chapter 3, section geography of the indian subcontinent the indus valley is located on the...
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Chapter 3, Section
Geography of the Indian SubcontinentGeography of the Indian Subcontinent
The Indus Valley is located on the subcontinent of India.
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The earliest Indian civilization flourished for about 1,000 years, then vanished without a trace. Archaeologists have only recently begun to uncover evidence of these early people, whose civilization included the following characteristics:
Well-organized government
Modern plumbing and sewer system
Carefully planned cities
First people to cultivate cotton
Most people were farmers
Traded with distant lands, including Sumer
Polytheistic; honored mother goddess; worship of sacred animals influenced the later veneration of cattle
Covered largest area of any civilization until the rise of Persia 1,000 years later
Indus Valley CivilizationIndus Valley Civilization1
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Decline and Disappearance of Indus Valley CivilizationDecline and Disappearance of Indus Valley Civilization
No one knows for certain why the cities were abandoned and forgotten. Scholars have proposed a number of theories:
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• Too many trees were cut down.
• A devastating earthquake destroyed the region.
• A volcanic eruption caused the Indus to flood the city.
• Aryan invaders overran the region.
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Video Clip of Ancient Indian CivilizationsVideo Clip of Ancient Indian Civilizations
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The Geography of ChinaThe Geography of China
China was the most isolated of the civilizations studied thus far.
Long distances and physical barriers separated China from Egypt, the Middle East, and India.
Isolation contributed to the Chinese belief that China was the center of the earth and the only civilization.
As in Egypt and Mesopotamia, Chinese civilization began in a river valley, the Huang He.
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Gained control of corner of northern China along Huang He.
Drove off nomads from northern steppes and deserts.
Held complex religious beliefs.
Developed written language used by all Chinese people.
Overthrew the Shang.
Promoted idea of Mandate of Heaven.
Set up feudal state.
Economy and commerce grew.
Population increased.
Zhou Dynasty (1027 B.C.–256 B.C.)
Chinese civilization took shape under the Shang and Zhou.Chinese civilization took shape under the Shang and Zhou.
Shang Dynasty (1650 B.C.–1027 B.C.)
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The dynastic cycle refers to the rise and fall of dynasties.
The Dynastic Cycle in ChinaThe Dynastic Cycle in China3
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Discovered how to make silk thread. Silk became China’s most valuable export. Trade route to the Middle East became known as Silk Road.
Made the first books from wood or bamboo.
Studied the movement of planets and recorded eclipses of the sun.
Developed accurate calendar with 365 1/4 days.
Made remarkable achievements in the art of bronzemaking.
The Chinese made progress in many areas during the Shang and Zhou periods.
Cultural AchievementsCultural Achievements3
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Geography of the AmericasGeography of the Americas1
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Settling the AmericasSettling the Americas
Some 30,000 years ago, Paleolithic hunters crossed a land bridge to reach North America from Asia.
About 10,000 B.C., global warming killed off game animals and forced the nomadic hunter-gatherers to migrate eastward and southward across the Americas.
The first Americans adapted to a variety of climates and resources, ranging from the hot, wet climate near the Equator to icy, treeless lands in the far north.
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Were the earliest American civilization
Had powerful priests and aristocrats at the top of society
Built ceremonial centers
Spread influence through trade
Developed calendar
Introduced tradition of priestly leadership and religious devotion
Developed complex irrigation methods for farming
Built towering pyramid temples in Tikal
Traded extensively across Middle America
Developed hieroglyphic writing system
Developed accurate calendar and numbering system
Abandoned cities around A.D. 900
The Olmecs and the MayasThe Olmecs and the Mayas
OLMECS MAYAS
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Mayan Civilization VideoMayan Civilization Video
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Arrival of the AztecsArrival of the Aztecs
• In the late 1200s, nomadic ancestors of the Aztecs migrated into the Valley of Mexico.
• The Aztecs built the city of Tenochtitlán.
• In the 1400s, the Aztecs greatly expanded their territory through conquests and alliances.
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By 1500, the Aztec empire spread from the Gulf of Mexico to the Pacific Ocean and numbered 30 million people.
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Aztec SocietyAztec Society
Priests recorded Aztec knowledge and ran schools for sons of nobles.
Some priests were astronomers or mathematicians.
Priests were a special class.
The sun god was the chief Aztec god.
Aztecs practiced human sacrifice on a massive scale.
The empire had a single ruler.
Slaves could own and buy freedom.
Long-distance traders traveled around the empire and beyond.
LEARNINGRELIGIONGOVERNMENT & SOCIETY
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Aztec Civilization VideoAztec Civilization Video
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Early Peoples of PeruEarly Peoples of Peru
Etched glyphs in the desert. A glyph is a pictograph or symbol carved into a surface.
Were skilled farmers who developed methods of terracing, irrigation, and fertilization of the soil
Organized relay-runners to carry messages
Perfected skills in textile production, goldwork, and woodcarving
Built huge temple complex
Worshiped ferocious-looking god
Chavin art and religion influenced later peoples of Peru
NAZCAMOCHICACHAVIN
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The Incan EmpireThe Incan Empire
• They ran an efficient government with a chain of command reaching to every village.
• They imposed their own language and religion on the people.
• They created one of the great road systems in history, allowing armies and news to travel rapidly around the empire.
• They posted runners throughout the empire to carry news of revolts and soldiers to quickly crush them.
• They prohibited ordinary people from using the roads at all.
The Incas built a complex civilization that relied on order and absolute authority.
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Incan GovernmentIncan Government2
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Daily LifeDaily Life
• The Incas strictly regulated the lives of millions of people
within their empire
• Government officials arranged marriages.
• Community leaders assigned jobs to each family and organized the community to work the land.
• Farmers had to spend part of each year working land for the emperor and the temples.
• Government officials controlled the harvest.
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Incan VideoIncan Video
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Africa’s many climate zones and landforms have encouraged the development of a wide variety of cultures.
Geography and Climates of AfricaGeography and Climates of Africa1
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About 2500 B.C., the Sahara began to dry out.
Through the process of desertification, the land became dry and the desert spread. Desertification encouraged migration, as people were forced to seek new places to live.
Over thousands of years, migration has contributed to the rich diversity of people and cultures in Africa.
The Bantu MigrationsThe Bantu Migrations1
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The Kingdom of NubiaThe Kingdom of Nubia
Rulers adopted many Egyptian traditions.
The Nubian capital, Meroë, commanded important north-south & east-west trade routes.
Nubians worshiped their own god. Artistic styles reflected a sense of freedom.
Nubians created their own system of writing.
Meroë had a booming iron industry.
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• Under Roman rule, Christianity spread to the cities of North Africa. The Romans also built roads, dams, aqueducts, and cities across the region.
• Camels brought from Asia revolutionized trade across the Sahara.
• In the 600s, Arab armies carried Islam to North Africa. Islam replaced Christianity as the dominant religion of the region, and Arabic became the primary language.
Through warfare and trade, many outside influences helped to shape North Africa.
North AfricaNorth Africa1
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West African Kingdoms and Trading StatesWest African Kingdoms and Trading States
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Trading Gold and SaltTrading Gold and Salt
• Gold was plentiful in the West African savanna. • Salt, which people need in their diet, was scarce in
the savanna but abundant in the Sahara. • West Africans sent gold across the Sahara to
markets in North Africa and Europe. In return for gold, they received salt.
Two products, gold and salt, dominated the Sahara trade route.
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Ghana, Mali, and SonghaiGhana, Mali, and Songhai
Sonni Ali forged the largest state that had ever existed in West Africa.The kingdom gained control of trade routes and wealthy cities like Timbuktu.
Mansas, or kings, expanded their influence over gold-mining regions and salt supplies. Mansa Musa pushed Mali’s borders westward and northward.
Strong rulers united many farming villages to create the kingdom of Ghana.
The king controlled gold-salt trade routes across West Africa and collected tolls on all goods entering and leaving Ghana.
SONGHAIMALIGHANA
As farming and trade prospered, several strong monarchs gained control of the most profitable trade routes and built powerful kingdoms.
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Built a number of clay-walled cities, which expanded into thriving commercial centers
Traded with merchants as far away as North Africa and southern Europe
Developed a written language based on Arabic
Had many women rulers
Built farming villages in the rain forests
Traded pepper, ivory, and slaves to their neighbors in the savanna
Created unique sculptures out of bronze and brass
In the period from 500 to 1500, other kingdoms flourished in various parts of West Africa.
Other Kingdoms of West AfricaOther Kingdoms of West Africa
THE HAUSA BENIN
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