chapter 4 deflection and stiffness - uoh.edu.sa · curvature of beam subjected to bending moment m...
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Chapter 4
Deflection and Stiffness
Faculty of Engineering
Mechanical Dept.
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Chapter Outline
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Elasticity – property of a material that enables it to regain its
original configuration after deformation
Spring – a mechanical element that exerts a force when
deformed
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Linear spring
Nonlinear
stiffening spring
Nonlinear
softening spring
Fig. 4–1
Spring Rate
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Spring Rate
Relation between force and deflection, F = F(y)
Spring rate
For linear springs, k is constant, called spring constant
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Tension, Compression, and Torsion
Total extension or contraction of a uniform bar in tension
or compression
Spring constant, with k = F/d
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Angular deflection (in radians) of a uniform solid or hollow
round bar subjected to a twisting moment T
Converting to degrees, and including J = pd4/32 for round solid
Torsional spring constant for round bar
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Tension, Compression, and Torsion
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Deflection Due to Bending
Curvature of beam subjected to bending moment M
From mathematics, curvature of plane curve
Slope of beam at any point x along the length
If the slope is very small, the denominator of Eq. (4-9)
approaches unity.
Combining Eqs. (4-8) and (4-9), for beams with small slopes,
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Deflection Due to Bending
Recall Eqs. (3-3) and (3-4)
Successively differentiating
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Deflection Due to Bending
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(4-10)
(4-11)
(4-12)
(4-13)
(4-14) Fig. 4–2
0.5 m
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Example 4-1
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Fig. 4–2
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Example 4-1
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Example 4-1
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Example 4-1
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Beam Deflection Methods
Some of the more common methods for solving the integration
problem for beam deflection
◦ Superposition
◦ Moment-area method
◦ Singularity functions
◦ Numerical integration
Other methods that use alternate approaches
◦ Castigliano energy method
◦ Finite element software
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Beam Deflection by Superposition
Superposition determines the effects of each load separately, then adds the results.
Separate parts are solved using any method for simple load cases.
Many load cases and boundary conditions are solved and available in Table A-9, or in references such as Roark’s Formulas for Stress and Strain.
Conditions
◦ Each effect is linearly related to the load that produces it.
◦ A load does not create a condition that affects the result of another load.
◦ The deformations resulting from any specific load are not large enough to appreciably alter the geometric relations of the parts of the structural system.
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 4-2
Consider the uniformly loaded beam with a concentrated force as shown in Fig. 4–3.
Using superposition, determine the reactions and the deflection as a function of x.
Fig. 4–3
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 4-2
Solution Considering each load state separately, we can superpose beams 6 and 7 of Table A–9.
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Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Example 4-2
For the reactions we find
Answer
Answer
The loading of beam 6 is discontinuous and separate deflection equations are given
for regions AB and BC. Beam 7 loading is not discontinuous so there is only one
equation. Superposition yields
Answer
Answer
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Example 4-3
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Fig. 4–4
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Example 4-3
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Example 4-3
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Fig. 4–4
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Example 4-3
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
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Distributed Load on Beam
Distributed load q(x) called load intensity
Units of force per unit length
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Beam Deflection by Singularity Functions
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Relationships between Load, Shear, and Bending
The change in shear force from A to B is equal to the area of the
loading diagram between xA and xB.
The change in moment from A to B is equal to the area of the
shear-force diagram between xA and xB.
Beam Deflection by Singularity Functions
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Beam Deflection by Singularity Functions
A notation useful
for integrating
across
discontinuities
Angle brackets
indicate special
function to
determine whether
forces and moments
are active
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Table 3–1
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Example 4-5
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Example 4-5
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Example 4-5
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(4-12)
(4-13)
2
2
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Example 4-5
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Example 4-6
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Fig. 4–6
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Example 4-6
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Example 4-6
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Example 4-6
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Strain Energy
External work done on elastic member in deforming it is
transformed into strain energy, or potential energy.
Strain energy equals product of average force and deflection.
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Spring Constant
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Some Common Strain Energy Formulas
For axial loading, applying k = AE/l from Eq. (4-4),
For torsional loading, applying k = GJ/l from Eq. (4-7),
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Some Common Strain Energy Formulas
For direct shear loading,
For bending loading,
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Some Common Strain Energy Formulas
For transverse shear loading,
where C is a modifier dependent on the cross sectional shape.
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Summary of Common Strain Energy Formulas
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Example 4-8
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Fig. 4–9
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Example 4-8
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Fig. 4–9
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Example 4-8
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Castigliano’s Theorem
When forces act on elastic systems subject to small
displacements, the displacement corresponding to any force, in
the direction of the force, is equal to the partial derivative of the
total strain energy with respect to that force.
For rotational displacement, in radians,
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Example 4-9
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Fig. 4–9
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Example 4-9
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Utilizing a Fictitious Force
Castigliano’s method can be used to find a deflection at a point
even if there is no force applied at that point.
Apply a fictitious force Q at the point, and in the direction, of
the desired deflection.
Set up the equation for total strain energy including the energy
due to Q.
Take the derivative of the total strain energy with respect to Q.
Once the derivative is taken, Q is no longer needed and can be
set to zero.
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Finding Deflection Without Finding Energy
For cases requiring integration of strain energy equations, it is
more efficient to obtain the deflection directly without explicitly
finding the strain energy.
The partial derivative is moved inside the integral.
For example, for bending,
Derivative can be taken before integration, simplifying the math.
Especially helpful with fictitious force Q, since it can be set to
zero after the derivative is taken.
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Common Deflection Equations
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Example 4-10
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Fig. 4–10
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Example 4-10
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Example 4-10
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Example 4-10
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Example 4-11
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Fig. 4–11
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Example 4-11
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design Fig. 4–11
![Page 62: Chapter 4 Deflection and Stiffness - uoh.edu.sa · Curvature of beam subjected to bending moment M ... Beam Deflection Methods Some of the more common methods for solving the integration](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021916/5e123aa4de67c64c1329fe70/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Example 4-11
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Fig. 4–11
![Page 63: Chapter 4 Deflection and Stiffness - uoh.edu.sa · Curvature of beam subjected to bending moment M ... Beam Deflection Methods Some of the more common methods for solving the integration](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021916/5e123aa4de67c64c1329fe70/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Example 4-11
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Fig. 4–11
![Page 64: Chapter 4 Deflection and Stiffness - uoh.edu.sa · Curvature of beam subjected to bending moment M ... Beam Deflection Methods Some of the more common methods for solving the integration](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021916/5e123aa4de67c64c1329fe70/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Example 4-11
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Fig. 4–11
![Page 65: Chapter 4 Deflection and Stiffness - uoh.edu.sa · Curvature of beam subjected to bending moment M ... Beam Deflection Methods Some of the more common methods for solving the integration](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021916/5e123aa4de67c64c1329fe70/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Example 4-11
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Fig. 4–11
![Page 66: Chapter 4 Deflection and Stiffness - uoh.edu.sa · Curvature of beam subjected to bending moment M ... Beam Deflection Methods Some of the more common methods for solving the integration](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021916/5e123aa4de67c64c1329fe70/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Example 4-11
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design
Fig. 4–11
![Page 67: Chapter 4 Deflection and Stiffness - uoh.edu.sa · Curvature of beam subjected to bending moment M ... Beam Deflection Methods Some of the more common methods for solving the integration](https://reader031.vdocuments.mx/reader031/viewer/2022021916/5e123aa4de67c64c1329fe70/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Shigley’s Mechanical Engineering Design