chapter 3 science, systems, matter, and energy. core case study: environmental lesson from easter...

Chapter 3Chapter 3

Science, Systems, Science, Systems, Matter, and EnergyMatter, and Energy

Core Case Study: Core Case Study: Environmental Lesson from Easter Environmental Lesson from Easter

IslandIsland

Figure 2-1Figure 2-1

THE NATURE OF SCIENCETHE NATURE OF SCIENCE

What do scientists do?What do scientists do? Collect data.Collect data. Form hypotheses.Form hypotheses. Develop theories, Develop theories,

models and laws about models and laws about how nature works.how nature works.


Scientific Theories and Laws: The Scientific Theories and Laws: The Most Important Results of ScienceMost Important Results of Science

Scientific TheoryScientific Theory Widely tested and Widely tested and

accepted accepted hypothesis.hypothesis.

Scientific LawScientific Law What we find What we find

happening over and happening over and over again in over again in nature.nature.


What are the steps in the scientific What are the steps in the scientific process?process?

What is a variable?What is a variable?

Can you test analyze more than Can you test analyze more than one variable at a time?one variable at a time?

What is a paradigm shift?What is a paradigm shift?

Scientific Reasoning and CreativityScientific Reasoning and Creativity Inductive reasoningInductive reasoning

Specific to generalSpecific to general Bottom-up reasoning going from specific to Bottom-up reasoning going from specific to

general.general. Deductive reasoningDeductive reasoning

General to specificGeneral to specific Uses logic to arrive at a specific conclusion.Uses logic to arrive at a specific conclusion. Top-down approach that goes from general to Top-down approach that goes from general to

specific.specific.

Scientific Reasoning and CreativityScientific Reasoning and CreativityNewton's Law. Everything that goes up must come Newton's Law. Everything that goes up must come

down. And so, if you kick the ball up, it must down. And so, if you kick the ball up, it must come down. come down.

I've noticed previously that every time I kick a ball I've noticed previously that every time I kick a ball up, it comes back down, so I guess this next time up, it comes back down, so I guess this next time when I kick it up, it will come back down, too. when I kick it up, it will come back down, too.

Frontier Science, Sound Science, and Frontier Science, Sound Science, and Junk ScienceJunk Science

Frontier science has not been widely tested Frontier science has not been widely tested (starting point of peer-review).(starting point of peer-review).

Sound science consists of data, theories and Sound science consists of data, theories and laws that are widely accepted by experts.laws that are widely accepted by experts.

Junk science is presented as sound science Junk science is presented as sound science without going through the rigors of peer-without going through the rigors of peer-review.review.

Limitations of Environmental ScienceLimitations of Environmental Science

Inadequate data and scientific understanding Inadequate data and scientific understanding can limit and make some results can limit and make some results controversial.controversial. Scientific testing is based on disproving rather Scientific testing is based on disproving rather

than proving a hypothesis.than proving a hypothesis.• Based on statistical probabilities.Based on statistical probabilities.

What is a feedback loop?What is a feedback loop?

What is the difference between positive and What is the difference between positive and a negative feedback?a negative feedback?

What is homeostasis?What is homeostasis?

What is a synergistic interaction?What is a synergistic interaction?

Feedback Loops: Feedback Loops: How Systems Respond to ChangeHow Systems Respond to Change

Outputs of matter, energy, or information fed Outputs of matter, energy, or information fed back into a system can cause the system to back into a system can cause the system to do do moremore or or lessless of what it was doing. of what it was doing. Positive feedback loop causes a system to Positive feedback loop causes a system to

change further in the same direction (e.g. change further in the same direction (e.g. erosion)erosion)

Negative (corrective) feedback loop causes a Negative (corrective) feedback loop causes a system to change in the opposite directionsystem to change in the opposite direction

TYPES AND STRUCTURE OF TYPES AND STRUCTURE OF MATTERMATTER

What is matter?What is matter?

What is an element?What is an element?

What is a compound?What is a compound?

What are the 3 types of bonds?What are the 3 types of bonds?

What is an atom?What is an atom?

If you change the number of protons in an If you change the number of protons in an element you get an ________element you get an ________

If you change the number of neutrons in an If you change the number of neutrons in an element you get an________element you get an________

If you change the number of electrons in an If you change the number of electrons in an element you get an________element you get an________

How are protons, neutrons, and electrons How are protons, neutrons, and electrons charged?charged?

How is pH measured?How is pH measured?

The pH (potential of Hydrogen) is the The pH (potential of Hydrogen) is the concentration of hydrogen ions in one liter of concentration of hydrogen ions in one liter of solution. solution. http://www.quia.com/rd/1975.html?AP_rand=296212047http://www.quia.com/rd/1975.html?AP_rand=296212047


http://www.quia.com/rd/1975.html?AP_rand=296212047

The concentration of HThe concentration of H++ ions in a solution with ions in a solution with a pH value of 4 is how many times as great a pH value of 4 is how many times as great as the concentration of Has the concentration of H++ ions in a solution ions in a solution with a pH value of 7? with a pH value of 7?

A 1A 1

B 10B 10

C 100C 100

D 1,000D 1,000

E 10,000E 10,000

Organic Compounds: Carbon RulesOrganic Compounds: Carbon Rules

Organic compounds contain carbon atoms Organic compounds contain carbon atoms combined with one another and with various combined with one another and with various other atoms such as Hother atoms such as H++, N, N++, or Cl, or Cl--..

Contain at least two carbon atoms combined Contain at least two carbon atoms combined with each other and with atoms.with each other and with atoms. Methane (CHMethane (CH44) is the only exception.) is the only exception. All other compounds are All other compounds are inorganicinorganic..

Organic Compounds: Carbon RulesOrganic Compounds: Carbon Rules

HydrocarbonsHydrocarbons: compounds of carbon and : compounds of carbon and hydrogen atoms (e.g. methane (CHhydrogen atoms (e.g. methane (CH44)).)).

Chlorinated hydrocarbonsChlorinated hydrocarbons: compounds of : compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine atoms (e.g. carbon, hydrogen, and chlorine atoms (e.g. DDT (CDDT (C1414HH99CCl5l5)).)).

Simple carbohydratesSimple carbohydrates: certain types of : certain types of compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (e.g. glucose (C(e.g. glucose (C66HH1212OO66)).)).

Cells: The Fundamental Units of LifeCells: The Fundamental Units of Life

Cells are the basic Cells are the basic structural and structural and functional units of all functional units of all forms of life.forms of life. Prokaryotic cells Prokaryotic cells

(bacteria) lack a distinct (bacteria) lack a distinct nucleus.nucleus.

Eukaryotic cells (plants Eukaryotic cells (plants and animals) have a and animals) have a distinct nucleus.distinct nucleus.


What is a polymer?What is a polymer?

What are the 3 major types?What are the 3 major types?


CarbohydrateCarbohydrateA monomers of amino acids linked togetherA monomers of amino acids linked togetherB 2 or more monomers of simple sugars linked B 2 or more monomers of simple sugars linked

togethertogetherC sequence of nucleotides linked togetherC sequence of nucleotides linked togetherProteinProteinA monomers of amino acids linked togetherA monomers of amino acids linked togetherB 2 or more monomers of simple sugars linked B 2 or more monomers of simple sugars linked

togethertogetherC sequence of nucleotides linked together C sequence of nucleotides linked together Nucleic AcidNucleic AcidA monomers of amino acids linked togetherA monomers of amino acids linked togetherB 2 or more monomers of simple sugars linked B 2 or more monomers of simple sugars linked

togethertogetherC sequence of nucleotides linked togetherC sequence of nucleotides linked together

A positive feedback loop is illustrated by all of A positive feedback loop is illustrated by all of the following exceptthe following except

A compound interest in a savings accountA compound interest in a savings account

B exponential population growthB exponential population growth

C the greenhouse effect C the greenhouse effect

D a thermostatD a thermostat

E none of the aboveE none of the above

A negative feedback loop is illustrated by all of A negative feedback loop is illustrated by all of the following exceptthe following except

A decelerating loss of heat as a pan is removed A decelerating loss of heat as a pan is removed from the stovefrom the stove

B sweating to cool your body down during and B sweating to cool your body down during and after vigorous exerciseafter vigorous exercise

C cancerC cancer

D a thermostatD a thermostat

Which of the following is an example of Which of the following is an example of synergism?synergism?

A Secondary smoke may increase the risk of A Secondary smoke may increase the risk of lung cancer in a nonsmoker lung cancer in a nonsmoker

B The combined effects of alcohol and a B The combined effects of alcohol and a depressant produce a greater effect than depressant produce a greater effect than would be expected would be expected

C When exponential growth of the human C When exponential growth of the human population exceed carrying capacity, a population exceed carrying capacity, a massive dieback will occurmassive dieback will occur

D The use of antibiotics reduces the D The use of antibiotics reduces the effectiveness of birth control pillseffectiveness of birth control pills

Which of the following statements DOES NOT Which of the following statements DOES NOT describe the scientific enterprise?describe the scientific enterprise?

A Science is the acceptance of what works A Science is the acceptance of what works and the rejection of what does not.and the rejection of what does not.

B Established scientific theories are not B Established scientific theories are not challenged and continue to hold true.challenged and continue to hold true.

C Advances in science are often based on C Advances in science are often based on disagreement, speculation, and controversy.disagreement, speculation, and controversy.

D Scientific laws are based on statistical D Scientific laws are based on statistical probabilities, not certainties.probabilities, not certainties.

E Science attempts to reduce the degree of E Science attempts to reduce the degree of uncertainty and lack of objectivity. uncertainty and lack of objectivity.

What is a nucleotide?What is a nucleotide?

What is a gene?What is a gene?

What is a chromosome?What is a chromosome?

What is a genome?What is a genome?

States of MatterStates of Matter

The atoms, ions, and molecules that make up The atoms, ions, and molecules that make up matter are found in three physical states:matter are found in three physical states:

A fourth state, ______, is a high energy A fourth state, ______, is a high energy mixture of positively charged ions and mixture of positively charged ions and negatively charged electrons.negatively charged electrons.

CHANGES IN MATTERCHANGES IN MATTER Matter can change from one physical form to Matter can change from one physical form to

another or change its chemical composition.another or change its chemical composition.• Law of conservation of matter.Law of conservation of matter.

Physical change Physical change Chemical changeChemical change

• Chemical equations are used to represent the Chemical equations are used to represent the reaction.reaction.

• What is matter quality?What is matter quality?

Chemical ChangeChemical Change

Energy is given off during the reaction as a product.Energy is given off during the reaction as a product.

Types of PollutantsTypes of Pollutants

Factors that determine the severity of a Factors that determine the severity of a pollutant’s effects: pollutant’s effects: chemical naturechemical nature, , concentrationconcentration, and , and persistencepersistence..

Pollutants are classified based on their Pollutants are classified based on their persistence:persistence: Degradable pollutantsDegradable pollutants Biodegradable pollutantsBiodegradable pollutants Slowly degradable pollutantsSlowly degradable pollutants Nondegradable pollutantsNondegradable pollutants

Nuclear Changes: Radioactive DecayNuclear Changes: Radioactive Decay

Natural radioactive decay: unstable isotopes Natural radioactive decay: unstable isotopes spontaneously emit fast moving chunks of spontaneously emit fast moving chunks of matter (matter (alphaalpha oror beta particlesbeta particles), high-energy ), high-energy radiation (radiation (gamma raysgamma rays), or both at a fixed ), or both at a fixed rate.rate. Radiation is commonly used in energy production Radiation is commonly used in energy production

and medical applications.and medical applications. The rate of decay is expressed as a The rate of decay is expressed as a half-lifehalf-life (the (the

time needed for one-half of the nuclei to decay to time needed for one-half of the nuclei to decay to form a different isotope).form a different isotope).

Nuclear Changes: FissionNuclear Changes: Fission

Nuclear fission: Nuclear fission: nuclei of certain nuclei of certain isotopes with large isotopes with large mass numbers are mass numbers are split apart into split apart into lighter nuclei when lighter nuclei when struck by neutrons.struck by neutrons.


Nuclear Changes: FusionNuclear Changes: Fusion

Nuclear fusion: two isotopes of light elements Nuclear fusion: two isotopes of light elements are forced together at extremely high are forced together at extremely high temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier temperatures until they fuse to form a heavier nucleus.nucleus.


ENERGYENERGY Energy is the ability to do work and transfer Energy is the ability to do work and transfer

heat.heat. What is Kinetic energy What is Kinetic energy What is Potential energy What is Potential energy What is entropy?What is entropy?

What is energy efficiency/productivity?What is energy efficiency/productivity?

What % of energy used in the US ends up doing useful What % of energy used in the US ends up doing useful work?work?

ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE ENERGY LAWS: TWO RULES WE CANNOT BREAKCANNOT BREAK

The first law of thermodynamicsThe first law of thermodynamics The second law of thermodynamicsThe second law of thermodynamics When energy changes from one form to When energy changes from one form to

another, it is always degraded to a more another, it is always degraded to a more dispersed form.dispersed form.

What is Energy efficiencyWhat is Energy efficiency

Fig. 2-14, p. 45

Chemicalenergy(food)

Solarenergy

WasteHeat

WasteHeat

WasteHeat

WasteHeat

Mechanicalenergy

(moving,thinking,

living)

Chemical energy

(photosynthesis)

SUSTAINABILITY AND MATTER SUSTAINABILITY AND MATTER AND ENERGY LAWSAND ENERGY LAWS

Unsustainable High-Throughput Economies: Unsustainable High-Throughput Economies: Working in Straight LinesWorking in Straight Lines Converts resources to goods in a manner that Converts resources to goods in a manner that

promotes waste and pollution.promotes waste and pollution.


Sustainable Low-Throughput Sustainable Low-Throughput Economies: Learning from NatureEconomies: Learning from Nature

Matter-Recycling-and-Reuse Economies: Matter-Recycling-and-Reuse Economies: Working in CirclesWorking in Circles Mimics nature by recycling and reusing, thus Mimics nature by recycling and reusing, thus

reducing pollutants and waste.reducing pollutants and waste. It is not sustainable for growing populations.It is not sustainable for growing populations.

In order to make 1 plastic soda bottle, ~100L of In order to make 1 plastic soda bottle, ~100L of crude oil are used, 100kg of steel, 100L of crude oil are used, 100kg of steel, 100L of HH22O, and various amounts of other materials; O, and various amounts of other materials;

therefore,therefore,

A plastic bottles have high resource A plastic bottles have high resource productivityproductivity

B plastic bottles have low material efficiencyB plastic bottles have low material efficiency

C plastic bottles represent an efficient use of C plastic bottles represent an efficient use of materialsmaterials

D Most of the matter used to manufacture D Most of the matter used to manufacture plastic bottles ends up in the bottle plastic bottles ends up in the bottle

Which of the following is not an example of a Which of the following is not an example of a physical change?physical change?

A confetti is cut from a piece of paperA confetti is cut from a piece of paper

B Water evaporates from a lakeB Water evaporates from a lake

C Ice cubes are formed in the freezerC Ice cubes are formed in the freezer

D A plant converts COD A plant converts CO22 into carbohydrates into carbohydrates

E A tree is cut downE A tree is cut down

All of the following statements can be All of the following statements can be concluded from the law of conservation of concluded from the law of conservation of matter except matter except

A We cannot throw anything away because A We cannot throw anything away because there is no “away”there is no “away”

B There will always be pollution of some sortB There will always be pollution of some sort

C We will eventually run out of matter if we C We will eventually run out of matter if we keep consuming it at current rateskeep consuming it at current rates

D Everything must go somewhereD Everything must go somewhere

E We do consume matterE We do consume matter

Of the following options to deal with Of the following options to deal with nondegradable pollutants , the LEAST nondegradable pollutants , the LEAST effective is toeffective is to

A remove it from the contaminated air, water, A remove it from the contaminated air, water, or soilor soil

B reuse them B reuse them

C recycle themC recycle them

D refrain them from introducing them into the D refrain them from introducing them into the environmentenvironment

Energy inputEnergy input

A usually greater than energy outputA usually greater than energy output

B always greater than energy outputB always greater than energy output

C always equal to energy outputC always equal to energy output

D usually less than energy outputD usually less than energy output

E always less than energy outputE always less than energy output

Which of the following comparisons of nuclear Which of the following comparisons of nuclear fusion and nuclear fission is correct?fusion and nuclear fission is correct?

A Nuclear fusion produces less energy than A Nuclear fusion produces less energy than fission.fission.

B Both nuclear fusion and fission produce the B Both nuclear fusion and fission produce the same amount of energy.same amount of energy.

C Nuclear fusion occurs in nuclear power C Nuclear fusion occurs in nuclear power plants, whereas nuclear fission occurs in the plants, whereas nuclear fission occurs in the sun.sun.

D Nuclear fusion occurs in in atomic bombs, D Nuclear fusion occurs in in atomic bombs, fission occurs in hydrogen bombs.fission occurs in hydrogen bombs.

E Nuclear fusion is harder to initiate than E Nuclear fusion is harder to initiate than fission. fission.

Most of today’s advanced industrialized Most of today’s advanced industrialized countries havecountries have

A matter-recycling-and-reuse economiesA matter-recycling-and-reuse economies

B low-throughput economiesB low-throughput economies

C high-throughput economiesC high-throughput economies

The data shown were collected in a The data shown were collected in a laboratory experiment in which the laboratory experiment in which the effect of pH on the survival of effect of pH on the survival of TardigradesTardigrades was examined. In each was examined. In each trial, 50 live trial, 50 live TardigradesTardigrades were added were added to a solution with a pH as indicated. to a solution with a pH as indicated. After two hours, observations were After two hours, observations were made to determine the number of made to determine the number of TardigradesTardigrades remaining alive in the remaining alive in the sample. sample.

The pH at which 50% of the Tardigrades survive after 2 hours of exposure can be predicted from the data. This pH is

a. 2.5

b. 3.8

c. 4.5

d. 5.0

e. 6.2

Tardigrade Toxicity Experiment

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How would including a control group be useful in this experiment?

a. It would provide a reference for the effects of random environmental factors.

b. It would provide a number against which percentages can be computed.

c. It would provide a value for which the standard pH can be measured.

d. It would provide a standard number to test for statistical uncertainty.

e. It would provide an end data point for graphical analysis.


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On the basis of the data, the best prediction of the pH of the water in which Tardigrades normally are found in the wild is

a. 3

b. 4

c. 5

d. 6

e. 7


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chapter 3 science, systems, matter, and energy. core case study: environmental lesson from easter...

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