Chapter 4

ENG 314

Categories/phrases -- Functions

S

NP VP

They V’ AP

subject V NP fast adverbial

ate D N

the strawberries

object

Subject and Predicate

[Manatees] [are large, marine mammals]. [They] [can live up to 60 years and can weigh up to 1200 pounds]. [Their long-term survival in Florida] [is uncertain, however].

Subjects: Not always initial

[He] made no answer, and [they] were again silent till [they] had gone down the dance, when [he] asked her if [she and her sisters] did not very often walk to Meryton.

Tests (p. 62)a. Inversion with the AUX in Yes/No questions

The pig from Malacandra will want to eat soonWill the pig from Malacandra want to eat soon?

b.Agreement with the Verb/AUXThe pfiftrigg is niceThe pfiftriggs are nice.

c. Tag questionsThe hross is nice, isn't he?

Apply to (1)

(1) [The moon] [has risen in the sky].

Special Subject: there

(1) There are five unicorns in the parking lot.

What is the subject?

Do you agree?[Peccaries] are medium-sized animals, with a strong superficial resemblance to pigs. Like pigs, [they] have a snout ending in a cartilagenous disc, and eyes [that] are small relative to their head. Also like pigs, [they] use only the middle two digits for walking, although, unlike pigs, [the other toes] can be altogether absent. [Their stomach] is non-ruminating, although [it] has three chambers, and is more complex than [that of pigs] is. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peccary)

Complements to verbs• Direct Object

– He read [the letter from Hogwarts].

• Indirect Object– I gave [Santa] a letter.

• Subject Predicate– He is [pleasant].– He is [a nice person].– He is [in the garden].

• Object Predicate– Jane considers Pride and Prejudice [a classic].

Verbs with no complements/objects

Arrive, go, leave, walk, swim, ….

Verbs that have direct objects

See, eat, read, notice, devour, build, cook, knit, prepare …

Verbs that have direct objects

Give, donate, tell, award, begrudge, mail, throw …

Verbs with Subject Predicates

act, appear, be, become, get, go, grow, fall, feel, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn

Verbs with Object Predicates:

consider I considered Sabina very smart.

think I thought Timber (to be) nice.

find They found Einstein interesting.

know I know Chandra to be nice.

put She put snails on the table.

place They placed a jar upon a hill.

Correct??

(transitive irregular)

(41) a. This chicken lays an egg every day. b. He laid that book on the table

yesterday.

c. I have laid the table like this for years.

(intransitive irregular)

(42) a. I lie down regularly.

b. I lay down yesterday.

c. I have lain here for hours.

For WED

• Names of verbs

• ……