chapter 3 the cellular level of organization. cell theory cells are the building blocks for...
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Chapter 3
The Cellular Level of Organization
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Cell Theory
•cells are the building blocks for organisms
•all cells come from pre-existing cells
•cells are the smallest unit performing all
vitalphysiological functions
•each cell maintains homeostasis
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Cells
Two cells types in our body
somatic cells(Gk. body)
gametesgerm cellssex cells egg &
sperm
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fig. 3-1
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Cells
“model” cell
ICF
ECF
cell membrane
aka., plasma membrane
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Cells
cell membrane:
physical isolationregulate exchangesensitive to environmentstructural support
functions
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Cells
cell membrane:
lipidsproteinscarbohydrates
Composition
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Cells
membrane lipids
phospholipid bilayer and cholesterol
hydrophilic headshydrophobic tails
barrier: ICF = ECF
ECF
ICF
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Cells
phospholipid bilayer
fig. 3-2
membrane lipids
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Cells
membrane proteins
Integralpart of membrane
Peripheralloosely associated
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Cells
membrane protein functions:
Anchors cytoskeleton
Recognition MHC
Enzymes digestionReceptors signals
Carriers e.g. glucose
Channels water, etc.,
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Cells
membrane protein functions:
fluidity of proteins
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Cells
membrane carbohydrates
lubrication/protectionanchoring/locomotionreceptorsrecognition
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The Cell
fig. 3-1
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Cytoplasm
cytosol (ICF)with dissolved nutrients
ionsproteinswastes
organelles (little organs)
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Cytoplasm
cytosol (ICF)
more K+ than ECFless Na+ than ECFmore protein than ECFstored nutrients
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Cytoplasm
Organelles
non-membranous
membranous
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Organelles
non-membranous
cytoskeleton
ribosomes
proteosomes
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cytoskeleton strength, flexibility
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
thick filaments
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cytoskeleton
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules
thick filaments
actinanchor cytoskeleton to cytoplasm
cell shape, cell-cell attachment
hollow tubules, “motors”, spindle a.
myosin - muscle contraction
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cytoskeleton
microvilli
centrioles
cilia
increase surfaceabsorption
microtubules (9 x triplets)organize spindle apparatus
microtubles (9 x doubles)+2long, slender, motile
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fig. 3-3
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fig. 3-4
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Organelles
non-membranous
ribosomesprotein synthesissubunits (protein, rRNA)free versus fixed
cytoskeleton
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Organelles
non-membranous
cytoskeleton
ribosomes
proteosomesdigest intracellular proteins
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Organelles
membranous
endoplasmic reticulumGolgi apparatuslysosomesperoxisomesmitochondrianucleus
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Organelles (membranous)
smooth (SER)membrane maintenancesynthesis of steroidsstorage of glycogen,glyceridesstore Ca2+ (muscle)detox of drugs (liver)
endoplasmic reticulum
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Organelles (membranous)
rough (RER)ribosomes (fixed)protein synthesis
proteins travel viatransport vesicles to…
endoplasmic reticulum
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fig. 3-5
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Organelles (membranous)
Golgi apparatus
flattened membrane sacsmodify & package proteinsrenew cell membrane
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fig. 3-1
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fig. 3-6
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fig. 3-7
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Organelles (membranous)
Golgi apparatus
secretory vesiclesproducts for export
membrane renewal vesiclesmaintain membrane
lysosomesenzymes for degradationclean-up, recycle
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fig. 3-8
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Organelles (membranous)
peroxisomescarry digestive enzymes
like lysosomes, but…
different enzymesbreak down fatty acids,…protect cell from radicalsgrowth/splitting of
existing peroxisomes
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Organelles (membranous)
mitochondria
glucose + 02 --->
double membraneproduction of energycellular respiration
H20 + CO2 + ATP
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Organelles (membranous)
mitochondria
glucose + 02 ---> H20 + CO2 + ATP
glycolysis in cytoplasmTCA cycle in mitochondriaelectron transport “
aerobic metabolism= cellular respiration
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fig. 3-9
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Organelles (membranous)
Nucleuslargest organelle (usually)easiest to seecontrol center of cellnuclear envelopenuclear pores
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fig. 3-1
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Nucleus
contains:nucleolus RNA synthesischromatin (DNA)
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fig. 3-10
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Nucleus
contains:nucleolus RNA synthesischromatin (DNA)chromosomes (during division)
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Fig 3-11
chromosome
chromatin
DNA
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Nucleus
controls, directsprotein synthesis
genesDNA that “codes” for a product (protein)
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fig. 3-12 transcription
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fig. 3-12 translation
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fig. 3-12 translation
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Nucleus
DNA mRNA protein
transcription translation
RNA polymeraserRNA, tRNAribosomes
nucleus cytoplasm
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How does the nucleus “know” when to make a protein?
gene regulation ?
hormones,promoters,inhibitors,repressors,repressor inhibitors,…
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Questions ?
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Crossing membranes
membranes
barrier between ICF ECF
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Crossing membranes
membranes
barrier between ICF ECF
permeability ability to allow things to pass
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permeability ability to allow things to pass
anything passes freely permeable
nothing passes impermeable
some things pass selectivelypermeable
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size,electrical charge,molecular shape,lipid solubility,…
What can cross membranes?
passiveactive
no energy requiredcell uses energy
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1. Diffusion
Four types of movement
molecules moving from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration
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fig 3-14
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higher [CO2] in ICF
lower [CO2] in ECF
even lower [CO2] in blood
1. Diffusion
Four types of movement
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DistanceMolecular sizetemperaturesize of chemical gradientelectrical “gradient”
Factors affecting diffusion
Na+ Cl-
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diffusion across membranes:
pass through membrane
pass through channels
alcohol, fatty acids, steroidsdissolved gases (O2, CO2)
H2Osmall H2O soluble molecules
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fig. 3-15
diffusion
proteins, glucose …
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• diffusion of• water• across a selectively
permeable membrane
2. Osmosis
Four types of movement
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aside on solutions
solvent liquid used to dissolve something
solute something dissolved in a solvent
solvent + solute = solution
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A. glucosewater
B. glucosewater
A vs B ?
isotonichypertonichypotonicA is (to B)
fig. 3-16
Which way will what move?
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fig. 3-16
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fig. 3-16
equilibrium
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fig. 3-16
osmotic
pressure
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Some Chemistry
atomic number
atomic weight
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periodic table
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Some Chemistry
atomic number
atomic weight
e.g. H = 1, C =6
e.g., H = 1, C = 12
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Some Chemistry
atomic number
atomic weight
e.g. H = 1, C =6
e.g., H = 1, C = 12
daltons
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Some Chemistry
1 gram of H
6.023 x 1023 atoms
= 1 mole of H
1 mole = quantity in grams that is equal to the atomic
weight
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Some Chemistry
Concentration= molarity
1 mole of NaCl
Na = ~23 gCl = ~35.5 g
58.5 g/mole of NaCl
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58.5 g NaCl in water
dissolve
adjust volume to 1 liter
1 mole/liter = 1 M1 molar
1 mole = 1000 mmole (millimoles)
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0.9 % NaCl solution “physiological saline”
0.9 % or 0.9 g%
0.9 grams NaCl in 100 grams of H20 100 ml of H20
to board
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Osmolarity = solute particles/Liter
Molarity = Moles/Liter
electrolytes = molecules that dissociate in water
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Electrolytes
130 mM 10 mM
5 mM 140 mM
2-3 mM ~0 mM
110 mM 10 mM
30 mM 10 mM
Na+
K+
Ca2+
Cl-
HCO3-
ICFECF
~300 mOsm
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fig. 27-2
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non-elecrolytes
100 mg% 0-20mg%
200 mg% variable
150 mg% variable
6-7% 10-20%
glucose
cholesterol
triglycerides
protein
ICFECF
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Osmolarity = solute particles/Liter
Molarity = Moles/Liter
electrolytes molecules that dissociate in water
NaCl dissociates
154 mMol 308 mOsm0.9 g% NaCl
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fig. 3-17
RBC’s response to different solutions
ICF = 300 mOsm
300 mOsm NaCl
isosmotic
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fig. 3-17
RBC’s response to different solutions
ICF = 300 mOsm
hyposmotic
.1M NaCl
100 mMol NaCl
200 mOsm NaCl
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fig. 3-17
RBC’s response to different solutions
ICF = 300 mOsm
hyperosmotic
.2M NaCl
200 mMol NaCl
400 mOsm NaCl
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fig. 3-17
RBC’s response to different solutions
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isotonic
hypotonic
hypertonic
cell neither gains nor loses water to solution
cell swells (net gain of water) from solution
cell loses (net loss of water) to solution
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3. Carrier-Mediated transport
specificity*saturationregulation
(proteins)
Four types of movement
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3. Carrier-Mediated transport
Four types of movement
Facilitated diffusion
Active transport
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fig. 3-18
specific proteinsubstrate move down gradient
facilitated diffusion
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fig. 3-19
counter-transport(antiport)
againstgradient=
activetransport
++++
-----
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4. Vesicular transport
Four types of movement
Endocytosis
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4. Vesicular transport
Four types of movement
EndocytosisPhagocytosis
Exocytosis
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another aside
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potential differencebetween the two ends
battery
an electrical differencethat we can useto get work done
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battery
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battery
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+-
voltmeter
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+-
voltmeter
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+-
voltmeter
11/2 volts
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+-
voltmeter
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+-
voltmeter
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+-
voltmeter
-0.07V-70 mV
resting potential
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The Cell cycle
Interphase
Mitosis
G0
G1
S synthesis
G2
prophasemetaphaseanaphasetelophase
cytokinesis
fig. 3-23
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The Cell cycle
Under genetic and environmental control
contact inhibitionattachmentgrowth factorsrepressor genestelomeres
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celldivision
celldeath
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celldivision
celldeath
growth
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growth
fertilized egg --->adult
OK
adult ---> tumor
benign (contained)malignant (invasive)
metastasis (spread)
cancer
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The Skeleton
axialappendicular
# 7# 8
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axial skeleton fig. 7-1
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axial skeleton fig. 7-1b
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The Skeleton
appendicular
pectoral girdle + append.pelvic girdle + append.
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appendicular skeleton fig. 8-1
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The Skeleton
bone shape and structure
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Joint Classsification (9)
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
no movement
very little movement
freely movable
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Joint Classsification (9)
Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diarthrosis
suture parietal bonessynchondrosis epiphyseal disc
syndesmosis tibia-fibulasymphysis pubis
free movement many
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Joint Classsification (9)
Diarthrosisdiarthodial joints= synovial joints
bonearticular cartilage
“ capsulesynovial cavity
“ fluid
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Joint Classsification (9)
ligamentsACL, PCLlateral col.
menisci cart.patella
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Joint Classsification (9)
Diarthrosisdiarthodial joints= synovial joints
many different types
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fig. 9-6
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fig. 9-6