chapter 4 & 5 combined

7/29/2019 Chapter 4 & 5 Combined

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Chapter 5

Basic Office Applications

Objectives

Describe how word processing and

desktop publishing software have

revolutionized writing and publishing

Discuss the potential impact of desktoppublishing and Web publishing on theconcept of freedom of the press

Speculate about future developments inword processing and digital publishing

Objectives (continued)

Describe the basic functions andapplications of spreadsheets and othertypes of statistical and simulationprograms

Explain how computers can be used toanswer What if? questions

Explain how computers are used as toolsfor simulating mechanical, biological, andsocial systems

Doug Engelbart ExploresHyperspace

Doug Engelbart One of the pioneers of the computer hardware and

software

In 1968, he demonstrated his Augment system: Mouse

Video display editing

Mixed text and graphics, windowing

Outlining

Shared-screen video conferencing

Computer conferencing

Groupware Hypermedia

Word Processors and Other WordTools

Working with a word processor involvesseveral steps:

Entering text

Editing text

Formatting the document

Proofreading the document

Saving the document on disk

Printing the document


Entering, Editing, and Formatting Text

Entering text

Text displayed on the screen and stored in the computersRAM

Save your work periodically because RAM is not permanent

memory

Editing text

Navigating to different parts of a document

Inserting or deleting text at any point

Moving & copying text

Searching and replacing words or phrases

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Formatting commands

Formatting characters

Measured by point size (one point =1/72 inch)

A font is a size and style of typeface

Serif fonts have serifs or fine lines at the ends ofeach character

Monospaced fonts and proportionally spaced fonts


Formatting paragraphs involves:

Margin settings

Line spacing

Indents

Tabs

J ustification


Formatting the document Style sheets

Headers and footers

Multiple variable-width columns

Graphics

Automatic editing features

Hidden comments

Table of contents and indexes

Coaching and help features (sometimes called

wizards) Conversion to HTML for Web publishing


Rules of Thumb: Word Processing Is NotTyping

Use the Return or Enter key only when youmust Word wrap moves text to the next line

Use tabs and margin guides, not thespacebar, to align columns WYSIWYG is a matter of degree

Text that looks perfectly aligned onscreenmay not line up on paper


Dont underline Use italics and boldface for emphasis; italicize

book and journal titles

Use only one space after a period Proportionally spaced fonts look better without

double spaces

Take advantage of special characters Bullets (), em dashes (), and curly quotes

( ) make your work look more professional


The Wordsmiths Toolbox

Outliners and IdeaProcessors are effective

at:

Arranging information intolevels

Rearranging ideas and

levels

Hiding and revealing levelsof detail as needed



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Synonym Finders

A computerized

thesaurus can

provideinstantaneousfeedback forsynonyms andantonyms


Digital References Dictionaries, quotation

books, encyclopedias,atlases, almanacs andother references are nowavailable in digital form

The biggest advantage ofthe electronic form is speed

The biggest drawback isthat quick and easy copyingmight tempt writers toplagiarize


Spelling Checkers

Compare words inyour document with

words in a disk-

based dictionary

Words might beflagged, but youmake the decision to

ignore or change thespelling


Grammar and StyleCheckers Analyzes each word in

context, checking forerrors of content

Checks spelling Points out possible errors

and suggestsimprovements

Analyzes prose complexityusing measurements such

as sentence length andparagraph length


Form Letter Generators Mail merge capabilities produce personalized

form lettersCreate a database with names

Create a form letter

Merge the database with the form letter to create apersonalized letter

Incorporate custom paragraphs based on therecipients personal dataMakes each letter look as if it were individually

written


Collaborative Writing

Tools Groupware: software

designed to be used by aworkgroup

Provides for collaborativewriting and editing

Tracks changes andidentifies by the originatorsname

Compares documentversions and highlightsdifferences in documents



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Emerging Word Tools

Processing handwritten words

Processing words with software that can

reliably recognize human speech

Anticipating a writers needs, acting as anelectronic editor or co-author

The Desktop Publishing Story

What Is DesktopPublishing?

The process ofproducing a book,magazine, or otherpublicationincludes severalsteps: Writing text

Editing text


Producing drawings, photographs, andother graphics to accompany the text

Designing a basic format for the publication

Typesetting text

Arranging text and graphics on pages

Typesetting and printing pages

Binding pages into a finished publication


With modern desktop publishing technology(DTP), the production process can beaccomplished with sophisticated tools that areaffordable and easy to use

A desktop publishing system generally includes:

One or more Macs or PCs

A scanner

Transforms photographs and hand-drawn images into

computer-readable documents A high-resolution printer


Desktop publishing software:

Image editing software

Page-layout software combinesthe various source documentsinto a coherent, visually

appealing publication

QuarkXpress

PageMaker

Adobe InDesign


Why Desktop Publishing?

Saves money

Saves time

Can reduce the number of

publication errors

Offers new hope for everyindividuals right to publish



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Rules of Thumb: Beyond DESKTOP TaCkY!?

Plan before you publish

Use appropriate fonts Dont go style-crazy

Look at your document through your readers eyes

Learn from the masters

Know your limitations

Remember the message

The purpose of publishing is communication; dont try to use

technology to disguise the lack of something to communicate


Beyond the Printed Page Paperless Publishing and the Web

A common prediction is that desktop publishingandpaper publishing in generalwill be replaced bypaperless electronic media

Electronic Books and Digital Paper The electronic book, or ebook, is a handheld device

that can contain anything from todays top newsstories to lengthy novels

Digital paper, or epaper, is a flexible, portable, paper-like material that can dynamically display black-and-white text and images on its surface


Creating Professional-looking Documents

Rules of Thumb:

Plan before you publish

Use appropriate fonts

Dont go style-crazy

View your document through your readers eyes

Learn from the masters

Know your limitations

Remember the message

The Spreadsheet: Software forSimulation and Speculation

The Malleable Matrix The spreadsheet

consists of:

Cells (theintersection of a rowand column)

Addresses (columnletter and row

number, e.g., A1,C12)


Spreadsheets cancontain:

Values, such asnumbers and dates

Labels, such as

column and reportheadings, thatexplain what thevalues mean


Formulas allow you to

create instructionsusing mathematicalexpressions andcommands +(plus)

- (minus)

*(multiplication)

/ (division)

Sum

Average



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Screen Test:

Creating a Worksheet

with Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet programs

work in much the sameway and share most of

these features: Spreadsheets offer

many automatic features

such as replication ofdata


Spreadsheets Automatic Features


Formulas can be:

Relative, so theyrefer to different

cells when they are

copied

Absolute, so theformula referencesnever change whenthey are copied


Automaticrecalculation

Any time achange isentered intothe

spreadsheet,all data relatedto the change

automaticallyupdates


Functions (e.g., SUM,

AVG, SQRT) automatecomplex calculations Macros store

keystrokes andcommands so they canbe played backautomatically

Templates offer ready-to-use worksheets withlabels and formulasalready entered


Linking spreadsheets together

When the values change in onespreadsheet, the data isautomatically updated in all linkedspreadsheets

Database capabilities Search for information

Sort the data by a specific criteria

Merge the data with a wordprocessor

Generate reports



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Rules of Thumb: Avoiding Spreadsheet

Pitfalls

Plan the worksheet before you startentering values and formulas

Make your assumptions as accurate aspossible

Double-check every formula and value


Make formulas readable

Check your output against other systems

Build in cross-checks

Change the input data values and studythe results

Take advantage of pre-programmedfunctions, templates, and macros

Use a spreadsheet as a decision-makingaid, not as a decision-maker


What If? Questions

Spreadsheets allow you to change

numbers and instantly see the effects ofthose changes

What if I enter this value?

Equation solvers

Some spreadsheets generate data needed tofit a given equation and target value


Spreadsheet Graphics:

From Digits to Drawings

Charts allow you to turnnumbers into visual data

Pie charts (show relativeproportions to the whole)

Line charts (show trends

or relationships over time)


Bar charts (use if data falls into a fewcategories)

Scatter charts (use to discover, rather thanto display, a relationship between twovariables)


Rules of Thumb: Making Smart Charts

Choose the right chart for the job

Think about the message youre trying to convey

Pie charts, bar charts, line charts, and scatter chartsare not interchangeable

Keep it simple, familiar, and understandable

Use charts in magazines, books, and newspapers asmodels

Strive to reveal the truth, not hide it



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Statistical Software: BeyondSpreadsheets

Money Managers

Accounting and Financial Management

software allows you to do electronicallyhandle routine transactions such as: Writing checks

Balancing accounts

Creating budgets

Online banking services

Tax preparation


Automatic Mathematics

Mathematics processing software

Software turns abstract mathematicalrelationships into visual objects (Example:Mathematica by Wolfram)

Generally, they include an interactive, wizard-like question and-answer mode, a programminglanguage, and tools for creating interactivedocuments that combine text,numericalexpressions, and graphics


Statistics and Data Analysis

Statistical and data analysissoftware Collects and analyzes data that

tests the strength of datarelationships

Can produce graphs showing howtwo or more variables relate to eachother

Can often uncover trends bybrowsing through two- and three-dimensional graphs of data, lookingfor unusual patterns in the dots andlines that appear on the screen


Scientific Visualization

Scientific visualization software usesshape, location in space, color, brightness,and motion to help us visualize data

Visualization helps researchers seerelationships that might have beenobscure or even impossible to graspwithout computer-aided visualization tools

Calculated Risks: ComputerModeling and Simulation

Computer modeling uses computers to create

abstract models of objects, organisms,organizations, and processes

Examples of popular computer models:

Games (chess boards, sports arenas, andmythological societies)

Models of organisms, objects, and organizations

Flight simulators and simulations of science labactivities

Business, city, or nation management simulations


Computer Simulations: The Rewards

Computer simulations are widely used

There are many reasons:

Safety

Economy

Projection

Visualization

Replication



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Calculated Risks: ComputerModeling and SimulationComputer Simulations: The Risk

GIGO Revisited

The accuracy of a simulation depends on how closelyits mathematical model corresponds to the systembeing simulated

Some models suffer from faulty assumptions Some models contain hidden assumptions that may

not even be obvious to their creators

Some models go astray simply because of clerical orhuman errors

Still, garbage in, garbage out is a basic rule ofsimulation


Making Reality Fit the Machine Some simulations are so complex that

researchers need to simplify modelsand streamline calculations to get themto run on the best hardware available

Sometimes this simplification of realityis deliberate; more often itsunconscious

Either way, information can be lost,and the loss may compromise theintegrity of the simulation and call theresults into question


The Illusion of Infallibility

A computer simulation, whether generated by a PCspreadsheet or churned out by a supercomputer, canbe an invaluable decision making aid

The risk is that the people who make decisions withcomputers will turn over too much of their decision-

making power to the computer

Risks can be magnified because people takecomputers seriously

Inventing the Future: TrulyIntelligent Agents

Future user interfaces will be based on agentsrather than on tools

Agents are software programs designed to bemanaged rather than manipulated

An intelligent software agent can: Ask questions as well as respond to commands

Pay attention to its users work patterns

Serve as a guide and a coach

Take on its owners goals

Use reasoning to fabricate goals of its own


Tomorrows agents will be better able to

compete with human assistants Future agents may possess a degree of

sensitivity

A well-trained software agent in the future mightaccomplish these tasks: Remind you that its time to get the tires rotated on

your car, and make an appointment for the rotation

Distribute notes to the other members of your studygroup or work group, and tell you which membersopened those notes


Keep you posted on new articles on subjects

that interest you, and know enough about thosesubjects to be selective without being rigid

Manage your appointments and keep track ofyour communications

Teach you new applications and answerreference questions

Defend your system and your home fromviruses, intruders, and other security breaches

Help protect your privacy on and off the Net



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1

Summary

Surveys a variety of applications that

people use to manipulate words and

numbers

Considers software tools for working withwords

From outliners to sophisticated referencetools and numbers

From spreadsheets to statistical packages

and money managers

Summary (continued)

Looks at how desktop-publishingtechnology has transformed the publishing

process and provided more people withthe power to communicate in print

Examines how scientific visualizationsoftware can help us understandrelationships that are invisible to the nakedeye and how computer simulationssimulate reality for work and pleasure



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Chapter 6

Graphics, Digital Media, andMultimedia

Objectives

Compare and contrast several types of computergraphics programs used by artists,

photographers, designers, and others Explain how computers are changing the way

professionals and amateurs work with video,animation, audio, and music

Describe several ways that computers are usedto create multimedia materials in the arts,entertainment, education, and business

Objectives (continued)

Explain the relationship betweenhypermedia and multimedia, describing

applications of each

Describe several present and futureapplications for multimedia technology

Tim Berners-Lee Weaves the Webfor Everybody

Born in London in 1955

Wanted to create an open-endeddistributed hypertext system with noboundaries, so scientists everywherecould link their work together

Invented the World Wide Web andgave it to all

Now works at MIT

Heads the World Wide Web Consortium(W3C)

Focus on Computer Graphics

Painting: Bitmapped Graphics

Painting software:

Paints pixels on the screen with apointing device

Pointer movements are translatedinto lines and patterns on the

screen

Stores an image at 300 dots perinch or higher


Pixels: tiny dots of white, black, or color that

make up images on the screen The palette of tools mimics real-world painting

tools Also contains other tools that are unique to computers

Bitmapped graphics (or raster graphics):pictures that show how the pixels are mappedon the screen

Color depth: the number of bits devoted to eachpixel

Resolution: the density of the pixels



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Image Processing:

Photographic Editing by Computer

Allows the user to manipulate photographs andother high resolution images with tools such asAdobe Photoshop

Far more powerful than traditional photo-retouching techniques Can distort and combine photos as demonstrated in

the tabloids

Can create fabricated images that show no evidenceof tampering


Digital photo management software

programs such as Apple iPhoto and

Microsoft PictureIt! simplify and automatecommon tasks associated with capturing,organizing, editing, and sharing digitalimages

Take an image

Combine it with

other objects Make a statement


Drawing: Object-Oriented Graphics

Drawing software stores a picture as acollection of lines and shapes (calledobject-oriented or vector graphics)

Memory demands on storage are not ashigh as for bitmapped images

Many drawing toolsline, shape, and text

toolsare similar to painting tools inbitmapped programs


PostScript: a standard page-descriptionlanguage for describing text fonts, illustrations,and other elements of the printed page

Used by professional drawing programs such asAdobe Illustrator and Macromedia Freehand

Built into many laser printers and other high-endoutput devices so those devices can understand and

follow PostScript instructions

PostScript-based drawing software constructs aPostScript program as the user draws


Bit-mapped painting

(pixels) gives you theseadvantages:

More control over textures,shading and fine detail

Appropriate for screendisplays, simulating

natural paint media andembellishing photographs


Object-oriented drawing gives you theseadvantages:

Better for creating printed graphs, charts, andillustrations

Lines are cleaner and shapes are smoother



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Some integrated programs contain bothdrawing and painting modules

Allows you to choose the right tool for eachjob

Some programs merge features of both ina single application Blurring the distinction between types

Offers new possibilities for amateur andprofessional illustrators


Rules of Thumb:

Creating Smart Art

Reprogram yourself . . . relax Choose the right tool for the

job

Borrow from the best

Dont borrow withoutpermission

Protect your own work U.S. Copyright Office Web Site:

http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/


3-D Modeling Software

Used to create three-dimensional objects withtools similar to those in drawing software

Goal for some applications: to create ananimated presentation on a computer screen orvideotape

Flexible: can create a 3-D model, rotate it, view itfrom different angles

Can walk-through a 3-D environment thatexists only in the computers memory


Images in wireframe view; those on theright are fully rendered to add surface

textures


CAD/CAM: Turning Pictures into Products

Computer Aided Design (CAD) software:

Allows engineers, designers, and architects tocreate designs on screen for products rangingfrom computer chips to public buildings

Can test product prototypes

Cheaper, faster, and more accurate than

traditional design-by-hand techniques


Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) isthe process by which data related to theproduct design are fed into a program that

controls the manufacturing of parts

Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)refers to the combination of CAD/CAM andis a major step toward a fully automated

factory

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Presentation Graphics:

Bringing Lectures to Life

Automates the creation of visual aids forlectures, training sessions, salesdemonstrations, and other presentations

Create slide shows directly on computer

monitors or LCD projectors, including stillimages, animation, and video clips


MICROSOFT OFFICE POWERPOINT

You start by creating an outline of the main

points of your talk, arranging headings andpoints in the appropriate order

You can design the background, borders, andtext format yourself, or select a professionallydesigned template from the collection thatcomes with PowerPoint

The program places your text on this templatefor each slide in the presentation


You can print overhead transparencies orhave slides made, but since there is a bigscreen computer system in the lectureroom, you opt to create an interactiveslideshow with animated visual transitionsbetween slides

Microsoft Producer lets you combine apresentation with a video of the speaker

and a table of contents

Rules of Thumb: Making PowerfulPresentations

Remember your goal Remember your audience Outline your ideas Be stingy with words Keep it simple

Use a consistent design Be smart with art

Keep each slide focused

Tell them what youre going to tell them, then tellthem, then tell them what you told them

Dynamic Media: Beyond thePrinted Page

Modern media contains dynamicinformation, which is information thatchanges over time or in response to user

input

Animation

Desktop Video

Audio

Hypertext and hypermedia


Animation: Graphics in Time

Each frame of computer-based animation

is a computer-drawn picture; the computerdisplays these frames in rapid succession

Tweening: Instead of drawing each frameby hand, the animator can create keyframes and objects and use software to

help fill in the gaps



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Desktop Video: Computers, Film, and TV

Analog and Digital Video

A video digitizer can convert analog video

signals from a television broadcast orvideotape into digital data


Many video digitizers can import signals fromtelevisions, videotapes, video cameras, andother sources Signals displayed on the computers screen in real

timeat the same time theyre created or imported

Digital video cameras capture footage in digitalform

Digital video can be copied, edited, stored, andplayed back without any loss of quality

Digital video will soon replace analog video formost applications


Video Production Goes Digital

Today most video editing is done using nonlinear editingtechnology

Video editing software, such as Adobe Premiere, makesit easy to eliminate extraneous footage, combine clipsfrom multiple takes, splice together scenes, createspecific effects and other activities

Morphs are video clips in which one imagemetamorphoses into another

Data compression software and hardware are used to

squeeze data out of movies so that they can be stored insmaller spaces


Many Web sites deliver streaming videocontent to viewers with fast broadband

Internet connections


The Synthetic Musician:

Computers and Audio Audio digitizer captures sound and

stores it as a data file

Synthesizer an electronic instrumentthat synthesizes sounds usingmathematical formulas

MIDI (Musical Instrument DigitalInterface) standard interface thatallows electronic instruments andcomputers to communicate with eachother


Music is digitized on audio CDs at a high

sampling rate and bit depthhigh enough thatits hard to tell the difference between theoriginal analog sound and the final digitalrecording

The iTunes Music Store helps Mac andWindows users purchase music by their favoriteartists in protected digital format



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Rule of Thumb:

Digital Audio Dos and Donts

Dont steal

Understand streaming and downloading

Know your file formats

Dont over-compress


Samplers, Synthesizers, and Sequencers:

Digital Audio and MIDI

Multimedia computers can control avariety of electronic musical instrumentsand sound sources using MIDI

MIDI commands can be interpreted by avariety of: Music synthesizers

Samplers


A piano-style keyboard sends MIDI signals to thecomputer Computer interprets the MIDI commands using sequencing

software

Sequencing software turns a computer into a musicalcomposing, recording, and editing machine

Electronicamusic designed from the ground up withdigital technology Some of the most interesting sequenced music


A growing number of musicians depend onsequencers to play along with live

musicians in performances

Abelons Live is a sequencer with special

features for bridging the communication gapbetween human players and computer inconcert


Hypertext and Hypermedia

Hypertext refers to information linked innon-sequential ways

Hypermedia combines text, numbers,graphics, animation, sound effects, music,and other media in hyperlinked documents Useful for on-line help files

Lets the user jump between documents allover the Internet


Hypermedia documents can bedisorienting and leave readers wonderingwhat theyve missed

Documents dont always have the linksreaders want

Authors cant build every possible connectioninto documents

Some readers get frustrated because theycant easily get here from there



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Documents sometimes contain lost links,

Especially on the Web, where even a popular

page can disappear

Documents dont encourage scribbledmargin notes, highlighting, or turned pagecorners for marking key passages

Hardware can be hard on humans

The art of hypermedia is still in its infancy

Interactive Multimedia:Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind

Interactive Multimedia:

What Is It?

A combination of text, graphics,animation, video, music, voice,and sound effects that allows theuser to take an active part in theexperience

Requirements: high-quality colormonitors, fast processors, largememory, CD-ROM drives,speakers, and sound cards

Interactive Multimedia:Eye, Ear, Hand, and Mind

Multimedia Authoring:

Making Mixed Media

Uses authoring programssuch as HyperStudio andMetaCard

Binds source documentstogether to communicate

with users in anaesthetically pleasing way

Interactive Multimedia: Eye, Ear,Hand, and Mind

Multimedia authoring involvesprogramming objects on thescreen to react, or behave, inparticular ways under particularcircumstances

Macromedia Director MX, one ofthe most popular of suchpackages, includes pre-writtenbehaviors that can be attached to

on-screen buttons, images, andother objects


Rules of Thumb:

Making Interactive Multimedia Work

Be consistent in visual appearance

Use graphical metaphors to guide viewers

Keep the screen clean and uncluttered

Include multimedia elements to enliven thepresentation

Focus on the message

Give the user control

Test your presentation with those unfamiliar with thesubject


Inventing the Future:

Shared Virtual Spaces

Virtual reality combines virtualworlds with networking Places multiple participants in a

virtual space

People see representations of eachother, sometimes called avatars

Most avatars today are cartoonish,but they convey a sense of presenceand emotion



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Tele-immersion: Uses multiple cameras and high-speed networks to

create a videoconferencing environment in whichmultiple remote users can interact with each otherand with computer-generated objects

Combines the display and interaction techniques ofvirtual reality with new vision technologies that allowparticipants to move around in shared virtual spaces,all the while maintaining their unique points of view

Augmented reality (AR): The use of computer displays that add virtual

information to a persons sensory perceptions

Summary

Computer graphics today encompass more thanquantitative charts and graphs generated by

spreadsheets Computers today arent limited to working with

static images; theyre widely used to create andedit documents in media that change over timeor in response to user interaction

The interactive nature of the personal computermakes it possible to create nonlinear documentsthat enable users to take individual pathsthrough information

Summary (continued)

Today we can create or explore hypermediadocuments interactive documents that mix text,graphics, sounds, and moving images with onscreennavigation buttonson disk and on the World WideWeb

Multimedia computer systems make a new kind ofsoftware possiblesoftware that uses text, graphics,animation, video, music, voice, and sound effects tocommunicate

Regardless of the hardware, interactive multimedia

software enables the user to control the presentationrather than just watch or listen passively