chapter 34 (continued) the laws of electromagnetism maxwell’s equations displacement current...
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 34
(continued)
The Laws of Electromagnetism
Maxwell’s Equations
Displacement Current
Electromagnetic Radiation
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The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Radio waves
-wave
infra-red -rays
x-rays
ultra-violet
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Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetismin Vacuum (no charges, no masses)
E dA 0
B dA 0
E dl ddt
B
B dl ddt
E 0 0
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Plane Electromagnetic Waves
x
Ey
Bz
Notes: Waves are in Phase, but fields oriented at 900. k= Speed of wave is c=/k (= f At all times E=cB.
c m s 1 3 100 08/ /
E(x, t) = EP sin (kx-t)
B(x, t) = BP sin (kx-t) z
j
c
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Plane Electromagnetic Waves
x
Ey
Bz
Note: sin(t-kx) = -sin(kx-t) notations are interchangeable. sin(t-kx) and sin(kx-t) represent waves traveling towards +x, while sin(t+kx) travels towards -x.
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Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
• Electric and magnetic fields contain energy, potential energy stored in the field: uE and uB
uE: ½ 0 E2 electric field energy densityuB: (1/0) B2 magnetic field energy density
•The energy is put into the oscillating fields by the sources that generate them.
•This energy can then propagate to locations far away, at the velocity of light.
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B
E
Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
area A
dx
Energy per unit volume is
u = uE + uB
c propagation direction
12
10
2
0
2( ) E B
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B
E
Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
area A
dx
Energy per unit volume is
u = uE + uB
Thus the energy, dU, in a box ofarea A and length dx is
c propagation direction
12
10
2
0
2( ) E B
dU E B Adx 12
10
2
0
2( )
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B
E
Energy in Electromagnetic Waves
area A
dx
Energy per unit volume is
u = uE + uB
Thus the energy, dU, in a box ofarea A and length dx is
Let the length dx equal cdt. Then all of this energy leavesthe box in time dt. Thus energy flows at the rate
c propagation direction
12
10
2
0
2( ) E B
dU E B Adx 12
10
2
0
2( )
dU
dtE B Ac
1
2
10
2
0
2( )
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Energy Flow in Electromagnetic Waves
area A
dx
c propagation direction
B
E
dU
dt
cE B A
2
10
2
0
2( )
Rate of energy flow:
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Energy Flow in Electromagnetic Waves
area A
dx
c propagation direction
We define the intensity S, as the rateof energy flow per unit area:
S c E B 2
10
2
0
2( )
B
E
dU
dt
cE B A
2
10
2
0
2( )
Rate of energy flow:
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Energy Flow in Electromagnetic Waves
area A
dx
c propagation direction
We define the intensity S, as the rateof energy flow per unit area:
S c E B 2
10
2
0
2( )
Rearranging by substituting E=cB and B=E/c, we get,
S c cEBc
EB c EB EB 2
1 12
100 0
0 02
0( ) ( )
B
E
dU
dt
cE B A
2
10
2
0
2( )
Rate of energy flow:
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The Poynting Vector
area A
dx
B
E
propagation direction
In general, we find:
S = (1/0) E x B
S is a vector that points in thedirection of propagation of thewave and represents the rate ofenergy flow per unit area. We call this the “Poynting vector”.
Units of S are Jm-2 s-1, or Watts/m2.
S
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The Inverse-Square Dependence of S
Sourcer
A point source of light, or any radiation, spreads out in all directions:
Source
Power, P, flowingthrough sphereis same for anyradius.
Area r 2
S Pr
4 2
Sr
12
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Example:An observer is 1.8 m from a point light source whose average power P= 250 W. Calculate the rms fields in the position of the observer.
Intensity of light at a distance r is S = P / 4r2
I Pr c
E
EP c
rW H m m s
m
E V m
B Ec
V mm s
T
rms
rms
rms
rms
41
4250 4 10 310
4 18
48
48310
0.16
2 0
2
02
7 8
2
8
( )( / )( . / )( . )
/
/. /
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Example:An observer is 1.8 m from a point light source whose average power P= 250 W. Calculate the rms fields in the position of the observer.
Intensity of light at a distance r is S = P / 4r2
I Pr c
E
EP c
rW H m m s
m
E V m
B Ec
V mm s
T
rms
rms
rms
rms
41
4250 4 10 310
4 18
48
48310
0.16
2 0
2
02
7 8
2
8
( )( / )( . / )( . )
/
/. /
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Example:An observer is 1.8 m from a point light source whose average power P= 250 W. Calculate the rms fields in the position of the observer.
Intensity of light at a distance r is S= P / 4r2
I Pr c
E
EP c
rW H m m s
m
E V m
B Ec
V mm s
T
rms
rms
rms
rms
41
4250 4 10 310
4 18
48
48310
0.16
2 0
2
02
7 8
2
8
( )( / )( . / )( . )
/
/. /
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Wave Momentum and Radiation Pressure
Momentum and energy of a waveare related by, p = U / c.
Now, Force = d p /dt = (dU/dt)/c
pressure (radiation) = Force / unit area
P = (dU/dt) / (A c) = S / c
Radiation Pressure P Scrad
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Example: Serious proposals have been made to “sail” spacecraft to the outer solar system using the pressure of sunlight. How much sail area must a 1000 kg spacecraft have if its acceleration is to be 1 m/s2 at the Earth’s orbit? Make the sail reflective.
Can ignore gravity. Need F=ma=(1000kg)(1 m/s2)=1000 NThis comes from pressure: F=PA, so A=F/P.Here P is the radiation pressure of sunlight:Sun’s power = 4 x 1026 W, so S=power/(4r2) gives S = (4 x 1026 W) / (4(1.5x1011m)2 )= 1.4kW/m2.Thus the pressure due to this light, reflected, is: P = 2S/c = 2(1400W/m2) / 3x108m/s = 9.4x10-6N/m2
Hence A=1000N / 9.4x10-6N/m2 =1.0x108 m2 = 100 km2
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Polarization
The direction of polarization of a wave is the direction ofthe electric field. Most light is randomly polarized, which
means it contains a mixture of waves of different polarizations.
x
Ey
Bz Polarization direction
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Polarization
A polarizer lets through light of only one polarization:
E0EE
E = E0 cos
hence, S = S0 cos2
- Malus’s Law
Transmitted lighthas its E in thedirection of thepolarizer’s transmission axis.