chapter 3 facilitation techniques hpr 450. facilitation techniques (interventions) from austin text...
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Facilitation Techniques (Interventions)• From Austin text chapter 3• We will not cover all in depth• Presentation later this month allows
opportunity to research in greater detail• I will try to focus on those you are most
likely to encounter and/or those you may be most likely to introduce/use in settings
• For CTRS exam, a general familiarity/ability to define and to differentiate is probably sufficient – For practice more knowledge and ability is needed
• Review and begin to consider what you would prefer to use for presentation
• Note that there are broad categories but some techniques belong in multiple categories
Leisure EducationTo be covered more in-depth later in semester
Learning about leisure-related information, values, attitudes, skills
Used to be called “Leisure Education” or ‘Leisure Counseling” – now just Leisure Education
IncludesLeisure appreciation Leisure Activity SkillsSelf-Awareness Community SkillsDecision Making Social SkillsSelf Determination Leisure
Resources(Dattilo and Williams, 2000)
Values ClarificationTechnique used to help clients make
decisions consistent with their valuesValues – Deeply held beliefs about truth,
beauty or worth of a person, object, idea or action
V C activities could include Pie of Life20 Things You Love to doSpending an Unexpected Free Day
Media or Culture Therapies• Cinematherapy – movies (easier to watch
than read book)• Bibliotherapy – novels, plays, short stories,
pamphlets to show clients others have similar problems– Choose works that are appropriate for client– Discussions following movie or reading can
reveal unexpected interpretations by clients– Goals: develop self-concept, foster self-appraisal,
relieve emotional or mental pressure, provide a means to find interests outside ones self, more on pg 71 (Jake, 2001)
Media or Culture Therapies cont’dComputer/internet/technology therapy
Wii or other gamesHow can you use computers or the internet for
TR/RT?Would social networking be good for your
clients? Why or why not?Music therapy – (listening, not performing)Theater therapy – dittoMuseumotherapyAny other ‘experiences’ (passive) of art and
culture
Horticulture TherapyPlants – small/indoor under lights, window
sill, outdoor gardens, greenhouseRaised and rolling gardens, rooting house
plants, using flowers, plants, etc with craftsGoals: Instill a sense of purpose, life
satisfaction, mild to moderate exercise, interaction with environment, enjoy beauty, develop leisure activity, etc (see pg 74)
Relaxation Techniques/Stress Management• 67% of adults report experiencing
“great stress” weekly• Is relaxation a skill? Can it be acquired,
learned or mastered?• Do RT/TR practitioners need to be able
to help clients relax?– Relaxation as an activity in itself– Relaxation to help clients with other activities• Social stress• Performance nerves• Stressful (unfamiliar, new) situations
Relaxation Techniques/Stress Management
• Massage– Should obtain training; many TR/RTs are certified
massage therapists• Self-massage– May be more appropriate with some clients
• Deep Breathing– As an activity or with activities (Yoga)– Belly breathing (Yoga or singing)
• Alexander Technique (not from text)– Focus on improper posture and positioning as root
of many physiological disorders. Working on proper alignment
• Progressive relaxation– Progressive muscle relaxation. Also used in Yoga
Relaxation Techniques/Stress Management
Transcendental Meditation® (maybe)TR/RT should have training or become familiar
with techniques before teachingCannot teach TM® without specific trainingOther methods covered in books
Qigong (chee goong)Instructor guided relaxation combining postures
and visualizationVisualization/Creative Visualization
Also a means of assertiveness training
Physical/Activity TherapiesMental and physical benefitsVigorous or moderate?
Current thinking is moderate better than nothingHow long, how often
Current thinking is some is better than noneFear that asking people to do too much will
result in people not doing anything
Physical/Activity Therapies Recommendations for 30 mins moderate,
non consecutive, per day“Paradigm shift” in book may or may not be a
good or appropriate thingThink about what bodies are ‘engineered’ to doModern society demands less and less
movement or activity – is it a good idea to recommend less and less physical activity?
That said, moderate to vigorous activity can be achieved through many means – yard work, housework, gardening, other hobbies
Adventure TherapyElements
Active engagement in risk or adventure activityIndividuals may be seeking changeNovel nature of activity creates “disequilibrium”Environment emphasizes community and
cooperationDemand of problem solvingPerception that activity is challengingFeelings of accomplishmentChanges occur based on processing
(generalization of these experiences to other things in their lives)
“Adventure” Therapy cont’d Ropes courses
Non competitive, teamwork, etcHow often can you do this and have it be
fresh/effective?Critical to have trained leader and appropriate
‘processing;’ otherwise the experience loses much impact
Outdoor adventure interventionsCamping, hiking, etc.May make great progress during event but when
real life is very different, ultimate success of intervention may be questionable
Sensory TherapiesAromatherapy
Using scent to promote relaxationMassage or bathsTraining, familiarity with essential oils – can be
caustic/dangerous in pure formsSensory training
For children with perceptual-motor problems, older adults who are disoriented
Stimulus bombardment directed at all 5 senses; interactive with discussions
Hope is to improve individual’s perception and alertness in responding to environment
Sensory Therapies cont’dSensory Stimulation
Treatment for TBI patients in comaMultimodal (all senses at once) unimodal (only
one sense per session); very high degree of stimulation
Looking for any patient reactionMay reduce depth and duration of coma
Creative Arts (doing, not passive)Painting, drawing, sculpture, photography,
music (drum circles!), theater, creative writing (poetry, journaling, fiction), jewelry making, etc.Provides means of self-expressionMay be easier, ‘safer’ way to communicateMental health and physical health (gross, fine
motor skills)VSA – here and elsewhere
Social Skills TrainingActivities that help people develop or
improve their skills for dealing with social situations
Uses classroom instruction, modeling, demonstrations, and role play with social reinforcement as a reward
Helps develop skills that help individuals with other aspects of life, including leisure/recreation participation
May benefit chemically dependent, developmental disabilities, residents in long-term care, some mental health (depression, children with learning disabilities
Assertiveness TrainingTherapy that helps people become more
assertive (not aggressive) in social situations
Role playing, modeling, reinforcement, practice in ‘safe’ and controlled settings
Helps people change habits and behaviors and learn to stand up for their legitimate rights, leads to improvements in self-esteem
Can benefit anyone with a deficit in this area
Cognitive Rehabilitation• Multi-disciplinary interventions using varied
activities that use client’s cognitive and/or motor functions
• Uses games, activities, outings, anything that appropriately combines cognitive and motor activities
• Ideally will improve cognitive functioning and lead to neuropsychological recovery
• For individuals with ABI including TBI
RemotivationTechnique used with small groups to inspire
interests of participantsUses weekly group meetings to promote
discussions of topics that may bring participants in closer touch with the world beyond the institution
Goal is to reawaken interests in facility residents for things that brought gratification in the past and may lead to sense of control over leisure activitiesSelf-selection of activities found to help replace
feelings of helplessness with feelings of mastery or control
Used with moderately confused elderly in facilities
Resocialization Small group format to combat isolationism and
to improve satisfaction Groups meet 3 times weekly with staff
member/leader who tries to maintain a free and accepting atmosphere
Goal is to increase social functioning of residents in geriatric settings by increasing awareness of self and others by helping clients to form relationships and friendships and to discover new interests
Used in geriatric facilities
Validation Therapy Developed by Naomi Feil in response to
RO to meet the social and psychological needs of primarily disoriented individuals
Therapists use empathy and acceptance in dealing with clients – maintain eye contact, rephrase while responding, speaking in a caring tone of voice
Help clients regain dignity, reduce anxiety, accept their own ‘reality’ without trying to correct them (as RO does)
Persons with Alzheimer’s type dementia