chapter 4 - chem.usu.eduion.chem.usu.edu/~scheiner/lundellchemistry/lecture...4.2 –the peroidci...
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Lect
ure
Pres
enta
tion
Chap
ter
4
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
4.1
–El
emen
ts a
nd S
ymbo
ls
4.2
–Th
e Pe
riod
ic T
able
4.3
–Th
e At
om
4.4
–Ato
mic
Num
ber
and
Mas
s N
umbe
r
4.5
–Is
otop
es a
nd A
tom
ic M
ass
4.6
–El
ectr
on E
nerg
y Le
vels
4.7
–El
ectr
on C
onfi
gura
tion
s
4.8
–Tr
ends
in P
erio
dic
Prop
erti
es
Goa
l : G
iven
its
nam
e, w
rite
its
corr
ect
sym
bol;
fro
m t
he
sym
bol.
Wri
te t
he c
orre
ct n
ame.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Elem
ents
:
are
pure
sub
stan
ces
from
whi
ch a
ll ot
her
thin
gs a
re b
uilt
.
are
liste
d on
the
pe
riod
ic t
able
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Elem
ent
nam
es c
ome
from
pla
nets
, m
ytho
logi
cal f
igur
es,
min
eral
s, c
olor
s, g
eogr
aphi
c lo
cati
ons,
and
fam
ous
peop
le.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Chem
ical
sym
bols
•re
pres
ent
the
nam
es o
f th
eel
emen
ts.
•co
nsis
t of
one
to
two
lett
ers
and
star
t w
ith
a ca
pita
l let
ter.
One
-Let
ter
Sym
bols
Two-
Lett
er S
ymbo
lsC
carb
on
Coco
balt
Nni
trog
enCa
calc
ium
Ffl
uori
ne
Alal
umin
um
O
oxyg
en
M
gm
agne
sium
Carb
on,
C
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Wri
te t
he c
orre
ct c
hem
ical
sym
bols
for
eac
h of
the
fol
low
ing
elem
ents
:
A. i
odin
e
B. i
ron
C. m
agne
sium
D. z
inc
E. n
itro
gen
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Giv
e th
e na
mes
of
the
elem
ents
wit
h th
e fo
llow
ing
sym
bols
:
A. P
B. A
l
C. M
n
D. H
E. K
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Mer
cury
(H
g)Is
a s
ilver
y, s
hiny
ele
men
t th
at is
liqu
id a
t ro
om
tem
pera
ture
.
Can
ente
r th
e bo
dy b
y:m
ercu
ry v
apor
inha
lati
onco
ntac
t w
ith
the
skin
inge
stio
n of
wat
er o
r fo
od c
onta
min
ated
wit
h m
ercu
ry
Onc
e m
ercu
ry h
as e
nter
ed t
he b
ody,
it d
estr
oys
prot
eins
, di
srup
ts c
ell f
unct
ion.
Lon
g-te
rm e
xpos
ure
can Da
mag
e th
e br
ain
and
kidn
eys
Caus
e m
enta
l ret
arda
tion
Decr
ease
phy
sica
l dev
elop
men
t
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Mer
cury
con
tam
inat
ion
com
es f
rom
•in
dust
rial
was
tes.
•fi
sh a
nd s
eafo
od.
•ba
tter
ies.
•co
mpa
ct f
luor
esce
nt b
ulbs
.
Fish
abs
orb
mer
cury
.Bi
g fi
sh e
at lo
ts o
f sm
all f
ish,
end
up
wit
h m
ore
mer
cury
.G
ener
al, O
rgan
ic, a
nd B
iolo
gica
l Che
mis
try: S
truct
ures
of L
ife, 5
/eKa
ren
C. T
imbe
rlake
© 2
016
Pear
son
Educ
atio
n, In
c.
4.1
–El
emen
ts a
nd S
ymbo
ls
4.2
–Th
e Pe
riod
ic T
able
4.3
–Th
e At
om
4.4
–Ato
mic
Num
ber
and
Mas
s N
umbe
r
4.5
–Is
otop
es a
nd A
tom
ic M
ass
4.6
–El
ectr
on E
nerg
y Le
vels
4.7
–El
ectr
on C
onfi
gura
tion
s
4.8
–Tr
ends
in P
erio
dic
Prop
erti
es
Goa
l : U
se t
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e to
iden
tify
the
gro
up a
nd
the
peri
od o
f an
ele
men
t; id
enti
fy t
he e
lem
ent
as a
m
etal
, a
nonm
etal
, or
a m
etal
loid
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Th
e P
erio
dic
Tab
le
The
peri
odic
tab
le
orga
nize
s 11
8 el
emen
ts
into
gro
ups
wit
h si
mila
r pr
oper
ties
and
pl
aces
the
m in
ord
er o
f in
crea
sing
ato
mic
m
ass.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gro
up
s an
d P
erio
ds
In t
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e,
elem
ents
are
arr
ange
d ac
cord
ing
to p
rope
rtie
s.
Vert
ical
col
umns
re
pres
ent
grou
psof
el
emen
ts
and
hori
zont
al r
ows
repr
esen
t pe
riod
s.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gro
up
s an
d P
erio
ds
Gro
up n
umbe
rs a
re w
ritt
en a
t th
e to
p of
eac
h ve
rtic
al c
olum
n (1
-18)
.
Peri
ods
are
num
bere
d 1-
7
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Met
als,
Non
met
als,
an
d M
etal
loid
s
The
heav
y zi
gzag
line
sep
arat
es m
etal
s an
d no
nmet
als.
•M
etal
sar
e lo
cate
d to
the
left
.•N
onm
etal
sar
e lo
cate
d to
the
rig
ht.
•M
etal
loid
sar
e lo
cate
d al
ong
the
heav
y zi
gzag
line
.
Met
als
Solid
at
room
tem
pEx
cept
ion:
mer
cury
Shin
y!Du
ctile
(sh
aped
into
w
ires
)M
alle
able
(ha
mm
ered
fl
at in
to s
heet
s)G
ood
cond
ucto
rsH
igh
mel
ting
poi
nts
Non
met
als
Dull
(not
shi
ny
)
brit
tle
Not
duc
tile
Not
mal
leab
le
Poor
con
duct
ors
Low
mel
ting
poi
nts
Low
den
siti
es (
man
y ar
e ga
sses
at
room
tem
p.)
Silv
er(M
etal
)
Anti
mon
y(m
etal
loid
)
Sulf
ur(n
onm
etal
)
Met
allo
ids
have
a c
ombi
nati
on o
f m
etal
and
non
met
al p
rope
rtie
s.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch
arac
teri
stic
s of
Met
allo
ids
Met
allo
ids,
loca
ted
alon
g th
e he
avy
zigz
ag li
ne o
n th
e pe
riod
ic
tabl
eex
hibi
t pr
oper
ties
of
met
als
and
nonm
etal
s.•
are
bett
er c
ondu
ctor
s th
an
nonm
etal
s bu
t no
t as
goo
d as
m
etal
s.•
are
used
as
sem
icon
duct
ors
and
insu
lato
rs,
beca
use
they
ca
n be
mod
ifie
d to
fun
ctio
n as
co
nduc
tors
or
insu
lato
rs.
Silv
er(M
etal
)
Anti
mon
y(m
etal
loid
)
Sulf
ur(n
onm
etal
)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Iden
tify
eac
h of
the
fol
low
ing
elem
ents
as
a m
etal
, a
nonm
etal
, or
a m
etal
loid
:A.
sodi
umB.
chlo
rine
C.si
licon
D.
iron
E.ca
rbon
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
List
all
of t
he e
lem
ents
tha
t m
atch
the
de
scri
ptio
n.
A.m
etal
s in
Gro
up 1
4
Sn,
Pb,
C, S
i, G
e
B.no
nmet
als
in G
roup
15
Bi,
N,
P, A
s, S
b
C.m
etal
loid
s in
Gro
up 1
4
C, S
i, G
e, S
n, P
b
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gro
up
Nam
es
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Alk
ali M
etal
s
Gro
up 1
,th
e al
kali
met
als,
incl
udes
the
fo
llow
ing:
•lit
hium
(Li
) •so
dium
(N
a)•po
tass
ium
(K)
•ru
bidi
um (
Rb)
•ce
sium
(Cs
)•Fr
anci
um (
Fr)
Soft
Shin
y
Goo
d co
nduc
tors
Low
mel
ting
po
ints
Reac
t vi
goro
usly
wit
h w
ater
!
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Alk
alin
e E
arth
Met
als
Gro
up 2
elem
ents
,th
e al
kalin
e ea
rth
met
als,
are
shi
ny b
ut n
ot a
s re
acti
ve a
s G
roup
1A
met
als.
The
y in
clud
e th
e fo
llow
ing:
•be
rylli
um (
Be)
•m
agne
sium
(M
g)•ca
lciu
m (
Ca)
•st
ront
ium
(Sr
)•ba
rium
(Ba
)•ra
dium
(Ra
)
Stro
ntiu
m g
ives
the
red
col
or in
fi
rew
orks
. G
ener
al, O
rgan
ic, a
nd B
iolo
gica
l Che
mis
try: S
truct
ures
of L
ife, 5
/eKa
ren
C. T
imbe
rlake
© 2
016
Pear
son
Educ
atio
n, In
c.
Hal
ogen
s
Gro
up 1
7,th
e ha
loge
ns,
incl
udes
the
fol
low
ing:
•fl
uori
ne (
F)•ch
lori
ne (
Cl)
•br
omin
e (B
r)•io
dine
(I)
•as
tati
ne (
At)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nob
le G
ases
Gro
up 1
8,th
e no
ble
gase
s, in
clud
e:
Hel
ium
(H
e)
Neo
n (N
e)
Argo
n (A
r)
Kryp
ton
(Kr)
Xeno
n (X
e)
Rado
n (R
n)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Iden
tify
the
ele
men
t de
scri
bed
by e
ach
of t
he f
ollo
win
g gr
oups
and
per
iods
:
1. G
roup
17,
Per
iod
4
2. G
roup
2,
Peri
od 3
3. G
roup
15,
Per
iod
2
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
FY
I: E
lem
ents
Ess
enti
al t
o H
ealt
h
Of
all t
he e
lem
ents
, 23
are
ess
enti
al f
or t
he w
ell-
bein
g an
d su
rviv
al o
f th
e hu
man
bod
y.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
4.1
–El
emen
ts a
nd S
ymbo
ls
4.2
–Th
e Pe
riod
ic T
able
4.3
–Th
e At
om
4.4
–Ato
mic
Num
ber
and
Mas
s N
umbe
r
4.5
–Is
otop
es a
nd A
tom
ic M
ass
4.6
–El
ectr
on E
nerg
y Le
vels
4.7
–El
ectr
on C
onfi
gura
tion
s
4.8
–Tr
ends
in P
erio
dic
Prop
erti
es
Goa
l : D
escr
ibe
the
elec
tric
al c
harg
e an
d lo
cati
on in
an
atom
for
a p
roto
n, a
neu
tron
, an
d an
ele
ctro
n
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
An a
tom
is th
e sm
alle
st
parti
cle
of a
n el
emen
t tha
t re
tain
s th
e ch
arac
teris
tics
of th
at e
lem
ent.
Alum
inum
foil
cont
ains
at
oms
of a
lum
inum
.
The
Ato
m
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Atom
s co
ntai
n th
e fo
llow
ing
suba
tom
ic p
artic
les:
•Pr
oton
s
•N
eutr
ons
•El
ectr
ons
Ato
ms
are
mad
e of
sub
atom
ic p
artic
les
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Atom
s co
ntai
n th
e fo
llow
ing
suba
tom
ic p
artic
les:
Ato
ms
are
mad
e of
sub
atom
ic p
artic
les
•pr
oton
sha
ve a
pos
itive
(+) c
harg
e
•ne
utro
nsha
ve n
o ch
arge
(neu
tral)
•el
ectr
ons
have
a n
egat
ive
(-) c
harg
e
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
An a
tom
cons
ists
of
a nu
cleu
s, lo
cate
d in
the
cent
er o
f the
ato
m, t
hat c
onta
ins
prot
ons
and
neut
rons
and
repr
esen
ts m
ost o
f the
mas
s of
an
atom
.el
ectr
ons
that
occ
upy
a la
rge,
em
pty
spac
e ar
ound
the
nucl
eus.
Stru
ctur
e of
the
Ato
m
Prot
ons –
posi
tive
char
geN
eutro
ns –
neut
ral
Elec
trons
–ne
gativ
e ch
arge
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stru
ctur
e of
the
Ato
m
In a
n at
om, t
he p
roto
ns a
nd n
eutro
ns th
at m
ake
up a
lmos
t all
the
mas
s ar
e pa
cked
into
the
tiny
volu
me
of th
e nu
cleu
s. T
he ra
pidl
y m
ovin
g el
ectro
ns
(neg
ativ
e ch
arge
) sur
roun
d th
e nu
cleu
s an
d ac
coun
t for
the
larg
e vo
lum
e of
the
atom
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
In D
alto
ns
atom
ic th
eory
, ato
ms
•ar
e tin
y pa
rticl
es o
f mat
ter.
•of
an
elem
ent a
re s
imila
r to
each
oth
er a
nd d
iffer
ent
from
thos
e of
oth
er e
lem
ents
.•
of tw
o or
mor
e di
ffere
nt e
lem
ents
com
bine
to fo
rm
com
poun
ds.
•ar
e re
arra
nged
to fo
rm n
ew c
ombi
natio
ns in
a
chem
ical
reac
tion.
Atom
s ar
e ne
ver c
reat
ed o
r des
troye
d du
ring
a ch
emic
al
reac
tion.
Dal
ton’
s A
tom
ic T
heor
y
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Beca
use
the
mas
s of
sub
atom
ic p
artic
les
are
so s
mal
l,
•che
mis
ts u
se a
ver
y sm
all u
nit o
f mas
s ca
lled
the
atom
ic
mas
s un
it (a
mu)
.
•1 a
mu
has
a m
ass
equa
l to
1/12
of t
he m
ass
of th
e ca
rbon
- 12
atom
that
con
tain
s si
x pr
oton
s an
d si
x ne
utro
ns.
•1 a
mu
= 1
Dal
ton
(Da)
in b
iolo
gy.
•1am
u=
1.66
x 1
0-27
kg•E
lect
rons
hav
e su
ch a
sm
all m
ass
that
they
are
not
incl
uded
in
the
mas
s of
an
atom
.
Mas
s of
the
Ato
m
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
If a
pro
ton
has
a m
ass
of 1
.67
x 10
-27
kg,
wha
t is
its
mas
s in
am
u?
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Prot
ons
and
neut
rons
hav
e a
very
sm
all m
ass.
El
ectro
ns a
re 1
800
times
sm
alle
r tha
n pr
oton
s an
d ne
utro
ns.
Suba
tom
ic P
artic
les
in th
e A
tom
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Whi
ch o
f the
follo
win
g su
bato
mic
par
ticle
s fit
s ea
ch o
f the
de
scrip
tions
bel
ow?
prot
ons,
neu
trons
, or e
lect
rons
A. f
ound
out
side
the
nucl
eus
B. h
ave
a po
sitiv
e ch
arge
C.
have
mas
s bu
t no
char
ge
Stud
y C
heck
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
4.1
–El
emen
ts a
nd S
ymbo
ls
4.2
–Th
e Pe
riod
ic T
able
4.3
–Th
e At
om
4.4
–Ato
mic
Num
ber
and
Mas
s N
umbe
r
4.5
–Is
otop
es a
nd A
tom
ic M
ass
4.6
–El
ectr
on E
nerg
y Le
vels
4.7
–El
ectr
on C
onfi
gura
tion
s
4.8
–Tr
ends
in P
erio
dic
Prop
erti
es
Goa
l : G
iven
the
ato
mic
num
ber
and
the
mas
s nu
mbe
r of
an
ato
m,
stat
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
pro
tons
, ne
utro
ns,
and
elec
tron
s.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
mic
Nu
mb
er
Each
ele
men
t is
ass
igne
d an
ato
mic
num
ber.
The
atom
ic n
umbe
r is
equ
al t
o th
e nu
mbe
r of
pr
oton
s in
an
atom
(an
d is
alw
ays
a w
hole
num
ber)
.•
The
sam
e fo
r al
l ato
ms
of a
n el
emen
t•
Appe
ars
abov
e th
e sy
mbo
l of
an e
lem
ent
in t
he
peri
odic
tab
le.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
mic
Nu
mbe
r -e
xam
ple
s
Atom
ic n
umbe
r =
num
ber
of p
roto
ns
the
atom
ic n
umbe
r of
H is
1;
ever
y H
ato
m h
as o
ne p
roto
n.
the
atom
ic n
umbe
r of
C is
6;
ever
y C
atom
has
six
pro
tons
.
the
atom
ic n
umbe
r of
Cu
is 2
9; e
very
Cu
atom
has
29
prot
ons.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
mic
Nu
mbe
r -e
xam
ple
All a
tom
s of
lith
ium
(le
ft)
cont
ain
thre
e pr
oton
s, a
nd a
ll at
oms
of c
arbo
n (r
ight
) co
ntai
n si
x pr
oton
s.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
ms
are
Neu
tral
For
neut
ral a
tom
s, t
he n
et c
harg
e is
zer
o.
num
ber
of p
roto
ns =
num
ber
of e
lect
rons
Alum
inum
has
13
prot
ons
and
13 e
lect
rons
. Th
e ne
t (o
vera
ll)ch
arge
is z
ero.
13 p
roto
ns (
13+)
+
13
elec
tron
s (1
3–)
= 0
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Use
the
per
iodi
c ta
ble
to f
ill in
the
ato
mic
num
ber,
num
ber
of p
roto
ns,
and
num
ber
of e
lect
rons
for
eac
h of
the
fol
low
ing
elem
ents
:El
emen
tA
tom
ic
Num
ber
Prot
ons
Elec
tron
s
N Zn S
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Mas
s N
um
ber
The
mas
s nu
mbe
r
•re
pres
ents
the
num
ber
of p
arti
cles
in t
he n
ucle
us.
•is
equ
al t
o th
e nu
mbe
r of
pro
tons
+ t
he n
umbe
r of
neu
tron
s.
•is
alw
ays
a w
hole
num
ber.
•do
es n
ot a
ppea
r in
the
per
iodi
c ta
ble.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Tip
s
Num
ber
of p
roto
ns =
ato
mic
num
ber
Num
ber
of p
roto
ns +
neu
tron
s =
mas
s nu
mbe
r
Num
ber
ofne
utro
ns =
mas
s nu
mbe
r –
atom
ic n
umbe
r
Char
ge o
f at
om =
Num
ber
of e
lect
rons
+ N
umbe
r of
pro
tons
Num
ber
of e
lect
rons
= c
harg
e –
num
ber
of p
roto
ns
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
An a
tom
of
lead
(Pb
) ha
s a
mas
s nu
mbe
r of
207
.
A. H
ow m
any
prot
ons
are
in t
he n
ucle
us?
B. H
ow m
any
neut
rons
are
in t
he n
ucle
us?
C. H
ow m
any
elec
tron
s ar
e in
the
ato
m?
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
An a
tom
of
tita
nium
(Ti
) ha
s a
mas
s nu
mbe
r of
44.
A. H
ow m
any
prot
ons
are
in t
he n
ucle
us?
B. H
ow m
any
neut
rons
are
in t
he n
ucle
us?
C. H
ow m
any
elec
tron
s ar
e in
the
ato
m?
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
4.1
–El
emen
ts a
nd S
ymbo
ls
4.2
–Th
e Pe
riod
ic T
able
4.3
–Th
e At
om
4.4
–Ato
mic
Num
ber
and
Mas
s N
umbe
r
4.5
–Is
otop
es a
nd A
tom
ic M
ass
4.6
–El
ectr
on E
nerg
y Le
vels
4.7
–El
ectr
on C
onfi
gura
tion
s
4.8
–Tr
ends
in P
erio
dic
Prop
erti
esG
oal :
Det
erm
ine
the
num
ber
or p
roto
ns,
elec
tron
s, a
nd
neut
rons
in o
ne o
r m
ore
of t
he is
otop
es o
f an
ele
men
t;
calc
ulat
e th
e at
omic
mas
s of
an
elem
ent
usin
g th
e pe
rcen
t ab
unda
nce
and
mas
s of
its
natu
rally
occ
urri
ng is
otop
es.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Isot
opes
Isot
opes
•ar
e at
oms
of t
he s
ame
elem
ent.
•ha
ve t
he s
ame
num
ber
of p
roto
ns b
ut d
iffe
rent
num
bers
of
neu
tron
s.•
(dif
fere
nt m
ass
num
bers
)
•ca
n be
dis
ting
uish
ed b
y th
eir
atom
ic s
ymbo
ls.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
mic
Sym
bols
: Su
bato
mic
Par
ticl
es
Giv
en t
he a
tom
ic s
ymbo
ls,
dete
rmin
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
pr
oton
s, n
eutr
ons,
and
ele
ctro
ns.
816O
P31 15
3065Zn
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Nat
ural
ly o
ccur
ring
car
bon
cons
ists
of
thre
e is
otop
es:
12C,
13
C, a
nd 1
4 C.
Stat
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
pro
tons
, ne
utro
ns,
and
elec
tron
s in
eac
h of
the
thr
ee is
otop
es.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Wri
te t
he a
tom
ic s
ymbo
ls f
or a
tom
s w
ith
the
follo
win
g su
bato
mic
par
ticl
es:
A. 8
pro
tons
8
neu
tron
s
8 e
lect
rons
B. 1
7 pr
oton
s 2
0 ne
utro
ns
17 e
lect
rons
C. 4
7 pr
oton
s 6
0 ne
utro
ns
47 e
lect
rons
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
1.W
hich
of
the
pair
s be
low
are
isot
opes
of
the
sam
e el
emen
t?
815X
715X
612X
614X
715X
816X
2.W
hich
of
the
pair
s be
low
hav
e th
e sa
me
num
ber
of n
eutr
ons?
AB
C
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nat
ura
lly
Occ
urr
ing
Isot
opes
Mos
t el
emen
ts h
ave
seve
ral
isot
opes
tha
t oc
cur
in n
atur
e (v
s. m
ade
in a
lab.
)
Thes
e is
otop
es a
re c
alle
d “n
atur
ally
occ
urri
ng.”
Chlo
rine
has
3 is
otop
es:
35Cl
36 C
l 37 C
l
Onl
y 35
Cl a
nd 3
7 Cl h
appe
n na
tura
lly.
36Cl
has
to
be m
ade
in a
lab.
So c
hlor
ine
has
2 na
tura
lly o
ccur
ring
isot
opes
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
mic
Mas
s
Ato
mic
mas
sis
the
wei
ghte
d av
erag
e of
all
natu
rally
occ
urri
ng
isot
opes
of
that
ele
men
t.
num
ber
on t
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e be
low
the
che
mic
al
sym
bol.
Chlo
rine
, w
ith
two
natu
rally
occ
urri
ng
isot
opes
, ha
s an
ato
mic
mas
s of
35.
45
amu.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Isot
opes
of
Mag
nes
ium
Mag
nesi
um,
wit
h th
ree
natu
rally
occ
urri
ng
isot
opes
, ha
s an
ato
mic
m
ass
of 2
4.31
am
u.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Isot
opes
of
Mag
nes
ium
Mag
nesi
um’s
ato
mic
mas
s: 2
4.31
am
u.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
mic
Mas
s of
Som
e E
lem
ents
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Cal
cula
tin
g A
tom
ic M
ass
To c
alcu
late
ato
mic
mas
s,
use
the
expe
rim
enta
l per
cent
abu
ndan
ce o
f ea
ch is
otop
e of
th
e el
emen
t.
mul
tipl
y th
e pe
rcen
t ab
unda
nce
(div
ided
by
100)
by
the
atom
ic m
ass
of t
hat
isot
ope.
sum
the
tot
al m
ass
of a
ll is
otop
es.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Cal
cula
tin
g A
tom
ic M
ass
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Gal
lium
is a
n el
emen
t fo
und
in la
sers
use
d in
CD
play
ers.
In
a sa
mpl
e of
gal
lium
, th
ere
is
60.1
0% o
f 69
Ga
atom
s (a
tom
ic m
ass
68.9
26)
39.9
0% o
f 71
Ga
atom
s (a
tom
ic m
ass
70.9
25)
Wha
t is
the
ato
mic
mas
s of
gal
lium
?
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
4.1
–El
emen
ts a
nd S
ymbo
ls
4.2
–Th
e Pe
riod
ic T
able
4.3
–Th
e At
om
4.4
–Ato
mic
Num
ber
and
Mas
s N
umbe
r
4.5
–Is
otop
es a
nd A
tom
ic M
ass
4.6
–El
ectr
on E
nerg
y Le
vels
4.7
–El
ectr
on C
onfi
gura
tion
s
4.8
–Tr
ends
in P
erio
dic
Prop
erti
esG
oal:
Des
crib
e th
e en
ergy
leve
ls,
subl
evel
s, a
nd
orbi
tals
for
the
ele
ctro
ns in
an
atom
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ele
ctro
mag
net
ic R
adia
tion
We
expe
rien
ce e
lect
rom
agne
tic
radi
atio
n in
dif
fere
nt
form
s, s
uch
as li
ght,
the
col
ors
of a
rai
nbow
, or
X-r
ays.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ele
ctro
mag
net
ic R
adia
tion
Ligh
t an
d ot
her
elec
trom
agne
tic
radi
atio
n co
nsis
ts o
f en
ergy
part
icle
s th
at m
ove
as w
aves
of e
nerg
y.•
The
dist
ance
bet
wee
n th
e pe
aks
of w
aves
is c
alle
d th
e w
avel
engt
h.•
Hig
h-en
ergy
rad
iati
on h
as s
hort
er w
avel
engt
hs.
•Lo
w-e
nerg
y ra
diat
ion
has
long
er w
avel
engt
hs.
Ligh
t is
pur
e en
ergy
!Al
l ele
ctro
mag
neti
c ra
diat
ion
trav
els
at t
he s
peed
of
light
! (3
x 1
08m
/s!)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ele
ctro
mag
net
ic S
pec
tru
m
The
Elec
trom
agne
tic
Spec
trum
abo
ve s
how
s al
l typ
es
elec
trom
agne
tic
wav
es.
Man
y of
whi
ch w
e us
e ev
ery
day!
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
A ra
inbo
w a
ppea
rs w
hen
sunl
ight
ref
lect
s th
roug
h a
rain
drop
and
is s
epar
ated
into
its
diff
eren
t EM
rad
iati
on.
The
sam
e th
ing
happ
ens
whe
n yo
u sh
ine
sunl
ight
thr
ough
a g
lass
pri
sm!
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
mic
Sp
ectr
um
They
fou
nd t
hat
each
ele
men
t ha
d it
’s o
wn
“fin
gerp
rint
” ba
sed
on
whi
ch li
ght
it p
rodu
ced.
We
now
cal
l it
an e
lem
ent’
s at
omic
spe
ctru
m
Scie
ntis
ts f
ound
tha
t w
hen
they
use
d a
diff
eren
t lig
ht s
ourc
e th
an t
he s
un,
they
did
n’t
alw
ays
get
a fu
ll ra
inbo
w!
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
The
lines
of
colo
r in
an
atom
ic s
pect
rum
are
ca
used
by
the
beha
vior
of
that
ele
men
t’s
elec
tron
s.
Elec
tron
s oc
cupy
spe
cifi
c ar
eas
arou
nd t
he a
tom
th
ey a
re a
par
t of
.
Each
ele
ctro
n ha
s a
spec
ific
ene
rgy
leve
l w
hich
cor
resp
onds
to
the
“rin
g” t
he e
lect
ron
resi
des
in.
Bohr
mod
el a
nd b
ookc
ase
exam
ple
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ele
ctro
ns
and
En
ergy
Lev
els
•El
ectr
ons
wit
h th
e sa
me
ener
gy a
re g
roup
ed in
the
sa
me
ener
gy le
vel.
•En
ergy
leve
ls a
re a
ssig
ned
valu
es c
alle
d pr
inci
pal
quan
tum
num
bers
(n)
, (n
= 1
, n
= 2,
…).
An e
lect
ron
can
have
onl
y th
e en
ergy
of
one
of t
he e
nerg
y le
vels
in a
n at
om.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ele
ctro
n E
ner
gy L
evel
s
In a
n at
om,
each
ele
ctro
n ha
s a
spec
ific
ene
rgy,
kn
own
as it
s en
ergy
leve
l, w
hich
is a
ssig
ned
prin
cipa
l qua
ntum
num
bers
(n)
= (
n=
1, n
= 2,
…).
incr
ease
s in
ene
rgy
as t
he v
alue
of
nin
crea
ses
and
elec
tron
s ar
e fa
rthe
r aw
ay f
rom
the
nuc
leus
.
The
ener
gy o
f an
ele
ctro
n is
qua
ntiz
ed—
elec
tron
s ca
n ha
ve o
nly
spec
ific
ene
rgy
valu
es.
Bohr
mod
el
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ch
ange
s in
Ele
ctro
n E
ner
gy L
evel
Elec
tron
s m
ove
to a
hi
gher
ene
rgy
leve
l w
hen
they
abs
orb
ener
gy.
Whe
n el
ectr
ons
fall
back
to
a lo
wer
ene
rgy
leve
l, li
ght
is e
mit
ted.
The
ener
gy e
mit
ted
or
abso
rbed
is e
qual
to
the
diff
eren
ces
betw
een
the
two
ener
gy le
vels
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Su
blev
els
It is
the
arr
ange
men
t of
ele
ctro
ns
that
det
erm
ines
the
phy
sica
l and
ch
emic
al p
rope
rtie
s of
an
elem
ent.
•Ea
ch e
nerg
y le
vel c
onsi
sts
of o
ne o
r m
ore
subl
evel
s.
Book
shel
f w
ith
subl
evel
s
•The
num
ber
of s
uble
vels
in a
n en
ergy
leve
l is
equa
l to
the
prin
cipa
l qua
ntum
num
ber
n of
th
at e
nerg
y le
vel.
•The
sub
leve
ls a
re id
enti
fied
as
s, p
, d,
and
f.
•The
ord
er o
f su
blev
els
in a
n en
ergy
leve
l is
s<
p<
d<
f
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Su
blev
els
Up
to 2
ele
ctro
ns c
an f
it in
eac
h “b
ox”
(orb
ital
)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
sO
rbit
als
The
loca
tion
of
an e
lect
ron
is d
escr
ibed
in t
erm
s of
pr
obab
ility
.
•O
rbit
als
are
a th
ree-
dim
ensi
onal
vol
ume
in
whi
ch e
lect
rons
hav
e th
e hi
ghes
t pr
obab
ility
of
bein
g fo
und.
•Th
e s
orbi
tals
are
sp
here
s.
(a)
The
elec
tron
clo
ud o
f an
s o
rbit
al
repr
esen
ts t
he h
ighe
st p
roba
bilit
y of
fi
ndin
g an
s e
lect
ron.
(b)
The
s o
rbit
als
are
show
n as
sph
eres
. Th
e si
zes
of t
he
s or
bita
ls in
crea
se b
ecau
se t
hey
cont
ain
elec
tron
s at
hig
her
ener
gy
leve
ls.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
pO
rbit
als
Ther
e ar
e th
ree
por
bita
ls,
star
ting
wit
hn
= 2.
•Ea
ch p
orbi
tal h
as t
wo
lobe
s, li
ke a
bal
loon
tie
d in
the
mid
dle,
and
can
ho
ld a
max
imum
of
two
elec
tron
s.
•Th
e th
ree
por
bita
ls a
re
arra
nged
per
pend
icul
ar t
o ea
ch o
ther
alo
ng t
he x
, y,
an
d z
axes
aro
und
the
nucl
eus.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
pO
rbit
als
A p
orbi
tal h
as t
wo
regi
ons
of h
igh
prob
abili
ty,
whi
ch g
ives
a “
dum
bbel
l” s
hape
. (a
) Ea
ch p
orb
ital
is a
ligne
d al
ong
a di
ffer
ent
axis
fro
m t
he o
ther
p o
rbit
als.
(b)
All
thre
e p
orbi
tals
are
sho
wn
arou
nd t
he n
ucle
us.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
d O
rbit
als
Ther
e ar
e fi
ve d
orbi
tals
, st
arti
ng w
ith
n =
3.
•Fo
ur o
f th
e fi
ve d
orbi
tal
has
four
lobe
s, in
the
sh
ape
of a
4-l
eaf
clov
er.
•Th
e on
ly d
iffe
renc
e be
twee
n th
em is
the
ir
loca
tion
. Sh
ape
is
iden
tica
l.
•Th
e 5t
hd
orbi
tal l
ooks
lik
e a
por
bita
l wit
h a
donu
t ar
ound
its
mid
dle.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
dO
rbit
als
Each
of
the
dsu
blev
els
cont
ains
fiv
e d
orbi
tals
.
Four
of
the
five
d
orbi
tals
con
sist
of
four
lobe
s th
at a
re
alig
ned
alon
g or
be
twee
n di
ffer
ent
axes
. O
ne d
orb
ital
co
nsis
ts o
f tw
o lo
bes
and
a do
ughn
ut-
shap
ed r
ing
arou
nd
its
cent
er.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Su
blev
els
Up
to 2
ele
ctro
ns c
an f
it in
eac
h “b
ox”
(orb
ital
)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Each
orb
ital
can
hol
d to
tw
o el
ectr
ons.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Orb
ital
Cap
acit
y an
d E
lect
ron
Sp
in
elec
tron
s in
the
sam
e or
bita
l rep
el e
ach
othe
r.
elec
tron
s in
the
sam
e or
bita
l mus
t ha
ve
thei
r m
agne
tic
spin
s ca
ncel
(th
ey m
ust
spin
in o
ppos
ite
dire
ctio
ns).
We
can
repr
esen
t m
agne
tic
spin
s w
ith
ar
row
s
Sum
mar
y: E
ach
orbi
tal c
an h
ave
up t
o 2
elec
tron
s w
ith
one
“spi
n up
” an
d th
e ot
her
“spi
n do
wn”
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
The
Paul
i exc
lusi
on p
rinc
iple
sta
tes
that
each
orb
ital
can
hol
d a
max
imum
of
two
elec
tron
s.
elec
tron
s in
the
sam
e or
bita
l rep
el e
ach
othe
r.
elec
tron
s in
the
sam
e or
bita
l mus
t ha
ve t
heir
m
agne
tic
spin
s ca
ncel
(th
ey m
ust
spin
in
oppo
site
dir
ecti
ons)
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nu
mb
er o
f E
lect
ron
s in
Su
ble
vels
Ther
e is
a m
axim
um n
umbe
r of
ele
ctro
ns t
hat
can
fill
each
sub
leve
l.
Each
ssu
blev
el h
as o
ne o
rbit
al a
nd c
an h
old
a m
axim
um o
f tw
o el
ectr
ons.
Each
psu
blev
el h
as t
hree
orb
ital
s an
d ca
n ho
ld a
m
axim
um o
f si
x el
ectr
ons.
Each
dsu
blev
el h
as f
ive
orbi
tals
and
can
hol
d a
max
imum
of
10 e
lect
rons
.
Each
fsu
blev
el c
an h
as 7
orb
ital
s an
d ca
n ho
ld a
m
axim
um o
f 14
ele
ctro
ns.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Nu
mb
er o
f E
lect
ron
s in
Su
ble
vels
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
4.1
–El
emen
ts a
nd S
ymbo
ls
4.2
–Th
e Pe
riod
ic T
able
4.3
–Th
e At
om
4.4
–Ato
mic
Num
ber
and
Mas
s N
umbe
r
4.5
–Is
otop
es a
nd A
tom
ic M
ass
4.6
–El
ectr
on E
nerg
y Le
vels
4.7
–El
ectr
on C
onfi
gura
tion
s
4.8
–Tr
ends
in P
erio
dic
Prop
erti
esG
oal:
Dra
w t
he o
rbit
al d
iagr
am a
nd w
rite
the
ele
ctro
n co
nfig
urat
ion
for
an e
lem
ent.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
An o
rbit
al d
iagr
amsh
ows
the
plac
emen
t of
ele
ctro
ns in
the
or
bita
ls in
ord
er o
f in
crea
sing
ene
rgy.
This
is m
uch
easi
er t
han
tryi
ng t
o dr
aw a
ll th
e or
bita
l sh
apes
.
Ther
eis
1s
orbi
tal,
so
ther
eis
1bo
x.
Ther
e ar
e 3
por
bita
ls,
so
ther
e ar
e 3
boxe
s re
pres
enti
ng it
.
Etc.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Orb
ital
Dia
gram
s –
H a
nd
He
We
fill
an o
rbit
al d
iagr
am w
ith
the
num
ber
of e
lect
rons
an
atom
has
.
Elem
ent
Atom
ic #
# of
elec
tron
s
Hyd
roge
n(H
)
Hel
ium
(He)
Begi
n at
the
bot
tom
of
the
char
t, p
utti
ng t
wo
elec
tron
s in
eac
h or
bita
l (bo
x).
Hyd
roge
nH
eliu
m
Use
an
arro
w t
o re
pres
ent
an
elec
tron
.
If t
here
are
tw
o el
ectr
ons
in o
ne
orbi
tal,
mak
e on
e “u
p” a
nd o
ne
“dow
n”
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Orb
ital
dia
gram
s ca
n al
so b
e w
ritt
en o
n on
e lin
e to
sav
e sp
ace.
Th
eyar
ew
ritt
en in
the
orde
rof
low
est
ener
gyto
high
est.
Hyd
roge
nH
eliu
m
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Fina
lly,
orbi
tal d
iagr
ams
can
also
be
wri
tten
usi
ng t
he o
rbit
al
nam
es a
nd n
umbe
r of
ele
ctro
ns a
s:
We
call
this
for
mat
the
ele
ctro
n co
nfig
urat
ion
of t
hat
atom
or
elem
ent.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ele
ctro
n C
onfi
gura
tion
s
Chem
ists
use
a n
otat
ion
calle
d el
ectr
on c
onfi
gura
tion
to
•in
dica
te t
he p
lace
men
t of
ele
ctro
ns in
an
atom
.
•sh
ow h
ow e
lect
rons
fill
ene
rgy
leve
ls a
nd s
uble
vels
in o
rder
of
incr
easi
ng e
nerg
y.
•w
rite
an
abbr
evia
ted
form
usi
ng a
nob
le g
as t
o re
pres
ent
all
elec
tron
s pr
eced
ing
it.
Elec
tron
Con
figu
rati
on f
or C
arbo
n
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Per
iod
2: L
i
Elem
ent
Atom
ic #
# of
elec
tron
s
Lith
ium
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Per
iod
2: B
e
Elem
ent
Atom
ic #
# of
elec
tron
s
Bery
llium
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Per
iod
2: B
, C, a
nd
N
Elem
ent
Atom
ic #
# of
elec
tron
s
Boro
n
Carb
on
Nit
roge
n
Plac
e on
e el
ectr
on in
eac
h p
orbi
tal b
efor
e do
ublin
g up
. (s
ame
for
dan
d f
orbi
tals
)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Per
iod
2: O
, F, a
nd
Ne
Elem
ent
Atom
ic #
# of
elec
tron
s
Oxy
gen
Fluo
rine
Neo
n Plac
e on
e el
ectr
on in
eac
h p
orbi
tal b
efor
e do
ublin
g up
. (s
ame
for
dan
d f
orbi
tals
)
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Per
iod
3: S
odiu
m t
o A
rgon
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ele
ctro
n C
onfi
gura
tion
s an
d t
he
Per
iod
ic T
able
The
elec
tron
con
figu
rati
ons
of e
lem
ents
are
rel
ated
to
thei
r po
siti
ons
on t
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e. D
iffe
rent
sec
tion
s or
blo
cks
corr
espo
nd t
o su
blev
els
s, p
, d,
and
f.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Blo
cks
on t
he
Per
iod
ic T
able
1. T
he s
bloc
k co
ntai
ns e
lem
ents
in 1
and
2.
This
mea
ns t
he
fina
l one
or
two
elec
tron
s ar
e in
the
ssu
blev
el.
2. T
he p
bloc
k co
nsis
ts o
f el
emen
ts in
Gro
up 1
3 to
Gro
up 1
8.
Ther
e ar
e si
x p
bloc
k el
emen
ts in
eac
h pe
riod
, be
caus
e th
ree
por
bita
ls c
an h
old
a m
axim
um o
f si
x el
ectr
ons.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Blo
cks
on t
he
Per
iod
ic T
able
3. T
he d
bloc
k, w
hich
con
tain
s tr
ansi
tion
ele
men
ts,
firs
t ap
pear
s af
ter
calc
ium
(at
omic
num
ber
20).
The
re a
re
10 e
lem
ents
in t
he d
bloc
k, b
ecau
se f
ive
dor
bita
ls c
an h
old
a m
axim
um
of 1
0 el
ectr
ons.
4. T
hef
bloc
k, t
he in
ner
tran
siti
on e
lem
ents
, is
the
tw
o ro
ws
of
elem
ents
at
the
bott
om o
f th
e pe
riod
ic t
able
. Th
ere
are
14 e
lem
ents
in
each
fbl
ock,
bec
ause
sev
en f
orb
ital
s ca
n ho
ld a
max
imum
of
14
elec
tron
s.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Wri
tin
g C
onfi
gura
tion
s U
sin
g S
ubl
evel
Blo
cks
STEP
1
Loca
te t
he e
lem
ent
on t
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e.
STEP
2
Wri
te t
he f
illed
sub
leve
ls in
ord
er,
goin
g ac
ross
ea
ch p
erio
d.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Exam
ple:
Chl
orin
e
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ele
ctro
n C
onfi
gura
tion
s: d
an
d f
blo
ck
Begi
nnin
g in
Per
iod
4,
the
4ssu
blev
el f
ills
befo
re t
he 3
dsu
blev
el,
beca
use
the
3dsu
blev
el is
slig
htly
low
er in
ene
rgy
than
the
4s
subl
evel
.th
e 5s
subl
evel
fill
s be
fore
the
4d
subl
evel
.th
e 6s
subl
evel
fill
s be
fore
the
5d
subl
evel
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Use
the
sub
leve
l blo
cks
on t
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e to
wri
te t
he
elec
tron
con
figu
rati
on f
or s
elen
ium
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
d b
lock
Su
blev
el E
xcep
tion
s
For
chro
miu
m (
Cr),
mov
ing
one
of t
he 4
sel
ectr
ons
to t
he 3
dsu
blev
el a
dds
stab
ility
wit
h a
half
-fill
ed d
sub
shel
l, a
nd t
he r
esul
ting
con
figu
rati
on is
4s1
3d5 .
For
copp
er (
Cu),
mov
ing
one
of t
he 4
sel
ectr
ons
to t
he 3
dsu
blev
el a
dds
stab
ility
wit
h a
fille
dd
subs
hell,
and
the
res
ulti
ng c
onfi
gura
tion
is 4
s13d
10.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Use
the
sub
leve
l blo
cks
on t
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e to
wri
te t
he
elec
tron
con
figu
rati
on f
or r
heni
um (
Re).
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Use
the
per
iodi
c ta
ble
to g
ive
the
sym
bol a
nd n
ame
for
the
elem
ent
wit
h th
e el
ectr
on c
onfi
gura
tion
of
1s2 2
s22p
6 3s2
3p6 4
s23d
7 .
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Wri
te t
he e
lect
ron
arra
ngem
ent
for
the
follo
win
g el
emen
ts:
C Si O
1s 2s 2
p
3s 3
p 3
d
4s 4
p 4
d 4
f
5s 5
p 5
d 5
f
6s 6
p 6
d 6
f
7s 7
p 7
d 7
f
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
4.1
–El
emen
ts a
nd S
ymbo
ls
4.2
–Th
e Pe
riod
ic T
able
4.3
–Th
e At
om
4.4
–Ato
mic
Num
ber
and
Mas
s N
umbe
r
4.5
–Is
otop
es a
nd A
tom
ic M
ass
4.6
–El
ectr
on E
nerg
y Le
vels
4.7
–El
ectr
on C
onfi
gura
tion
s
4.8
–Tr
ends
in P
erio
dic
Prop
erti
es
Goa
l: U
se t
he e
lect
ron
conf
igur
atio
ns o
f el
emen
ts t
o ex
plai
n th
e tr
ends
in p
erio
dic
prop
erti
es.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Val
ence
Ele
ctro
ns
•M
ost
prop
erti
es o
f el
emen
ts a
re d
ue t
o th
e be
havi
or o
f th
e el
ectr
ons
in t
he e
lem
ent’
s ou
term
ost
orbi
tals
.•
Vale
nce
elec
tron
s ar
e th
e nu
mbe
r of
ele
ctro
ns in
the
ou
term
ost
ener
gy le
vel.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Val
ence
Ele
ctro
ns
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Usi
ng t
he p
erio
dic
tabl
e, h
ow m
any
vale
nce
elec
tron
s do
ea
ch e
lem
ent
have
?
A. c
alci
um
B. l
ead
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Lew
is S
ymbo
ls
Lew
is s
ymbo
lsre
pres
ent
the
vale
nce
elec
tron
s as
dot
s pl
aced
on
side
s of
the
sym
bol f
or a
n el
emen
t.•
One
to
four
val
ence
ele
ctro
ns a
re a
rran
ged
as s
ingl
e do
ts.
•Fi
ve t
o ei
ght
vale
nce
elec
tron
s ar
e ar
rang
ed w
ith
at le
ast
one
pair
of
elec
tron
s ar
ound
the
sym
bol f
or t
he e
lem
ent.
HH
eB
SKr
Rem
embe
r, w
ith
vale
nce
elec
tron
s, it
doe
sn’t
mat
ter
whi
ch r
ow (
peri
od)
you
are
in.
Onl
y th
e co
lum
n (g
roup
).G
ener
al, O
rgan
ic, a
nd B
iolo
gica
l Che
mis
try: S
truct
ures
of L
ife, 5
/eKa
ren
C. T
imbe
rlake
© 2
016
Pear
son
Educ
atio
n, In
c.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Wri
te t
he e
lect
ron-
dot
(Lew
is)
sym
bol f
or e
ach
of t
he
follo
win
g el
emen
ts:
ClN
C
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
mic
siz
e
•is
det
erm
ined
by
the
atom
’s a
tom
ic r
adiu
s,th
e di
stan
ce
betw
een
the
nucl
eus
and
the
oute
rmos
t el
ectr
ons.
Ato
mic
Siz
e
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ato
mic
Siz
e
The
atom
ic s
ize
incr
ease
s go
ing
dow
n a
grou
p an
dri
ght
to
left
acr
oss
a pe
riod
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Atom
ic s
ize
incr
ease
s to
p to
bot
tom
dow
n a
grou
pBe
caus
eea
chpe
riod
adds
mor
e or
bita
ls w
hich
are
incr
easi
ngly
fart
her
from
the
nucl
eus.
Atom
icsi
zein
crea
ses
from
left
tori
ght
Beca
use
as y
ou r
ight
alo
ng a
per
iod,
you
are
add
ing
mor
epr
oton
s an
d el
ectr
ons
(but
hav
e th
e sa
me
orbi
tals
.) T
his
crea
tes
a st
rong
er
attr
acti
on b
etw
een
the
nucl
eus
(pro
tons
) an
d th
e el
ectr
ons
and
it
suck
s th
e el
ectr
ons
in t
ight
er.
Mak
ing
the
atom
sm
alle
r.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Giv
en t
he e
lem
ents
C,
N,
and
Cl,
A. w
hich
is t
he la
rges
t at
om?
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ion
izat
ion
En
ergy
Ioni
zati
on e
nerg
y is
the
ene
rgy
requ
ired
to
rem
ove
one
of
the
oute
rmos
t (v
alen
ce)
elec
tron
s.
•As
the
dist
ance
fro
m t
he n
ucle
us t
o th
e va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons
incr
ease
s, t
he io
niza
tion
ene
rgy
decr
ease
s.
•The
ioni
zati
on e
nerg
y is
low
for
met
als
and
high
for
the
no
nmet
als.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Ion
izat
ion
En
ergy
Ioni
zati
on e
nerg
y in
crea
ses
up
a gr
oup
and
incr
ease
s go
ing
acro
ss a
per
iod
from
left
to
righ
t.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Stu
dy
Ch
eck
Giv
en t
he e
lem
ents
C,
N,
and
Cl,
B. w
hich
has
the
hig
hest
ioni
zati
on e
nerg
y?
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Met
alli
c C
har
acte
r
An e
lem
ent
wit
h m
etal
lic c
hara
cter
is o
ne t
hat
lose
s va
lenc
e el
ectr
ons
easi
ly (
low
ioni
zati
on e
nerg
y).
Met
allic
cha
ract
er
•is
mor
e pr
eval
ent
in m
etal
s on
the
left
sid
e of
the
pe
riod
ic t
able
.
•is
less
for
non
met
als
on t
he r
ight
sid
e of
the
per
iodi
c ta
ble
that
do
not
lose
ele
ctro
ns e
asily
.
•de
crea
ses
goin
g do
wn
a gr
oup,
as
elec
tron
s ar
e fa
rthe
r aw
ay f
rom
the
nuc
leus
.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Met
alli
c C
har
acte
r
The
met
allic
ch
arac
ter
of t
he s
and
pbl
ock
elem
ents
in
crea
ses
goin
g do
wn
a gr
oup
and
incr
ease
s go
ing
from
rig
ht t
o le
ftac
ross
a p
erio
d.
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Su
mm
ary
: Per
iod
ic T
ren
ds
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
4.1
–El
emen
ts a
nd S
ymbo
ls
4.2
–Th
e Pe
riod
ic T
able
4.3
–Th
e At
om
4.4
–Ato
mic
Num
ber
and
Mas
s N
umbe
r
4.5
–Is
otop
es a
nd A
tom
ic M
ass
4.6
–El
ectr
on E
nerg
y Le
vels
4.7
–El
ectr
on C
onfi
gura
tion
s
4.8
–Tr
ends
in P
erio
dic
Prop
erti
es
Gen
eral
, Org
anic
, and
Bio
logi
cal C
hem
istry
: Stru
ctur
es o
f Life
, 5/e
Kare
n C
. Tim
berla
ke©
201
6 Pe
arso
n Ed
ucat
ion,
Inc.
Con
cep
t M
ap