Chapter 6Chapter 6

Birth Control, Pregnancy, and Birth Control, Pregnancy, and ChildbirthChildbirth

Methods of Fertility ControlMethods of Fertility Control

• Fertility - ability to Fertility - ability to reproducereproduce

• Conception - fertilization Conception - fertilization of an ovum by a spermof an ovum by a sperm

• Contraception - Contraception - prevention of conceptionprevention of conception

• Condom - latex cover for Condom - latex cover for penis to catch sperm upon penis to catch sperm upon ejaculationejaculation

Methods of Fertility ControlMethods of Fertility Control

• Contraception effectiveness Contraception effectiveness rate - % of women who rate - % of women who become pregnant while become pregnant while correctly using a method correctly using a method contraception contraception

• Oral Contraception -” the Oral Contraception -” the pill” - prevents ovulation / pill” - prevents ovulation / regulating hormonesregulating hormones

Methods of Fertility ControlMethods of Fertility Control

• Morning-after pill - Morning-after pill - taken within three days taken within three days after intercourseafter intercourse

• Spermicides - kills spermSpermicides - kills sperm• Female Condom - single- Female Condom - single-

use polyurethane sheathuse polyurethane sheath• Diaphragm - latex device Diaphragm - latex device

to prevent sperm access to prevent sperm access to uterusto uterus

Methods of Fertility ControlMethods of Fertility Control

• Intrauterine devise Intrauterine devise (IUD) - T shaped device (IUD) - T shaped device implanted into uterus implanted into uterus

• Withdrawal - removing Withdrawal - removing the penis before the penis before ejaculationejaculation

• Depo-Provera - Depo-Provera - injectable form of BC injectable form of BC lasts three monthslasts three months

Methods of Fertility ControlMethods of Fertility Control

• Norplant - 6 silicon capsules surgically inserted under the skin of women’s upper arm

• Fertility awareness methods - natural methods…… examples

• Cervical mucus method - based on specific changes to cervical mucus

• Body temp. method - monitor body temperature for signals of ovulation

Methods of Fertility ControlMethods of Fertility Control

• Calendar Methods - Calendar Methods - mapping the mapping the woman’s menstrual woman’s menstrual cycle for safer time cycle for safer time for intercoursefor intercourse

• Sterilization - Sterilization - permanent fertility permanent fertility control through control through surgical proceduressurgical procedures

Methods of Fertility ControlMethods of Fertility Control

• Tubal Ligation - Tubal Ligation - female has fallopian female has fallopian tubes cut and tied offtubes cut and tied off

• Hysterectomy - Hysterectomy - removal of uterusremoval of uterus

• Vasectomy - male Vasectomy - male has vasa deferentia has vasa deferentia cut and tied offcut and tied off

AbortionAbortion - medical means of terminating medical means of terminating pregnancypregnancy

• Vacuum aspirations - gentle Vacuum aspirations - gentle suction to remove foetalsuction to remove foetal

• Dilation + Evacuation - foetal is Dilation + Evacuation - foetal is both sucked and scraped out of both sucked and scraped out of the uterusthe uterus

• Hysterectomy - surgical removal Hysterectomy - surgical removal of foetalof foetal

• Induction abortion - chemicals Induction abortion - chemicals used to remove foetal from used to remove foetal from uterusuterus

Planning a Pregnancy

• Emotional Health

• Paternal Health

• Financial Evaluation

• Contingency Planning

Pregnancy

Prenatal care - living a healthy Prenatal care - living a healthy lifestylelifestyle

Choosing a PractitionerChoosing a Practitioner

Alcohol and DrugsAlcohol and Drugs• Tertogenic -causing birth Tertogenic -causing birth

defects from drugs, defects from drugs, chemicals, x-rays or diseasechemicals, x-rays or disease

• Foetal alcohol syndrome - a Foetal alcohol syndrome - a collection of problems……collection of problems……mental retardationmental retardation

The ProcessThe Process

Early signs of PregnancyEarly signs of Pregnancy

• missed menstrual cyclemissed menstrual cycle• breast tendernessbreast tenderness• extreme fatigueextreme fatigue• sleeplessnesssleeplessness• emotional upsetemotional upset• nauseanausea• vomiting (morning vomiting (morning

sickness)sickness)

Trimesters - a three month segment during a three month segment during pregnancy with specific developmental pregnancy with specific developmental

characteristicscharacteristics

• The First TrimesterThe First Trimester

• The Second TrimesterThe Second Trimester

• The Third TrimesterThe Third Trimester

Prenatal Testing & Screening

• Amniocentesis - fluid Amniocentesis - fluid drawn from the amniotic drawn from the amniotic sac / identify specific sac / identify specific medical problemsmedical problems

• Amniotic sac -protective Amniotic sac -protective pouch surrounding babypouch surrounding baby

Childbirth - Choosing Where to Have Choosing Where to Have Your BabyYour Baby

• HospitalsHospitals• Birthing centers, etc, etc.Birthing centers, etc, etc.

Labour and Delivery -Labour and Delivery -

• Transition -cervix almost Transition -cervix almost completely dilated / foetus head completely dilated / foetus head moves into birth canalmoves into birth canal

• Episotomy - straight incision Episotomy - straight incision into the mother’s perineuminto the mother’s perineum

• Afterbirth - expelled placentaAfterbirth - expelled placenta

ChildbirthChildbirth

• Prenatal EducationPrenatal Education• Drugs in the Delivery Drugs in the Delivery

RoomRoom• Breast-Feeding and the Breast-Feeding and the

Postpartum PeriodPostpartum Period• Postpartum depression - Postpartum depression -

low energy, anxiety, mood low energy, anxiety, mood swings and depressionswings and depression

Complications - problems that can occur problems that can occur even with a successful pregnancyeven with a successful pregnancy

• caesarian section (C-Section)caesarian section (C-Section)• removal of baby via incision of removal of baby via incision of

abdominal and uterine wallsabdominal and uterine walls• Rh factor - blood protein related Rh factor - blood protein related

to antibody developmentto antibody development• ……..if a Rh -negative mother has ..if a Rh -negative mother has

a Rh-positive baby / mother’s a Rh-positive baby / mother’s antibodies will attack the babyantibodies will attack the baby

Complications - problems that can occur problems that can occur even with a successful pregnancyeven with a successful pregnancy

• Stillbirth - birth of a Stillbirth - birth of a dead babydead baby

• Miscarriage - loss of Miscarriage - loss of foetus before viable / foetus before viable / spontaneous abortionspontaneous abortion

• Sudden Infant Death Sudden Infant Death Syndrome - infants Syndrome - infants under one year of ageunder one year of age

InfertilityInfertility - Difficulties in ConceivingDifficulties in Conceiving

• Pelvic inflammatory Pelvic inflammatory disease - infection that disease - infection that scars the fallopian scars the fallopian tubes / blocks sperm tubes / blocks sperm migrationmigration

• Endometriosis - Endometriosis - uterine lining uterine lining establishes itself establishes itself outside uterusoutside uterus

Infertility Infertility - Difficulties in ConceivingDifficulties in Conceiving

• Low sperm count - Low sperm count - leading cause of leading cause of infertility in men / infertility in men / below 60 million below 60 million sperm per millilitre of sperm per millilitre of semen semen

• Fertility drugs -Fertility drugs -hormones to stimulate hormones to stimulate ovulation in womenovulation in women

Alternative InseminationAlternative Insemination - partner's or donor’s sperm deposited into a partner's or donor’s sperm deposited into a

women’s vagina / doctor supervisedwomen’s vagina / doctor supervised• In vitro fertilization - In vitro fertilization -

“test tube baby”“test tube baby”• Gamete intrafallopianGamete intrafallopian• Non-surgical Embryo Non-surgical Embryo

TransferTransfer• Embryo TransferEmbryo Transfer• Embryo FreezingEmbryo Freezing• Surrogate MotherhoodSurrogate Motherhood