Earth’s Energy and Earth’s Energy and Mineral ResourcesMineral Resources

Chapter 5Chapter 5

EnergyEnergyH.W. pg 129 ques. 1-4H.W. pg 129 ques. 1-4

Our world relies on all kinds of Our world relies on all kinds of energy. energy.

Energy- is the ability to cause Energy- is the ability to cause change.change.

Some energy sources on Earth are Some energy sources on Earth are being used faster than Earth’s being used faster than Earth’s natural processes can replace them.natural processes can replace them.

These resources are called These resources are called nonrenewable energy resources.nonrenewable energy resources.

Most of the energy resources that Most of the energy resources that are used to generate electricity are are used to generate electricity are nonrenewablenonrenewable

Fossil FuelsFossil Fuels Fossil Fuels are one type of nonrenewable Fossil Fuels are one type of nonrenewable

resource. Some examples are coal, oil, and resource. Some examples are coal, oil, and natural gas.natural gas.

These form from the decay of dead organisms These form from the decay of dead organisms like, plants and animal remains that have been like, plants and animal remains that have been buried over millions of years. buried over millions of years.

Coal is a sedimentary rock formed from the Coal is a sedimentary rock formed from the compaction and transformation of the remains of compaction and transformation of the remains of ancient plant matter.ancient plant matter.

Oil- is a liquid hydrocarbon that is often referred Oil- is a liquid hydrocarbon that is often referred to as petroleum.to as petroleum.

A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains A hydrocarbon is a compound that contains hydrogen and carbon atoms.hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Gasoline is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon that Gasoline is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon that is processed for the use in cars, heating systems is processed for the use in cars, heating systems in homes, and many other uses.in homes, and many other uses.

Uses of Fossil Fuels.Uses of Fossil Fuels.

Coal- Used to generate electricity.Coal- Used to generate electricity.

Oil- Used to produce gasoline.Oil- Used to produce gasoline. Used as lubricant, like motor oil.Used as lubricant, like motor oil. Used to make plastics, shingles Used to make plastics, shingles for homes.for homes.

- Natural Gas- Used for Heating and a - Natural Gas- Used for Heating and a source of sulfur.source of sulfur.

CoalCoal Coal- The most abundant fossil fuel in the world.Coal- The most abundant fossil fuel in the world. If the world continues to use coal at the rate we If the world continues to use coal at the rate we

are using it now, there will only be enough coal to are using it now, there will only be enough coal to last the next 250 years.last the next 250 years.

Coal is a rock that’s composition is 50% plant Coal is a rock that’s composition is 50% plant remains.remains.

Coal begins to form when plants die in a swampy Coal begins to form when plants die in a swampy area.area.

These plants are covered by more plants, water, These plants are covered by more plants, water, and sediment. This kind of smothers the plant and sediment. This kind of smothers the plant material and does not allow oxygen from the material and does not allow oxygen from the atmosphere to come into contact with it.atmosphere to come into contact with it.

B/c of the lack of O2 the plant material decays B/c of the lack of O2 the plant material decays slowly and bacteria begin to breakdown the plant slowly and bacteria begin to breakdown the plant molecules, leaving behind carbon as a by molecules, leaving behind carbon as a by product.product.

CoalCoal

This carbon left over from the This carbon left over from the bacteria causes the black color of the bacteria causes the black color of the coal.coal.

After these bacteria breakdown the After these bacteria breakdown the plant molecules, it takes millions of plant molecules, it takes millions of years for the carbon and sediments years for the carbon and sediments to be compacted, underneath great to be compacted, underneath great pressure, to finally become coal.pressure, to finally become coal.

Synthetic fuelsSynthetic fuels

A synthetic fuel is one that is A synthetic fuel is one that is extracted from solid organic extracted from solid organic material, like coal.material, like coal.

We get these by extracting the We get these by extracting the hydrocarbons from coal to form liquid hydrocarbons from coal to form liquid and gaseous synthetic fuels that can and gaseous synthetic fuels that can be processed to produce gasoline for be processed to produce gasoline for cars and oil for heating.cars and oil for heating.

The gaseous forms of synthetic fuels The gaseous forms of synthetic fuels are used to generate electricity.are used to generate electricity.

Stages of Coal FormationStages of Coal Formation As plant material decays it releases As plant material decays it releases

gas and moisture and carbon.gas and moisture and carbon. The first stage of coal formation The first stage of coal formation

results in the formation of Peat.results in the formation of Peat. Peat is a layer of organic sediment. Peat is a layer of organic sediment.

As peat is buried under more and As peat is buried under more and more sediment, it changes into more sediment, it changes into lignite, a soft brown coal with a lot lignite, a soft brown coal with a lot less moisture then peat due to the less moisture then peat due to the increasing pressure pushing down on increasing pressure pushing down on it.it.

Stages of Coal FormationStages of Coal Formation Also, as the pressure and heat increases Also, as the pressure and heat increases

on top of lignite, the carbon in it becomes on top of lignite, the carbon in it becomes concentrated. This allows lignite to concentrated. This allows lignite to release more energy than Peat.release more energy than Peat.

As the layers becomes more and more As the layers becomes more and more buried beneath the surface the soft brown buried beneath the surface the soft brown lignite coal, becomes bituminous coal, lignite coal, becomes bituminous coal, which is compact, black and brittle.which is compact, black and brittle.

This kind of coal provides lots of energy This kind of coal provides lots of energy when burned. And it also contains a lot of when burned. And it also contains a lot of sulfur that can pollute the environment sulfur that can pollute the environment when burned.when burned.

Stages of Coal FormationStages of Coal Formation The last and fourth stage of coal The last and fourth stage of coal

formation occurs when enough formation occurs when enough pressure and heat is put on to the pressure and heat is put on to the bituminous coal to change it into bituminous coal to change it into anthracite coal.anthracite coal.

This type of coal contains the most This type of coal contains the most carbon of all coal forms. Since, carbon of all coal forms. Since, almost all of anthracite coal is carbon almost all of anthracite coal is carbon it is the cleanest burning form of it is the cleanest burning form of coal. coal.

There is less sulfur and other There is less sulfur and other impurities.impurities.

Oil and Natural GasOil and Natural Gas Oil and Natural Gas are also very Oil and Natural Gas are also very

important types of fossil fuels.important types of fossil fuels. Oil is a thick, black liquid formed Oil is a thick, black liquid formed

from the buried remains of from the buried remains of microscopic marine organisms.microscopic marine organisms.

Natural gas forms under very similar Natural gas forms under very similar ways and often with oil. However, ways and often with oil. However, instead of a liquid, it is a gaseous instead of a liquid, it is a gaseous form.form.

They are both hydrocarbons, but the They are both hydrocarbons, but the molecules in natural gas are a lot molecules in natural gas are a lot lighter than those of oil.lighter than those of oil.

Oil and Natural GasOil and Natural Gas Natural gas is used mostly for Natural gas is used mostly for

heating and cooking purposes.heating and cooking purposes. Oil is used for heating also, but can Oil is used for heating also, but can

be used as gas, lubricants or in the be used as gas, lubricants or in the productions of plastics as well.productions of plastics as well.

40% of Americas energy comes from 40% of Americas energy comes from the use of Oil.the use of Oil.

24% is from Natural gas.24% is from Natural gas. 23 from Coal 23 from Coal The other 13% are renewable The other 13% are renewable

resources will learn about later.resources will learn about later.

Formation of Oil and Natural GasFormation of Oil and Natural GasH.W. pg 146 ques. 1-12H.W. pg 146 ques. 1-12

The process begins when marine The process begins when marine organisms called plankton die and organisms called plankton die and fall to seafloor. fall to seafloor.

Sediments then gets deposited on Sediments then gets deposited on top of this dead plankton and the top of this dead plankton and the pressure and temperature increase pressure and temperature increase as this happens.as this happens.

Eventually, this will cause the dead Eventually, this will cause the dead plankton to become oil and natural plankton to become oil and natural gas.gas.

Formation of Oil and Natural GasFormation of Oil and Natural Gas Natural gas and oil are found in Natural gas and oil are found in

layers of rock that have become layers of rock that have become tilted or folded.tilted or folded.

Oil and gas are less dense than water Oil and gas are less dense than water and are therefore forced upward, and are therefore forced upward, fairly close to the surface.fairly close to the surface.

Shale, is an impermeable rock that Shale, is an impermeable rock that stops the upward flow of the oil and stops the upward flow of the oil and gas.gas.

This is what has to be drilled through This is what has to be drilled through when we want to excavate the oil or when we want to excavate the oil or gas.gas.

Removing Fossil Fuels from the Removing Fossil Fuels from the GroundGround

Coal is removed in two different Coal is removed in two different ways: 1) strip mining ways: 1) strip mining

& &

2) open-pit mining 2) open-pit mining

We remove oil and natural gas by We remove oil and natural gas by drilling and using pumps to remove drilling and using pumps to remove them from the Earth.them from the Earth.

Coal MiningCoal Mining In strip mining, layers of rock, that lie In strip mining, layers of rock, that lie

above coal, are removed and piled to above coal, are removed and piled to one side. one side.

The now exposed coal can be The now exposed coal can be removed and loaded into trucks and removed and loaded into trucks and transported elsewhere.transported elsewhere.

After the removal of the coal, the After the removal of the coal, the miners put the removed soil into the miners put the removed soil into the place they took the coal from.place they took the coal from.

Strip mining is only used when coal is Strip mining is only used when coal is close to the surface.close to the surface.

Coal Mining Coal Mining In one method of mining for coal, In one method of mining for coal,

tunnels are dug underground and tunnels are dug underground and rock are left to make pillars for rock are left to make pillars for support.support.

Drift mines remove coal that is not Drift mines remove coal that is not close to the Earth’s surface, through close to the Earth’s surface, through horizontal tunnels in the side of hills horizontal tunnels in the side of hills or mountains.or mountains.

In slope mining, an angled opening In slope mining, an angled opening and air shaft are made in the side of and air shaft are made in the side of a mountain to remove coal.a mountain to remove coal.

Oil and Gas drillingOil and Gas drilling These fossil fuels can be pumped from These fossil fuels can be pumped from

underground deposits. underground deposits. Geologists and engineers drill wells into Geologists and engineers drill wells into

rock that they believe are trapping gas or rock that they believe are trapping gas or oil beneath them.oil beneath them.

When the drilling reaches rock that When the drilling reaches rock that contains oil or gas the drilling is stopped.contains oil or gas the drilling is stopped.

Equipment is then inserted in order to Equipment is then inserted in order to control the flow of oil and gas.control the flow of oil and gas.

The surrounding rock is then fractured and The surrounding rock is then fractured and the oil and gas spill into a well.the oil and gas spill into a well.

The oil or gas in the well are then pumped The oil or gas in the well are then pumped to the surface.to the surface.

Fossil Fuel ReservesFossil Fuel Reserves The amount of a fossil fuel that can The amount of a fossil fuel that can

be extracted at a profit using current be extracted at a profit using current technology is called a reserve.technology is called a reserve.

A fossil fuel resource different than a A fossil fuel resource different than a reserve because a resource is reserve because a resource is concentrated enough that it can be concentrated enough that it can be removed in useful amounts.removed in useful amounts.

In a reserve there is less fuel so it In a reserve there is less fuel so it has to be profitable in order for it to has to be profitable in order for it to be mined.be mined.

Methane HydratesMethane Hydrates We said that there is enough coal to We said that there is enough coal to

last 250 more years.last 250 more years. The is only enough natural gas to last The is only enough natural gas to last

about 60 years.about 60 years. However scientists have found a new However scientists have found a new

source of methane, a major source of methane, a major component of natural gas. component of natural gas.

This new source of methane is This new source of methane is underneath the ocean floor.underneath the ocean floor.

And a methane hydrate is an ice like And a methane hydrate is an ice like substance that could provide substance that could provide tremendous energy.tremendous energy.

Methane HydratesMethane Hydrates Methane hydrates are stable Methane hydrates are stable

molecules found hundreds of meters molecules found hundreds of meters below sea level in ocean floor below sea level in ocean floor sediment.sediment.

These form under high pressure and These form under high pressure and fairly low temps. And can be found fairly low temps. And can be found on the eastern coast of the U.S.on the eastern coast of the U.S.

It is thought that methane hydrates It is thought that methane hydrates hold more energy than all of the hold more energy than all of the other fossil fuels combined.other fossil fuels combined.

Conserving Fossil FuelsConserving Fossil Fuels Fossil Fuels are being used faster Fossil Fuels are being used faster

than they can form. And wasteful than they can form. And wasteful habits like not turning off the lights habits like not turning off the lights when you leave a room, adds to the when you leave a room, adds to the raising of electricity prices.raising of electricity prices.

How can we avoid running out of How can we avoid running out of these precious natural resources that these precious natural resources that we rely on so heavily?we rely on so heavily?

We can turn lights off, shut windows We can turn lights off, shut windows or doors tightly and quickly in the or doors tightly and quickly in the winter months.winter months.

Energy from AtomsEnergy from Atoms

Most electricity in the U.S. is generated in Most electricity in the U.S. is generated in power plants that use fossil fuels.power plants that use fossil fuels.

However, nuclear energy is an alternate However, nuclear energy is an alternate source of energy.source of energy.

Nuclear energy is energy produced by Nuclear energy is energy produced by atomic reactions.atomic reactions.

When the nucleus of a heavy element is When the nucleus of a heavy element is split large amounts of energy are released.split large amounts of energy are released.

This energy can be used to power This energy can be used to power submarines or to even light a home.submarines or to even light a home.

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy The act of splitting the nucleus of a heavy The act of splitting the nucleus of a heavy

atom is called nuclear fission.atom is called nuclear fission. And the most used heavy element to get And the most used heavy element to get

energy is uranium.energy is uranium. In a power plant there is a large chamber In a power plant there is a large chamber

called a nuclear reactor, which contains called a nuclear reactor, which contains uranium rods that sit in a pool of cool uranium rods that sit in a pool of cool water. water.

Neutrons are then fired into the chamber Neutrons are then fired into the chamber of rods and splits the uranium atom so of rods and splits the uranium atom so energy can be released. energy can be released.

The released energy from the split atoms The released energy from the split atoms causes water to boil and make steam causes water to boil and make steam which drives large turbines which turns a which drives large turbines which turns a generator which makes electricity.generator which makes electricity.

Nuclear EnergyNuclear Energy Nuclear energy is considered a Nuclear energy is considered a

nonrenewable resource b/e you need to nonrenewable resource b/e you need to use uranium-235 as a fuel.use uranium-235 as a fuel.

Another bad thing about nuclear energy is Another bad thing about nuclear energy is the waste products of the fission reactions.the waste products of the fission reactions.

Nuclear waste contains high amounts of Nuclear waste contains high amounts of radioactive material.radioactive material.

The EPA has determined that nuclear The EPA has determined that nuclear waste material must be safely stored and waste material must be safely stored and contained for at least 10,000 years before contained for at least 10,000 years before reentering the environment.reentering the environment.

FusionFusion

In fusion, materials of a low mass are In fusion, materials of a low mass are fused together to form a substance fused together to form a substance of a higher mass.of a higher mass.

This will produce a lot of energy, and This will produce a lot of energy, and the waste will not be as harmful as the waste will not be as harmful as fission, however, we are still looking fission, however, we are still looking for ways to create technology to get for ways to create technology to get this done.this done.

Renewable Energy ResourcesRenewable Energy ResourcesSec 5-2 H.W. pg 135 ques. 1-5Sec 5-2 H.W. pg 135 ques. 1-5

Inexhaustible resources are energy Inexhaustible resources are energy resources that cannot run out in the resources that cannot run out in the future.future.

Some examples are the Sun, water, Some examples are the Sun, water, wind, and geothermal energy.wind, and geothermal energy.

Solar EnergySolar Energy Solar energy is energy from the sun that Solar energy is energy from the sun that

can be used in two ways: passively or can be used in two ways: passively or actively.actively.

Solar energy is passively used when the Solar energy is passively used when the sun heats up wind or water and that water sun heats up wind or water and that water and wind is circulated to warm the area and wind is circulated to warm the area around it.around it.

We actively use solar energy by trapping We actively use solar energy by trapping the energy of the sun in what is called the energy of the sun in what is called cells. cells.

These cells trap the suns energy and turn These cells trap the suns energy and turn it into electricity. They were originally it into electricity. They were originally created to generate electricity for created to generate electricity for satellites.satellites.

We can find solar cells today, in We can find solar cells today, in calculators, streetlights, and some calculators, streetlights, and some experimental cars.experimental cars.

Solar cellsSolar cells

Disadvantages of Solar energyDisadvantages of Solar energy Although solar energy is clean and Although solar energy is clean and

inexhaustible, there are some downfalls of inexhaustible, there are some downfalls of solar energy.solar energy.

It doesn’t work well on cloudy days, and is It doesn’t work well on cloudy days, and is useless at night.useless at night.

Some systems of solar energy use Some systems of solar energy use batteries to store the energy for the night batteries to store the energy for the night time, but it is difficult to store large time, but it is difficult to store large amounts of energy in these batteries.amounts of energy in these batteries.

Also, these batteries could cause pollution Also, these batteries could cause pollution if not discarded properly.if not discarded properly.

Energy from WindEnergy from Wind Wind is an excellent source of Wind is an excellent source of

energy. For centuries we have used energy. For centuries we have used wind to power sail boats and ships.wind to power sail boats and ships.

People have even used the wind to People have even used the wind to power windmills that are used to do power windmills that are used to do various things like grinding corn, various things like grinding corn, pump water or creating electricity.pump water or creating electricity.

When we put a large amount of When we put a large amount of windmills in one place in order to windmills in one place in order to generate electricity, it is called a generate electricity, it is called a wind farm.wind farm.

Wind FarmWind Farm

Wind EnergyWind Energy

Wind energy is nonpolluting, free and Wind energy is nonpolluting, free and causes no waste material.causes no waste material.

Some problems are: 1) There are only Some problems are: 1) There are only some places on Earth that have strong some places on Earth that have strong enough winds to generate electricity.enough winds to generate electricity.

2) Wind is not steady. Sometimes it doesn’t 2) Wind is not steady. Sometimes it doesn’t blow hard enough or it could stop entirely.blow hard enough or it could stop entirely.

For a place to use wind as energy, it would For a place to use wind as energy, it would have to have wind that is persistent and have to have wind that is persistent and strong enough.strong enough.

Energy from waterEnergy from water

Running water was used to harness Running water was used to harness energy, with the use of waterwheels, in energy, with the use of waterwheels, in the past.the past.

Today, we generate hydroelectric energy Today, we generate hydroelectric energy with the use of dams and turbines.with the use of dams and turbines.

Dams are built to hold large amounts of Dams are built to hold large amounts of water back. When some of the water is water back. When some of the water is released it rushes through and forces released it rushes through and forces turbines to turn and create electricity.turbines to turn and create electricity.

Water EnergyWater Energy

It might seem that hydroelectric energy is It might seem that hydroelectric energy is very environmentally safe. But is not as very environmentally safe. But is not as safe as you think.safe as you think.

The building of dams causes upstream The building of dams causes upstream lakes to fill with sediments and lakes to fill with sediments and downstream lakes begin to erode.downstream lakes begin to erode.

Also, the land above the dam becomes Also, the land above the dam becomes flooded and wildlife in that area are flooded and wildlife in that area are heavily effected.heavily effected.

Turbines and DamsTurbines and Dams

Energy from the EarthEnergy from the Earth Energy we acquire from the Earth’s Energy we acquire from the Earth’s

magma and hot dry rocks is called magma and hot dry rocks is called geothermal energy. geothermal energy.

Erupting volcanoes and geysers are Erupting volcanoes and geysers are examples of geothermal energy.examples of geothermal energy.

Both of these examples can be used to Both of these examples can be used to generate electricity.generate electricity.

Magma heats bodies of water, like Magma heats bodies of water, like reservoirs and causes them to boil and reservoirs and causes them to boil and create steam.create steam.

Geothermal power plants then use this Geothermal power plants then use this steam to turn turbines to produce steam to turn turbines to produce electricity.electricity.

We presently use these methods in Hawaii We presently use these methods in Hawaii and the Western U.S.and the Western U.S.

Renewable Energy ResourcesRenewable Energy ResourcesH.W. pg 146 ques. 13-20H.W. pg 146 ques. 13-20

A renewable resources are one that can be A renewable resources are one that can be replaced by nature of by humans in a replaced by nature of by humans in a relatively short time.relatively short time.

A relatively short time is defined as one A relatively short time is defined as one human lifetime.human lifetime.

A major renewable resource is what's A major renewable resource is what's called biomass energy, which is energy called biomass energy, which is energy derived from burning organic material, derived from burning organic material, such as wood, alcohol, and garbage.such as wood, alcohol, and garbage.

Energy from WoodEnergy from Wood When you burn wood you are releasing When you burn wood you are releasing

stored solar energy as heat.stored solar energy as heat. Wood is the most widely used biomass.Wood is the most widely used biomass. The small particles and gases released The small particles and gases released

into the air by burning wood can pollute into the air by burning wood can pollute the air.the air.

And when we cut down massive amounts And when we cut down massive amounts of trees to be burned we virtually wipe out of trees to be burned we virtually wipe out habitats for thousands of species.habitats for thousands of species.

If we conserve trees properly, by planting If we conserve trees properly, by planting one for every one we cut down, using one for every one we cut down, using wood for energy can become a large part wood for energy can become a large part of our future.of our future.

Energy from AlcoholEnergy from Alcohol Distillation of corn creates a biomass in Distillation of corn creates a biomass in

the form of an alcohol, like ethanol.the form of an alcohol, like ethanol. If we mix ethanol with a fuel, like gasoline If we mix ethanol with a fuel, like gasoline

to produce gasohol, which can be used the to produce gasohol, which can be used the same way as gas but it burns cleaner and same way as gas but it burns cleaner and allows us to use less fossil fuels, since we allows us to use less fossil fuels, since we don’t have to make the total volume of the don’t have to make the total volume of the mixture pure gasoline.mixture pure gasoline.

Liquid biomasses like alcohol have more Liquid biomasses like alcohol have more uses than solid ones.uses than solid ones.

Energy from GarbageEnergy from Garbage We can take the heat from burning We can take the heat from burning

garbage and use it to produce garbage and use it to produce energy.energy.

When garbage burns it causes heat When garbage burns it causes heat to produce steam which can be used to produce steam which can be used to turn turbines, which generate to turn turbines, which generate electricity.electricity.

It is cheap and would reduce the It is cheap and would reduce the amount of garbage that would have amount of garbage that would have to be dumped into landfills.to be dumped into landfills.

This form of energy does, however, This form of energy does, however, pollute the air greatly.pollute the air greatly.

Mineral ResourcesMineral Resources Section 5-3 H.W. pg 141 ques 1-4Section 5-3 H.W. pg 141 ques 1-4

Metallic Mineral resources are Metallic Mineral resources are deposits of useful minerals that deposits of useful minerals that contain metals like, aluminum, contain metals like, aluminum, copper, gold, iron, etc….copper, gold, iron, etc….

Ores are the most important metallic Ores are the most important metallic mineral resource.mineral resource.

An ore, is a metallic mineral found in An ore, is a metallic mineral found in a large enough deposit that can be a large enough deposit that can be mined for profit.mined for profit.

Economical EffectsEconomical Effects

In order for a mineral to be In order for a mineral to be considered an ore, it must be in considered an ore, it must be in demand. And has to be worth the demand. And has to be worth the trouble of removing it.trouble of removing it.

To remove an ore from rock it must To remove an ore from rock it must be concentrated and refined.be concentrated and refined.

The metallic ore is mined and The metallic ore is mined and crushed to remove the waste rock, or crushed to remove the waste rock, or gangue (GANG).gangue (GANG).

Nonmetallic mineral resourcesNonmetallic mineral resources

Any mineral not used as fuel or as a Any mineral not used as fuel or as a source of metal is a nonmetallic source of metal is a nonmetallic mineral.mineral.

There are 2 types: industrial minerals There are 2 types: industrial minerals & building materials.& building materials.

Limestone belongs to both goups.Limestone belongs to both goups.

Industrial mineralsIndustrial minerals

Many useful chemical are taken from Many useful chemical are taken from industrial minerals.industrial minerals.

We use silica, from sandstone to We use silica, from sandstone to make glass. We use others to make make glass. We use others to make into fertilizers, table salt and rock into fertilizers, table salt and rock salt. salt.

Abrasives like sandpaper are made Abrasives like sandpaper are made from corundum and garnet. from corundum and garnet.

Building materialsBuilding materials

The most important mineral here is The most important mineral here is called aggregate, which is a mixture called aggregate, which is a mixture of crushed stone, gravel, and sand.of crushed stone, gravel, and sand.

We use it to make concrete when we We use it to make concrete when we add water to it.add water to it.

We use gypsum as plaster and We use gypsum as plaster and limestone as walkways or driveways.limestone as walkways or driveways.

Recycling mineral resourcesRecycling mineral resources

Mineral resources are nonrenewable Mineral resources are nonrenewable and take millions of years to form.and take millions of years to form.

We can help to save these resources We can help to save these resources by recycling, or making new by recycling, or making new materials from old ones.materials from old ones.

Recycling reduces the demand for Recycling reduces the demand for new mineral resources and uses less new mineral resources and uses less energy to obtain the new material.energy to obtain the new material.

Test on chapter 5 in one Test on chapter 5 in one week!!!!!!!!!!!!!week!!!!!!!!!!!!!

H.W. pg 148 ques 1-15H.W. pg 148 ques 1-15