Chapter 3 section 2 New England

States

Geographical features

• Hills and low mountains• Large Forests• Thin Soil and rocky• Narrow plains on the Atlantic coast• Rich fishing grounds• Connecticut River• Long Cold Winters (Prevented disease)

Puritans

• Persecuted by the King they left in 1630• They sought to reform the Church of England by

creating a new, pure church in the New World. By 1640, 20,000 had arrived; many died soon after arrival, but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply. Persecuted by the King they left in 1630

• Massachusetts Bay Company• 900 strong with 11 ships • John Winthrop- leader• Boston - Massachusetts Bay Colony• Not tolerant of others -

Growth And Change

• Puritan Government- Believed in hard work and self government by towns and churches

• Town Meetings- Assembly of townspeople to make decisions

• Occupations : Fishing, Shipbuilding, some farming, manufacturing on limited basis

Winthrop arrival at Salem

Rhode Island

• Roger Williams, who preached religious toleration, separation of Church and State, and a complete break with the Church of England, was banished

• 1636 founded Providence• 1644 Colony of Rhode Island

where religious toleration would be practiced

Anne Hutchinson• Anne Hutchinson forced to leave

Massachusetts as well, put on trial

Connecticut

• Thomas Hooker leaves Mass in 1636

• Fundamental orders of Connecticut- First written constitution to include elected representatives and a governor

• Received charter for Connecticut in 1662

New Hampshire

• John Wheelwright- moved to New Hampshire in 1638

• Received Charter in 1680

King Philip’s War

• sometimes called Metacomet's War, was an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–76.

War • The war is named after the main leader of the Native American side, Metacomet, known to the English as "King Philip”

• The war was the single greatest calamity to occur in seventeenth-century Puritan New England. In little over a year, nearly half of the region's towns were destroyed, its economy was all but ruined, and much of its population was killed, including one-tenth of all men available for military service

• Metacom began negotiating with other Native American tribes against the interests of the Plymouth Colony soon after the deaths of his father Massasoit in 1661, the Plymouth colony's greatest ally, and his brother Wamsutta in 1662. For almost half a century after the colonists' arrival, Massasoit had maintained an uneasy alliance with the English as a source of desired trade goods and a counter-weight to traditional enemies

• More than half of New England's ninety towns were assaulted by Native American warriors

John Sassamon

• Plymouth Colony officials were told about King Philip's attempts to arrange Native American attacks on widely dispersed colonial settlements. Before colonial officials could investigate, Sassamon who talked was murdered; his body was found beneath an ice-covered pond, allegedly killed by a few of Philip's Wampanoag, angry at his betrayal.

• On the testimony of a Native American witness, the Plymouth Colony officials arrested three Wampanoag

• Some Wampanoag believed that both the trial and the court's sentence infringed on Wampanoag sovereignty. On June 20, a band of Pokanoket, possibly without Philip's approval, attacked several isolated homesteads in the small Plymouth colony settlement of Swansea. Laying siege to the town, they destroyed it five days later and killed several inhabitants and others coming to their aid

• Officials from Plymouth and Boston responded quickly; on June 28 they sent a military expedition that destroyed the Wampanoag town at Mount Hope

• The war quickly spread, and soon involved the Podunk and Nipmuck tribes

• The New England Confederation declared war on the Native Americans on September 9, 1675. The next colonial expedition was to recover crops from abandoned fields for the coming winter and included almost 100 farmers/militia. They were ambushed and soundly defeated.

• Throughout the winter of 1675–76, Native Americans attacked and destroyed more frontier settlements in their effort to expel the English colonists.

• The spring of 1676 marked the high point for the combined tribes when, on March 12, they attacked Plymouth Plantation. Though the town withstood the assault, the natives had demonstrated their ability to penetrate deep into colonial territory.

• The tide of war slowly began to turn in the colonists' favor later in the spring of 1676, as it became a war of attrition; both sides were determined to eliminate the other. The Native Americans had succeeded in driving the colonists back into their larger towns, but the Indians' supplies, nearly always sufficient for only a season or so, were running out.

• In January 1675/76 Philip traveled westward to Mohawk territory, seeking, but failing to secure, an alliance

• Philip's allies began to desert him. By early July, over 400 had surrendered to the colonists, and Philip took refuge in the Assowamset Swamp, below Providence, close to where the war had started

• Philip was ultimately killed by one of these teams when he was tracked down by colony-allied Native Americans led by Captain Benjamin Church and Captain Josiah Standish of the Plymouth Colony militia at Mt Hope Rhode Island Philip was shot and killed by an Indian named John Alderman on August 12, 1676. Philip was beheaded, then drawn and quartered (a traditional treatment of criminals in this era). His head was displayed in Plymouth for twenty years. The war was nearly over except for a few attacks in Maine that lasted until 1677.

King Philip's Seat"

Aftermath

• The war in the south largely ended with Metacom's death. Over 600 colonists and 3,000 Native Americans had died, including several hundred native captives who were tried and executed or enslaved and sold in Bermuda. The majority of the dead Native Americans and many of the colonials died as the result of disease, which was typical of all armies in this era

Cont’

• King Philip's War, for a time, seriously damaged the recently arrived English colonists' prospects in New England. But with their extraordinary population growth rate of about 3% a year (doubling every 25 years), they repaired all the damage, replaced their losses, rebuilt the destroyed towns and continued on with establishing new towns within a few years.