chapter 3 blood 返回目录. 1.transportation o 2 and co 2 nutrients(glucose, lipids, amino acida)...
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Chapter 3 BLOOD
返回目录
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1.Transportation• O2 and CO2
• nutrients(glucose, lipids, amino acida)• waste products(e.g. metabolites)2. Homeostasis• Regulation hormones• pH(buffer pairs) body temperature3. Protection• blood coagulation• Immunity
functions of blood
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Key points in this chapter:
1.the formation and roles of the osmotic pressure of plasma.
2.the functions of erythrocytes and the factors that effect the production of erythrocytes.
3.functions of leukocytes.4.the characteristics of platelets and the functions of platel
ets in the physiological hemostasis.5.intrinsic and extrinsic pathway of blood coagulation.6.the anticoagulative functions of antithrombin , hepariⅢ
n.7.fibrinolysis and diagram the fibrinolytic system
homeostasis
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1.Components and Physicochemical Properties of Blood
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1.1 Components of blood
Blood
Blood cells ( 45 %) WBC
RBC
PLT
Plasma( 55 %)
Water ( 91 % of plasma )Inorganic constituents(1% of plasma)
e.g. ions:Na+, Cl-, K+, Ca2+
Nutrients: glucose, amino acids, lipids and vitamins
Organic constituents
Protein albumin ( A ) globulin ( G ) fibrinogen ( F )
Waste products e.g. urea
Dissolved gases O2, CO2
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Hematocrit(红细胞比容)The volume of red bolld cells as a percentage of centrifuged whole blood.
M:40%~60%, F:37%~48%,
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Blood Volume
Blood volume equal approximately to 7%-8% of body weight.
e.g. a person weigh 70kg, then blood volume is 4.9L, if take the hematocrit to be 45%
erythrocyte volume=0.45×4.9L=2.2L
plasma volume=4.9L-2.2L=2.7L
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1.2 Physical and chemical properties of blood
1.2.1specific gravity of blood
» Depending on hematocrit and protein composition» Whole blood:1.050-1.060» Plasma:1.025-1.035» Red blood cells:1.090
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1.2.2.Viscosity of blood
Relative viscosity of whole blood 4-5depending on hematocrit
Relative viscosity of plasma 1.6-2.4 related to the protein composition of the plasma
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1.2.3. Osmotic pressure of plasma the pressure that must be applied to the pl
asma to prevent the net flow of water into the plasma is termed the osmotic pressure.
(300mmol/L=5330mmHg) ( Fig. )
The osmotic pressure of a solution depends on the number of solute particles in the solution, not on their chemical composition and size.
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Osmotic pressure of plasma
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Crystalloid osmotic pressure
concept: Pressure gengrated by all crystal substances, particularly NaCl.
role : Important in maintaining fluid balance across cell membranes
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Colloid osmotic pressure concept:pressure generated by plasma protein
s, particularly albuminrole :Approximately 25 mmHg, but important in fluid transfer across capillaries
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1.2.4.Plasma pHNormal range:
7.35-7.45
Buffer systems in blood NaHCO3/H2CO3
Na2HPO4/NaH2PO4
Pro-Na/Pro
Hb
Lung and kidney Fig
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2. Physiology of blood cells
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2.1 Red blood cells(erythrocytes)
2.1.1 Count
RBCcount
M: (4.0~5.5) ×1012/L
W: (3.8~4.6) ×1012/L
Hemoglobin concentration
M: 120~160g/L
W: 110~150g/L
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2.1 Red blood cells(erythrocytes)
Morphology
Biconcave discs
Without a nucleus
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2.1.2 RBC function
① transport O2 、 CO2
②buffering
Hb+H+=HHb
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2.1.3 Production of RBC
(1)Nutritional requirements for erythropoiesis
Many vitamins, minerals, and proteins
iron
folic acid, VitB12
intrinsic factoranemia
红细胞成熟因子
合成原料
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*erythropoietin(EPO)
*androgen促红细胞生成素
雄激素
(2) Regulation of erythropoiesis
在哪生成?
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2.2 White blood cells (Leucocytes)
2.2.1 Types of WBC
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WBC count
GranulocytesNeutrophils 2.0 ~ 7.0 50 ~ 70
Eosinophils 0 ~ 0.5 1 ~5
Basophils 0 ~ 0.1 0 ~1
Monocytes 0.1 ~ 0.8 1 ~ 8
Lymphocytes 0.8 ~ 4.0 20 ~40
WBC Count(×109/L) %
Total 4 ~ 10
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2.2.2 WBC function
1) neutrophil ① protect the body against invading organisms
② eliminate immune complex, dead tissues, aged RBC
piapedesis phagocytosis游走性
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2) basophil
① release heparin ( 肝素 )
② release histamine allergic reaction
contain granules
组织胺
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3) eosinophil
① restrict allergic reaction induced by basophil and mast cell
a. produce PGE, that inhibit active
substance released from basophil b. engulf granules released from basophil
c. release histaminase
② antagonize parasites
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4) monocyte-macrophage
① engulf invading organisms
② eliminate immune complex, dead tissues
③ recognise and kill tumour cell
④ activate lymphocyte
⑤ release cytokines
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5) lymphocyte
T lymphocyte
B lymphocyte Immune function
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2.3 Platelets(thrombocytes)
• Normal value(100-300) ×109/L• Play an important role in hemostasis( 止血)
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2.3.1 Physiological properties of platelet
(1)Adhesion (粘附) Platelets adhere to the vessel wall at the sit
e of injury
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(2)Aggregation (聚集) Platelets adhere to one another
纤维蛋白原或
血管血友病因子( vWF)
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Inducers of platelet aggregation
• ADP
low dose 1st reversible phase
high dose 2nd irreversible phase
• Thromboxane A2(TXA2)
• Collagen
• Thrombin
血栓烷素 A2
胶原
凝血酶阿斯匹林-
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(3)Release
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