CHAPTER 39 - SECTION 2BIOLOGY PGS. 1002-1008

Human Endocrine Glands

OBJECTIVES __________________ the function of the

major endocrine glandsIdentify

The endocrine glands are ______________ throughout the body.

The human endocrine system _____________a variety of activities.

Any ____________ functioning of an endocrine gland may result in a disease or a disorder.

scattered

regulates

improper

The major glands of the endocrine system include:

the pituitary gland the hypothalamus the thyroid gland the parathyroid glands the adrenal glands the pancreas the reproductive glands

The Pituitary Gland

What does the pituitary gland do?The pituitary gland secretes ________

hormones that directly regulate many body

functions and controls the actions of several

other endocrine glands.

nine

What does the hypothalamus do?

The hypothalamus controls the secretions of the pituitary gland.

The hypothalamus is by hormone levels in the blood and by sensory information.

Interactions between the and the endocrine system take place at the hypothalamus.

The between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland means that the nervous and endocrine systems act together to coordinate body activities.

influenced

nervous system

close connection

What does the thyroid gland do?

LarynxThyroid gland

Esophagus

Trachea

Thyroxine regulates the ____________of cells.

The thyroid produces thyroxine.

metabolic rate

Thyroid glandParathyroid

glands

What do the parathyroid glands do?

Parathyroid glands secrete _______________ hormone (PTH).

PTH regulates calcium levels in the blood by increasing reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys and by increasing uptake of calcium from the digestive system.

PTH affects other organ systems, promoting proper nerve and muscle function and bone structure.

parathyroid

What does the adrenal gland do?

Adrenal gland

Kidney

An adrenal gland has an outer part called the adrenal cortex and an inner part called the adrenal medulla.

Adrenal cortex

Adrenal medulla

The adrenal cortex produces over ______________________ hormones.

The hormone aldosterone regulates reabsorption of sodium ions and the excretion of potassium ions by the kidneys.

24 steriod

The hormone cortisol controls the rate of metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

The release of hormones from the adrenal medulla prepares the body for activities.

The two hormones released by the adrenal medulla are epinephrine and norepinephrine.

Epinephrine and norepinephrine: increase , blood pressure, and blood flow to the muscles.

cause air passageways to open wider, allowing for an increased intake of oxygen.

stimulate the release of extra glucose into the blood to help produce a sudden burst of energy.

energy intense

heart rate

What does the pancreas do?

The pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions. It is a digestive gland whose secretions ____________________ food.

It produces insulin and glucagon.Insulin stimulates cells in the liver and muscles to remove sugar from the blood and store it as glycogen or fat.

Glucagon stimulates the liver to break down glycogen and release glucose back into the blood.

break down

What are the functions of the reproductive glands?

The gonads are the body’s _____________ glands.

reproductive

The gonads serve two important functions: the production of gametes, and the secretion of sex ____________________.

The ovaries produce the female sex hormones estrogen and progesterone.

Progesterone prepares the ________________ for the arrival of a developing embryo.

Estrogen is needed for the development of eggs and for the formation of physical characteristics of the female body.

The testes produce testosterone, which is needed for normal ____________production and ______________________ of male physical characteristics.

hormones

uterus

sperm development