow
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Diodes
• Diyodun içinde, n-tipi maddesi ile p-tipi maddesi yan yana terleştirilmiştir– Harici herhangi bir akım uyğulanandan– İki maddenin kesiştiği yerde bir tükenme alanı oluşur
• N-tipi maddesindeki fazla elektronlar p-tipi maddedeki boşlukları doldurur
• Bu yalıtkanlığı oluşturur– Akımın veya yükün akamadığı yöne doğru
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Diodes
• When appropriate voltage is applied to sides of a diode, electrons/holes move
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Diodes
• Uygun voltaj diyotun yan kısımlarından uygulandığında, elektronlar hareket eder
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Creating Light
• Energy released by the interaction of the electrons and holes of the N-type and P-type materials releases particles called photons
• Depending on the materials used for diodes– some produce visible light (high freq)– some produce invisible light (low freq)
• The amount, frequency, energy and color of the light depends on the materials used
• IR light used in most networking applications is produced by a laser diode.– Uses a microscopic chip to generate a coherent, concentrated
light beam
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Işık Oluşması
• Eelektronların etkileşimi sonucu ortaya çıkan enerji ve n-tip ve p-tip maddelerin boşluklarından açığa çıkan foton adı verilen moleküller
• Diyotun yapımında kullanılan maddeye bağlı olarak– Bazıları görünür ışık üretir (yüksek frekans)– Bazıları görünmez ışık üretir (düşük frekans)
• Miktar, frekans, enerji, ve ışığın rengi kullanılan maddeye bağlıdır
• Lazer (laser) diyotlar tarafından üretilen kızılötesi ışık pekçok ağ uygulamalarında kullanılır.– Bir coherent(konsantre ışık huzmesi ) üretmek için mikroskobik çip
kullanır
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Lasers (Lazerler)
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IR Networking
• IR technology used for networking is special:– Near IR (NIR) – Has almost the same properties as visible light
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IR Ağları
• IR teknolojisi özel ağlar için kullanılır:– Yakın IR (NIR) – Görünen ışık gibi neredeyse aynı özelliklere sahiptir
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IR Types
• Directed IR (DIR)– Directed requires LOS – All DIR technologies are
• limited to narrow point-to-point transmissions • Requires linked devices to remain motionless
• Diffused IR (DFIR)– Spreads its signal over a wide angle– Can be both non-LOS and nondirectional
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IR Tipleri
• Yönlü IR (DIR)– LOS gerekir– Bütün DIR teknolojileri
• limited to narrow point-to-point transmissions • Hareketsiz kalmak için bağlı araçlar gerekir
• Yayılmış IR (DFIR)– Sinyalini geniş bir açı ile yayar– non-LOS (görüş mesafesinde olmayan) ve yönsüz olabilir
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Infrared Data Association (IrDA)
• IrDA is an independent trade organization– Creates and publishes standards aimed at establishing an
interoperable, low-cost IR technology
• IrDA has versions
IrDA Version Data Rates Power Options
1.0 115.2 Kbps Standard
1.1 4 Mbps Standard
1.2 115.2 Kbps Low
1.3 115.2 Kbps and 4 Mbps
Low and Standard
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Kızıl Ötesi Veri Birliği (IrDA)
• IrDA bağımsız bir ticaret organizasyonudur– Birlikte çalışabilir, düşük maliyetli IR teknolojilerini kurmayı
amaçlayan standartları üretirler
• IrDA nın versiyonları vardır
IrDA versiyonu Veri hızı Güç seçenekler
1.0 115.2 Kbps Standart
1.1 4 Mbps Standart
1.2 115.2 Kbps Düşük
1.3 115.2 Kbps Ve 4 Mbps
Düşük ve standart
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IrDA
• Operates in half-duplex mode• Ambient (room-environment) light can be a source of
interference to an IR transmission– Sunlight– Fluorescent light– Incandescent light
• IrDA protocol consists of 4 layers– IR hardware, – serial communications, – IrDA data link , – IR application interface
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IrDA
• Yarı-çift yönlü modda çalışır• Çevredeki ışık, IR iletiminde karışmaya sebep olabilir
– Günışığı – Floresan ışığı– Ampül ışığı
• IrDA protokolü 4 katmandan oluşur– IR donanımı, – Seri haberleşme, – IrDA veri bağlantısı, – IR uygulama arayüzü
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IrDA Protocol Stack(protokol yığını)
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IrDA Data Link Protocols
• IrLAP– Corresponds to the data-link layer of the OSI– Based on HDLC and SDLC– Has device-level software
• Seeks out other devices (sniffing), finds other devices (discovering), connects, transfers data and disconnects
• IrLMP– Link management - information access service– Link management - multiplexer
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IrDA Data Link Protocols
• IrLAP– OSI deki data-link katmanına karşılık gelir– HDLC ve SDLC ye dayalıdır– Araç-düzey yazılımı vardır
• Diğer araçları arar (sniffing), diğer araçları bulur (discovering), bağlantı sağlar, veri transferi yapar ve bağlantıyı keser
• IrLMP– Bağlantı yönetimi – bilgi erişim servisi– Bağlantı yönetimi – çoklayıcı
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IrDA Transport Protocols
• Tiny TP– Standard transport layer activities
• Infrared communication protocol (IrCOMM)– Serial/parallel port emulation
• Infrared link printer transport (IrLPT)– Used for printer
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IrDA Transport Protocols
• Tiny TP– Standart taşıma katmanı aktiviteleri
• Infrared communication protocol (IrCOMM)– Seri/paralel port emülasyonu
• Infrared link printer transport (IrLPT)– Yazıcı için kullanılır
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IR Interface StandardsIR arayüzü standartları
IR Standard Data Rates Range Directed or Diffused
Serial Infrared (SIR) 115.2 Kbps 1 m Directed (yönlü)
Fast Infrared (FIR) 4 Mbps 1 m Directed
Very Fast Infrared (VFIR) 16 Mbps 1 m Directed
IrDA Control (IrDA-C [IrBus]) 75 Kbps 8 m Directed
IrGate 10 Mbps 10 m Diffused (yayılan)
Advanced IR (AIR) 4 Mbps 8 m Diffused
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Other Limited Range Technologies
• Ultra wideband (UWB)• Zigbee• Induction wireless technology• Home Phoneline Networking Association (HomePNA)• HomeRF and SWAP• Powerline communications (PLC)
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Diğer Sınırlı Alan Teknolojileri
• Ultra wideband (UWB)• Zigbee• Kablosuz teknolojiye giriş• Home Phoneline Networking Association (HomePNA)• HomeRF ve SWAP• Powerline communications (PLC)
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Ultra Wideband (UWB) Technology
• Initially used by military and other government agencies– Becoming approved for use in commercial and home
networking
• Transmits in the 3.1 to 10.6 GHz RF– Able to pass through everything in its path (walls, ground,
human body)– Relatively interference-free compared to other RF– Low-power system
• Primarily used for short-range, high-resolution, high-bandwidth radar and imaging systems– 40 to 600 Mbps bandwidth
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Ultra Wideband (UWB) Technology(geniş bant ötesi teknolojisi)
• İlk olarak askeri ve diğer hükümet ajansları tarafından kullanıldı– Sonrab ticari ve ev ağları için kullanımı uygun görüldü
• İletim 3.1 den 10.6 GHz RF– Yolundaki engelleri geçebilir (duvar,yer,insan vücudu)– Diğer RF ler ile kıyaslandığında interference yoktur– Düşük güç sistemi
• Öncelikle kısa-alan, yüksek-çözünürlük, yüksek-bantgenişliği radar ve görüntüleme sistemleriiçin kullanılır– 40 den 600 Mbps bantgenişliği
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ZigBee
• For high level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios
• Based on the IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standard for (WPANs), – Used for wireless headphones connecting with cell phones via
short-range radio, sensors, controllers• ZigBee specification is intended to be simpler and less
expensive than other WPANs, such as Bluetooth. • ZigBee is targeted at radio-frequency (RF) applications
that require a low data rate, long battery life, and secure networking.
• The ZigBee Alliance is a group of companies that maintain and publish the ZigBee standard
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ZigBee
• Yüksek sev,ye haberleşme protokolleri için kullanılan küçük, düşük güçlü dijital radyolar
• WPAN ler için IEEE 802.15.4-2003 standartına dayanır, – Cep telefonuna bağlanan kablosuz kulaklık, kısa-alan radyolar,
sensörler, kotrolör için kullanılır• ZigBee, diğer WPAN ler den daha ucuz ve basittir örneğin
bluetooth. • ZigBee, düşük veri hızı, uzun şarj ömrü, ve güvenli ağ
gereken RF uygulamalarını hedef almıştır.• ZigBee Alliance, ZigBee standart larını yayınlayan ve
yöneten bir grup şirkettir
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ZigBee Devices
• ZigBee Network Coordinator– Establishes network– Maintain information about network nodes– Manages network nodes– Operates in receive state– Routes massages to network nodes– Transmits network beacons
• ZigBee Network Node– Conserves battery power or operates on low electrical power– Monitors for pending data– Requests for data from network coordinator– Scans for available networks– Sleeps when not in use and can sleep for extended periods– Transfers application data to network coordinator
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ZigBee araçları
• ZigBee ağ koordinatörü– Ağ kurar– Ağ düğümleri hakkında bilgi edinir– Ağ düğümlerini yönetir– Operates in receive state– Mesajları ağ düğümlerine yönlendirir– Ağ beacon larını iletir
• ZigBee ağ düğümü– Şarj gücünü korur veya düşük elektrik gücünde çalşıır– Bekleyen veriyi denetler– Ağ koordinatöründen veri isteğinde bulunur– Uygun ağları tarar– Kullanılmadığında uyku moduna geçer– Ağ koordinatörüne uygulamaları transfer eder
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Induction Wireless Technology
• Also called near-field magnetic communication– Applies magnetic induction instead of RF
• Transmits only magnetic field• Induction antenna is small, resembles the winding in a
transformer– Has a range about 3 m– Rates up to 204.8 Kbps on 11.5 MHz– Extremely low-power– Suitable for portable communication devices
• Headsets• Playback devices• Wearable PAN devices
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Kablosuz teknolojisine giriş
• Yakın-alan manyetik haberleşme olarak adlandırılır– RF yerine manyetik indüksiyon uygular
• Sadece manyetik alan taşır• İndüksiyon anteni küçüktür, resembles the winding in a
transformer– 3m kadar alanı vardır– Rates up to 204.8 Kbps on 11.5 MHz– Aşırı düşük-güç– Portatif haberleşme araçları için uygundur
• Kulaklık• Kayıttan çalma çihazları• giyilebilir PAN araçları
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HomeRF and Swap
• Developed by Home Radio Frequency Working Group (HomeRF) for the wireless transmission of ethernet networking– The group was disbanded in January 2003 after Wi-Fi
802.11b networks became accessible to home users and Microsoft began including support for Bluetooth
• The HomeRF developed Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) – SWAP was designed to carry voice/data within the home– for a broad range of interoperable consumer devices
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HomeRF ve Swap
• Ethernet ağlarının kablosuz ağlar için iletimi Home Radio Frequency Working Group (HomeRF) tarafından geliştirlmiştir– Wi-Fi 802.11b ağlar ev kullanıcıları için erişebilir hale
gelince ve Microsoft, Bluetooth için desteğe bağlayınca, gurup ocak 2003 de dağıldı
• HomeRF, Shared Wireless Access Protocol (SWAP) ü geliştirdi – SWAP ev içinde ses/veri taşımak için geliştirilmişti.– for a broad range of interoperable consumer devices
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HomeRF/SWAP Protocol Stack( HomeRF/SWAP Protokol yığını)
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HomePNA
• The HomePNA Alliance is an incorporated non-profit industry association of companies
• Develops and standardizes technology for home networking over the existing coaxial cables and telephone wiring (POTS) within the home
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HomePNA
• HomePNA Alliance şirketlerin birleşiminden oluşan kâr amacı olmayan bir endüstridir
• Mevcur eşeksenel kablolar ve telefon kabloları üzerinden ev ağları için teknoloji geliştirir.
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HomePNA
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Powerline Communications (PLC)
• PLC is most commonly associated with home automation systems or central control of home– For lighting, security, heating/cooling, and other systems
• PLC systems require an interface adaptor – to modulate digital signals into specific frequency signals
that are transmitted over the 110 V or 220 V wiring• A PLC system uses three types of devices
– Receivers– Transmitters– Two-way receiver/transmitters
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Powerline Communications (PLC)
• PLC ev otomasyon ve evin merkezi kontrolü için kullanılan genel bir sistemdir.– Işıklandırma, güvenlik, ısınla/serinleme ve diğer sistemler
• PLC sistemleri arayüz adaptörüne ihtiyaç duyar– Dijital sinyallerin, özel frekans sinyallerine modülasyonu
gerçekleştirilir. Bunlar 110v veya 220v luk kablolarda iletilir.
• Bir PLC sistemi 3 tip araç kullanır– alıcı– gönderici– İki yönlü alıcı/gönderici
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PLC
• Electrical power is – transmitted over high voltage transmission lines,– distributed over medium voltage, – and used inside buildings at lower voltages.
• Powerline communications can be applied at each stage. – Most PLC technologies limit themselves to one set of wires
• but some can cross between two levels (for example, both the distribution network and premises wiring)
• All power line communications systems operate by impressing a modulated carrier signal on the wiring system– Different types of PLC use different frequency bands, depending on
the signal transmission characteristics of the power wiring used
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PLC
• Elektrik gücü– Yüksek voltajlı iletim yolları üzerinden iletilir,– Ortama voltaj olarak ayrılır,– Ve binalrın içinde düşük voltaj olarak kullanılır.
• Powerline haberleşme her aşamada uygulanır. – pekçok PLC teknolojisi kendini bir kablo kümesinde sınırlandırır
• Fakat bazıları iki seviye arasında geçiş yapar (for example, both the distribution network and premises wiring)
• Bütün powerline haberleşme sistemleri, kablo sistemi üzerinde modülasyonu gerçekleşmiş sinyallerin taşınması ile çalışır– Farklı PLC tipleri kullanılan güç kablosunsundan sinyalin iletim şekline
bağlı olarak farklı frekans bantları kullanır.
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PLC