Chapter 5: Primates

Primate Video

Primate Characteristics

• After the video; what are primate Characteristics:

• _________________• _________________• _________________

Characteristics of Primates: Hands & Feet

• on hands/feet• Opposable thumb:_________• Partially opposable ________• _______ on all or some digits• Fingerprints: _____________

(not identifying)

Characteristics of Primates• Shortened snout• __________• Primates have great vision.stereo vision : Spot in back of eye .

Vision• All primates rely heavily on vision

– Color vision in .

– Point to Ponder: Why would this be an adaptive trait? (hint: think environment)_______________________________________

Stereoscopic vision

– Stereoscopic vision• Eyes in front of skull,

overlapping fields of vision• Accurate 3-D vision•

________________________________________

• ?________________________________________

I. Limbs & Locomotion

• Tendency towards _________________• But, primates utilize a number of types of

locomotion– Bipedal: _____________– Brachiation: __________– _________________– _________________– _________________

Question to Ponder

• Why are Human Feet different? _______________________________________

II. Diet & Teeth

• – most primates are generalized feeders eating a wide variety of foods

• Therefore, primates have a ______________________________

Four types of teeth: generalized for an omnivorous diet.

Diet & Teeth

• Although some primates prefer some food items over others, most_______________ __________________________________.– Some do eat meat (chimps & baboons)– Some are leaf specialists (Colobine monkey)

III. Senses & Brain

• ______________• __________ reduced• Complex brain

IV. Maturation and Learning

• As placental mammals, primates have relatively ________________________

• Also have _____ offspring, delayed maturation, ________________ than other mammals

• Greater ____________ on _______________

Ultimate mom video

V. Behaviors

• Tend to be ___________• _____________________ in behavior• Tend to live in ____________• In many primate social groups,

__________________________ – unusual among mammals.

•

Tool use

SURVEY OF LIVING PRIMATES

Three types of primates

• _________ (pre-monkeys)

• ________ (Old World and New World)

• _______

Geographical Distribution

Two Suborders

• _____________– Lemurs, Lorises, Tarsiers

• ________________– Monkeys, Apes, Humans

Lemur and Loris

____________________Greater reliance on _________ (long snouts)Mark territory with ____________________________________________________ & maturation

Lemurs

• _______________• Many ________ species

(diversified in absence of competing primates)

• Became _______ in other areas

Lemurs : Over 100 species• Range in size from 5”, 2 oz. to

+2’, 22 lbs• ________ lemurs are ________,

omnivorous• _________ lemurs are

_________, insectivores• Many forms are _______• Live in ______________

____________________

Lorises• Similar in appearance to __________• ______________________ (Sri Lanka, India,

SE Asia, Africa)• Survived by adopting _________________

– Competition avoidance with monkeys

Lorises• Slow, climbing

form of quadrupedalism• ______________ active

vertical _________ and leapers

• Almost _______________ _____________________

• Supplemented with __________________________

Tarsiers

• ______________• SE Asia• Mated pair• Diet: ______________

vertebrates they catch by leaping from branches

Anthropoids (monkeys, apes, H.s)– Generally ___________ body– Larger brains in absolute and relative size– Increased reliance on _________– Fully forward placed eyes; greater degree of color

vision– less specialized ____________– longer gestation; _____________; increased

parental care– More ___________________

Monkeys

• ~ ________ of all primates are monkeys

• Two types:– ___________– ___________

New World Monkeys

• Almost exclusively _________• New World monkeys are the only

monkeys with ________• _______________• __________• Two Groups:

– Callitrichidae– Cebidae

Callitrichids: Marmosets and Tamarins

• Tamarins

Tamarins: Endangered

___________ and Tamarins• Most _______

monkeys– Retain _____ instead

of nails– _______ rather than

single births – Family groups

• Mated pair• 2 males & 1 female• Males very much

involved in infant care

Cebids: New World Monkeys

• Larger than callitrichids• _____________• Diet varies with combo

of ________________• Flat noses

Cebids:

New

World

Monkeys

• Some examples are__________________• __________________________________•

____________________: Cercopithecines and Colobines

Cercopithecines: Baboons and Macaques

• ______________ than Colobines (eat leaves)• More _____________

– Cheek pouches to store food while foraging– Most found in ___________– Except the Japanese macaques

Colobines

• ____________• _________ monkey

exclusive to Africa• _________ found in

Asia• _________ in Borneo• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=qFzVdfozISo&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1• http://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=jtctipglPhA&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1

Hominoids (apes & humans)

• Super-family includes:– Less apes: _____________________________– Great apes:_____________________________– Humans (family Hominidae)

Hominoids: Our human ancestors

Gibbons & Siamangs

• Tropical SE_______• Extremely _________________________• ________ fingers• ___________ thumbs• Powerful shoulder

muscles

Gibbons & Siamangs

• Monogamous pairs• Lack of _______________________________________________• Males share equally in

child care• ____________ are very

territorial

Orangutans

• __________________• Almost completely ________• ______________ animals• Mainly ______________• Very large

– (males = _______, females = _________)

– http://animal.discovery.com/videos/orangutan-island-orangutans-walking-upright.html

http://animal.discovery.com/tv/orangutan-island/orangutan-island.html

Gorillas• __________ of living primate• Knuckle walkers• Exclusively _____________• Marked ________________• Males = ________, females ________.• __________---__: Silverback male & harem2• 2 species (____________________• _____________________) • Mountain gorillas : 620 left in the wild and

none in zoos.

Chimps

• Equatorial Africa• 2 species ( 5 groups )• Also_________________• Large social groups with no single,

dominant male• ________________, but not as

pronounced as gorillas and organutans.• ______________ (even will kill for

meat)

Bonobos• _______________are another species of

chimps• More arboreal, more_____________• Humans and chimps can have ____%

similar _______ depending on which nucleotides are counted and which are excluded: That’s still big, 5 million base pair difference!!!!!

Quiz

• http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm