chapter 33 lack a backbone 95% of known animal species occupy almost every habitat on earth
TRANSCRIPT
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Chapter 33
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Lack a backbone95% of known animal speciesOccupy almost every habitat on
Earth
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No True tissuesNo symmetrySuspension feedersMost are hermaphroditic
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Radial symmetryAll have cnidocytesDiploblasticGastrovascular cavity (no anus)CarnivorousBody plan:
PolypMedusa
Simple muscle systemSimple nerve net nervous system,
no brain
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HydrozoaAlternate polyp and medusa in life cyc
le, with polyp as dominant stageExamples: colonial hydroids, hydra, P
ortuguese Man of WarScyphozoa:
Prominent medusaExamples jellyfish
Anthozoa:Polyps are dominantSea anemonies, and coral
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Lack coelomBilateral symmetryWhat evolutionary novelty comes
with bilateral symmetry?Cephalization
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What new novelties are seen in this phylum?
Triploblastic, so has muscular system
OrgansCephalization, more complex
nervous system
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Turbellaria:CarnivorousMoves by ciliaEyespots on headRudimentary brainDiffusion for gas exchangeExcretion through flame cellsHermaphroditic
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Often called flukesAll members are parasiticWhat makes a parasite in good
standing?Become an egg machine since it is
hard to find a hostUse intermediate hostsDevelop hooks and suckersHermaphroditism, so that limits need
to find others
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TapewormsParasiticScolex in adult hooks onto the
host intestinesProglottids for reproductionEggs eaten by intermediate host
and larva developsFinal host infected by eating
intermediate host encysted with larva forms
Do not eat poorly cooked meats!
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Not quite a true coelom, missing the inner lining of muscle
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Mostly marine1st to get an anusOrgans lie in the pseudocoelomParthogenesis – unfertilized eggs develop into females
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Many found in soil, useful for nutrient recycling
Complete digestive tractSome are parasitic, e.g. trichinella
and hookworm (dogs)
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Mouth develops from the blastoporeCleavage is radial and determinateALL HAVE A TRUE COELOM!
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Bilateral symmetryOpen circulatory systemSoft bodied, with hard shell protectionMost have exoskeletonsReduced or no segmentationRadula; rasping tongue to scrape foodTrue coelomMany internal organsThree body parts
FootVisceral massMantle
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Polyplacophora ChitonsCling to rocksLive on rocky shoresUse muscular foot to grip
GastropodsSnails, slugs, nudibranchsLargest classShell protects bodyTorsion leads to twisted bodyUses radula to scrape algae and graze
on plants
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Bivalves:Clams, oysters, mussels, scallopsPossess shell divided and hinged into two halve
sFilter feedersSedentary lifestyle
CephalopodsSquid and octopus and nautilusUse jaws to bite preyMouth as base of foot (foot drawn into several t
entacles)Complex brains and capable of learning and m
oving fastMantle reduced or absentCan get large, How?
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SEGMENTATION!Closed circulatory systemAlimentary canalFive pairs of heartsGas exchange across skinMetanephridia for gas exchangeNitrogenous wastes exit from each segment
through poresNervous system with ganglia and ventral
nerve cords
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OligocheatesEarthworms
Polycheates:FanwormsTube dwellers (marine)
Hirudinea:LeechesUsed to treat bruised tissues and to s
timulate circulation
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Coelom Serves as hydrostatic skeletonDeveloped complex organ systemProtects internal structures
SegmentationSpecialization of body segments
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Key characteristics:Jointed appendagesSegmentationHard exoskeletonsExtensive cephalizationOpen circulatory systemGas exchange gills in water,
book lungs or spiracles on land
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Successes:Exoskeleton, lets them thrive on land,
but limitedJointed appendages allowed for
walking and then flying in someMore successful organization of
segmentsLimits:
Exoskeleton is shedLimited brain sizeLimited body size
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TrilobitesExtinct groupShow pronounced segmentation, with
little variation in appendagesEarly, primitive arthropods
CheliceratesIncludes the arachnids1-2 body segments with 8 legs
UniramiaIncludes insects, millipedes and
centipedes
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ArachnidsScorpions, spiders, mites
Insects 1 pair of antennae6 legs3 body segments
CrustaceansCrabs, crayfish, lobsters, isopods (pill bugs)2 or 3 body segments
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Radial indeterminate cleavageBlastopore becomes the anus
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Secondarily evolved radial symmetryUnique water vascular systemHas mouth and anusHas endoskeleton
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AseroideaSea stars
OphiuroideaBrittle stars
EchinoideaSea urchins and sand dollars
HolothuroideaSea cucumbers
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Phylum Annelida
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Phylum Cnidaria
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Phylum Mollusca
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Phylum Echinodermata
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Phylum Arthropoda
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Phylum Nematoda
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Phylum Platyhelminthes
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Phylum Porifera
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. . . the exoskeleton
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. . . none
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. . . segmentation
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. . . it is one way; having both a mouth and an anus
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. . . bilateral symmetry and cephalization
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. . . radial symmetry
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. . . the coelom
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An open circulatory
system limits the size of these
animals
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The closed circulatory system is
much more efficient!
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