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Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Table of ContentsChapter Preview
4.1 Photosynthesis
4.2 Respiration
4.3 Cell Division
4.4 Cell Differentiation
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Chapter Preview Questions
1. All living things are made ofa. tissues.b. muscles.c. cells.d. chemicals.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Chapter Preview Questions
1. All living things are made ofa. tissues.b. muscles.c. cells.d. chemicals.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Chapter Preview Questions
2. Scientists observe the details of cellsa. with their bare eyes.b. through microscopes.c. through telescopes.d. in petri dishes.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Chapter Preview Questions
2. Scientists observe the details of cellsa. with their bare eyes.b. through microscopes.c. through telescopes.d. in petri dishes.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Unlike animal cells, many plant cells containa. chloroplasts.b. mitochondria.c. cytoplasm.d. DNA.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Chapter Preview Questions
3. Unlike animal cells, many plant cells containa. chloroplasts.b. mitochondria.c. cytoplasm.d. DNA.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Genetic information in plant and animal cells is in the cell’sa. chloroplasts.b. membrane.c. nucleus.d. walls.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Chapter Preview Questions
4. Genetic information in plant and animal cells is in the cell’sa. chloroplasts.b. membrane.c. nucleus.d. walls.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Hummingbirds feed on the nectarproduced by flowers. Nectar is a sweet liquid composed largely ofcarbohydrates. What does nectarprovide for the cells of thehummingbird?
How do cells obtain the energy they need to carryout all their functions?
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Greek Word Origins
Prefix Meaning Example Word
auto- self autotroph An organism that makes food for itself
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Prefix Meaning Example Word
heterotroph An organismthat depends on otherorganisms for food
hetero- other, different
Greek Word Origins
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Prefix Meaning Example Word
cytokinesis During cell division, theprocess in which a cell’s cytoplasmdivides and organelles move intothe two new cells that form
kinesis motion
Greek Word Origins
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Apply It!
The Greek word trophe means “food.” What two key terms in the table come from this Greek word? How does the meaning of each of thesewords put two Greek words together?
Sample: I see from the table that both autotroph and heterotroph contain the Greek word trophe, with the final e dropped.)
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
End of Chapter Preview
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
How does the sun supply living things with the energy they need?What happens during the process of photosynthesis?
Section 1: Photosynthesis
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Sources of EnergyNearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
The Two Stages of PhotosynthesisDuring photosynthesis, plants and some other organisms use energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and sugars.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
The Photosynthesis Process Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the photosynthesis process.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Photosynthesis
Click the Video button to watch a movie about photosynthesis.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
End of Section: Photosynthesis
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
What events occur during respiration?What is fermentation?
Section 2: Respiration
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Two Stages of RespirationDuring respiration, cells break down simple food molecules such as sugar and release the energy they contain.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Photosynthesis and RespirationYou can think of photosynthesis and respiration as opposite processes.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Links on Cellular Respiration
Click the SciLinks button for links on cellular respiration.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Respiration
Click the Video button to watch a movieabout respiration.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
End of Section: Respiration
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
What events take place during the three states of the cell cycle?How does the structure of DNA help account for the way in which DNA copies itself?
Section 3: Cell Division
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
MitosisDuring mitosis, the cell’s nucleus divides into two new nuclei. One copy of the DNA is distributed into each of the two daughter cells.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
The Cell Cycle
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Cell Cycle Activity
Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art about the cell cycle.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Length of the Cell Cycle
How long does it take for a cell to go through one cell cycle? It all depends on the cell. A human liver cell, for example, completes one cell cycle in about 22 hours, as shown in the graph. Study the graph and then answer the following questions.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Length of the Cell Cycle
The longest curved arrow represents the cell’s interphase; the shortest represents cytokinesis; and the middle one represents mitosis.
Reading Graphs:
What do the three curved arrows outside the circle represent?
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Length of the Cell CycleReading Graphs:
In what stage of the cell cycle is the wedge representing growth?
Interphase
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Length of the Cell CycleInterpreting Data:
In human liver cells, how long does it take DNA replication to occur?
10 hours
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Length of the Cell CycleDrawing Conclusions:
In human liver cells, what stage in the cell cycle takes the longest time?
Interphase
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Structure of DNAThe DNA molecule, supported by proteins, is shaped like a twisted ladder.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Replication of DNABecause of the way in which the nitrogen bases pair with one another, the order of the bases in each new DNA molecule exactly matches the order in the original DNA molecule.
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
End of Section:Cell Division
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
What is differentiation?What factors influence how and when cells differentiate within different organisms?
Section 4: Cell Differentiation
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
Specialized Cells
Plants have undifferentiated cells in their stems and roots that can give rise to different kinds of cells.
Undifferentiated plant cell
Leaf cell
Transport cell
Root cell
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
End of Section:Cell Differentiation
Chapter 4 Cell Processes and Energy
QuickTake Quiz
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