THE COLD WARCHAPTER 29

CRISIS IN EUROPE AT THE YALTA CONFERENCE STALIN BEGAN

TO MAKE DEMANDS FOR SOVIET INFLUENCE IN EUROPE

STALIN WANTED EASTERN EUROPE TO BE A BUFFER ZONE, TO ACCOMPLISH THIS HE WANTED THESE COUNTRIES TO BE SIMILAR TO THE USSR-COMMUNIST

AT THE POTSDAM CONFERENCE TENSION BETWEEN THE U.S AND SOVIETS BEGAN TO SURFACE

CRISIS IN EUROPE

THESE TENSIONS LEAD TO A HISTORIC ERA KNOWN AS THE COLD WAR

THIS WAS A TIME OF TENSION AND HOSTILITY BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE SOVIET UNION

THE COLD WAR BEGINS IN THE SUMMER OF 1945 AND LASTED UNTIL DECEMBER OF 1991, WHEN COMMUNISM IN THE USSR COLLAPSED

CRISIS IN EUROPE

AT POTSDAM THE ALLIES AGREED ON 4 POINTS

TO DIVIDE GERMANY INTO 4 ZONES TO DIVIDE BERLIN INTO 4 ZONES TO DEMILITARIZE AND DE-NAZIFY

GERMANY, INCLUDING THE NUREMBERG TRIALS

GERMAN REPARATIONS

CRISIS IN EUROPE THE U.S. TOOK AN ACTIVE ROLE IN STABILIZING

EUROPE TRUMAN DOCTRINE-PROVIDED ECONOMIC AND

MILITARY AID FOR COUNTRIES TRYING TO OPPOSE COMMUNISM(TURKEY AND GREECE)

MARSHALL PLAN-IT PROVIDED $13 BILLION DOLLARS TO REBUILD EUROPE, STABILIZING THE ECONOMY WOULD ALSO BRING POLITICAL STABILITY

THESE WERE REFERRED TO AS CONTAINMENT POLICIES

CRISIS IN EUROPE

GERMANY BECAME THE EXAMPLE OF THE DIVISION THAT EXISTED IN EUROPE

THE 3 WESTERN ZONES OF GERMANY WERE COMBINED TO FORM WEST GERMANY

THE SOVIETS ISOLATED THEIR ZONE AND IT BECAME EAST GERMANY

THE CITY OF BERLIN FOLLOWED THE SAME PATTERN

CHURCHILL DESCRIBED THIS AS RUSSIA HAS DRAWN AN “IRON CURTAIN” ACROSS EUROPE

CRISIS IN EUROPE

THE SOVIETS BEGAN TO MAKE OCCUPIED COUNTRIES OF EASTERN EUROPE MODELS OF THEIR SYSTEM

THEY PUT COMMUNIST LEADERS IN POWER, BANNED ALL PARTIES EXCEPT THE COMMUNIST

THEY TIED ALL POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC SYSTEMS TO THEIRS

CRISIS IN EUROPE SOVIET OCCUPIED AREAS RESISTED

COMMUNISM EAST GERMANY-1953 UKRAINIANS-UNTIL 1956 HUNGARIANS-IN 1956 BALTIC STATES-UNTIL THE 1960’S, MID 80’S POLAND-NUMEROUS TIMES, UNTIL THE

EARLY 1980’S, FORMED SOLIDARITY(LECH WELSEA)

MOLDOVIANS-UNTIL THE 1950’S BULGARIANS-UNTIL THE 1960’S

CRISIS IN EUROPE BERLIN BECAME ONE OF THE FIRST SOVIET–

U.S. CHALLENGES, JUNE 1948 THE SOVIETS WERE UPSET WITH THIS MOVE

AND RESPONDED BY CREATING A BLOCKADE, THEY ATTEMPTED TO CLOSE THE CITY AND FORCE THE U.S. TO GIVE UP CONTROL

THE U.S. RESPONDED BY AIRLIFTING SUPPLIES INTO THE CITY FOR THE NEXT 11 MONTHS(JUNE 1948-MAY 1949, THE SOVIETS ENDED THE BLOCKADE, WEST BERLIN WAS REOPENED AND DEMOCRACY WAS ESTABLISHED

CRISIS IN EUROPE

THE BERLIN AIRLIFT STATS: 2.3 MILLION TONS OF CARGO WERE

BROUGHT IN 300,000 LANDINGS OCCURRED PLANES WERE LANDING OR TAKING

OFF EVERY 30 SECONDS

CRISIS IN EUROPE IN 1961 ANOTHER CRISIS HIT EAST BERLIN,

THOUSANDS OF EAST GERMANS WERE EVACUATING THE COUNTRY, THE SOVIETS HAD TO FIND A WAY OF STOPPING THEM.

THE BERLIN WALL-THIS BECAME THE SYMBOL OF THE SEPARATION OF EAST AND WEST IN EUROPE

http://www.history.com/topics/cold-war/berlin-wall/videos/cold-war ; KENNDEY’S RESPONSE, DESTRUCTION OF THE WALL

THE WALL WAS DESTROYED NOV. 9, 1989

CRISIS IN EUROPE

CONCERNED OVER SOVIET INFLUENCE IN EUROPE THE WESTERN NATIONS FORMED NATO

NORTH ATLANTIC TREATY ORGANIZATION IT WAS A MILITARY ALLIANCE DESIGNED

TO COUNTER SOVIET INFLUENCE THE SOVIETS FORMED THEIR OWN

VERSION CALLED THE WARSAW PACT

THE ARMS RACE THE CONVENTIONAL ARMS RACE BEGAN IN

THE LATE 1800’S WHEN NATIONS COMPETED TO MASS PRODUCE WEAPONS AND CREATE LARGE NAVYS

IN 1949 THE ARMS RACE CHANGED, THE SOVIETS HAD THEIR FIRST SUCCESSFUL TEST OF AN ATOMIC WEAPON

THIS BEGAN DECADES OF THE U.S. AND SOVIETS STOCKPILING AS MANY AND VARIOUS TYPES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

IN 1952 THE U.S. TESTED THE FIRST FUSSION POWERED HYDROGEN BOMB

THE ARMS RACE

THOUGH THE ATOMIC BOMB IS CONSIDERED AN OFFENSIVE WEAPON, BOTH NATIONS JUSTIFIED THEIR MASSIVE BUILD UP BASED ON A DEFENSIVE STRATEGY

DETERRENCE-DEVELOPMENT OR MAINTENANCE OF MILITARY POWER TO DETER/PREVENT AN ATTACK

THE ARMS RACE THE TIDE TURNED IN FAVOR OF THE

RUSSIANS IN OCTOBER OF 1957, THE SUCCESSFUL LAUNCH OF SPUTNIK(ARTIFICAL SATELLITE)

THE U.S. RESPONSE VARIED: GOVERNMENT-CREATED NASA POLITICALLY-McCARTHYISM PEOPLE-BUILT BOMB SHELTERS

SPACE RACE

THE ARMS RACE IN 1955 EISENHOWER PROPOSED AN OPEN SKY

POLICY-DESIGN TO ALLOW FLYOVERS TO ACCURATELY ASSESS EACH NATIONS WEAPONS

THE SOVIETS COUNTERED WITH TOTAL NUCLEAR DISARMAMENT

U-2 SPY PLANE INCIDENT-THE CIA WAS CONDUCTING FLIGHTS OVER RUSSIA, MAY 1,1960, THE PLANE WAS SHOT DOWN, PILOT FRANCIS GARY POWERS WAS CAPTURED

THIS EVENT CANCELLED AN ARMS MEETING BETWEEN THE 2 COUNTRIES

THE ARMS RACE

IN 1963 PRESIDENT KENNEDY AND KHRUSHCHEV SIGNED THE LIMITED TEST BAN TREATY, REDUCED TESTING OF WEAPONS IN THE ATMOSPHERE, OUTER SPACE, UNDERWATER

THE ARMS RACE IN 1968, RICHARD NIXON BECAME PRESIDENT, A

PRIMARY GOAL OF HIS OFFICE WAS BETTER RELATIONS WITH RUSSIA

THIS BEGAN A PERIOD KNOW AS “DETANTE” FRENCH FOR RELAXED TENSION

SALT I TREATY-STRATEGIC ARMS LIMITATION TALKS, THIS LIMITED THE NUMBER OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS HELD BY EACH NATION

IT ALSO LEAD TO ABM TREATY(ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE) BANNED THE DEVELOPMENT OF A WEAPON THAT WOULD SHOOT DOWN NUCLEAR MISSILES

THIS LEAD TO THE SALT II TREATY WITH PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER

THE ARMS RACE

UNDER REAGAN’S PRESIDENCY, HE WAS ABLE TO FORCE THE GORBACHEV INTO AN ARMS REDUCTION TREATY, INTERMEDIATE-RANGE NUCLEAR FORCES TREATY(INF)

REAGAN VIOLATED THE SPIRIT OF THE ABM TREATY AND DEVELOPED HIS “STAR WARS SYSTEM”

CRISIS IN KOREA KOREA WAS DIVIDED AT THE END OF

WWII BETWEEN THE U.S. AND THE USSR

THE COUNTRY WAS TO BE UNIFIED BY SELF-DETRMINATION AFTER THE JAPANESE WERE REMOVED

THE SOVIETS ESTABLISHED A COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT IN THE NORTH AND THE U.S. SUPPORTED A DEMOCRACTIC REGIME IN THE SOUTH

CRISIS IN KOREA

THE COUNTRY WAS DIVIDED AT THE 38TH PARALLEL

IN JUNE OF 1950, NORTH KOREA INVADED THE SOUTH

THE U.S. ASKED THE UN TO SUPPORT THE SOUTH AND STOP COMMUNIST AGGRESSION, 17 NATIONS COMMITTED TROOPS, THE U.S. SENT THE MOST, GENERAL DOUGLAS MacARTHUR WAS PLACED IN CHARGE OF THE COALITION

CRISIS IN KOREA

THE WAR LASTED FOR 3 YEARS N. KOREA WAS SUCCESSFUL EARLY THE INCHON LANDING TURNED THE WAR

IN FAVOR OF THE SOUTH CHINA SOON AIDED THE NORTH, PLACING

THE WAR INTO A STALEMATE IN 1953, BOTH SIDES AGREED TO AN

ARMISTICE WITH NO OFFICIAL END TO THE WAR BOTH

SIDES STILL MONITOR THE 38TH PARALLEL

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS

IN 1959 FIDEL CASTRO LEAD A SUCCESSFUL REVOLT AGAINST CUBA’S GOVERNMENT

HE ESTABLISHED THE 1ST COMMUNIST GOVERNMENT IN THE WEST-THEN ALIGNED WITH RUSSIA

THE US. RESPONDED BY TAKING CUBAN REFUGEES AND BEGAN TRAINING THEM TO INVADE CUBA

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS

THE PLAN WAS FOR THESE 1,500+ MEN TO LAND ON THE BEACHES IN CUBA, THINKING THE PEOPLE WOULD RALLY AGAINST CASTRO AND JOIN THE INVADING FORCES

THE MEN WERE TRAINED IN GUATEMALA BY THE CIA, THE OPERATION WAS SUPPOSE TO BE SECRET, BUT WAS NOT

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS

APRIL 1961, THIS FORCE LAND ON THE BEACH HEAD OF CUBA CALLED “THE BAY OF PIGS”

CASTRO’S FORCES WERE WAITING, THE MEN WERE KILLED AND THERE WAS NO SUPPORT FROM THE ISLAND PEOPLE

THIS WAS AN AMERICAN DISASTER THAT KENNEDY HAD TO APOLOGIZE

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS

IN 1962, CUBA AGAIN BECAME THE CENTER OF ATTENTION

U.S. SPY PLANES HAD PHOTOGRAPHS OF NUCLEAR MISSILE SILOS IN CUBA

THE CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS THE U.S. RESPONSE WAS A FORMAL

PROTEST TO THE SOVIET UNION OVER THE INSTALLATION OF NUCLEAR MISSILES IN CUBA , KENNEDY DEMANDED THEY BE REMOVED

CRISIS IN THE AMERICAS

THIS EVENT WAS AN EXAMPLE OF THE POLITICAL CLIMATE CALLED “BRINKMANSHIP”

OUR NEXT RESPONSE WAS TO BLOCKADE THE ISLAND OF CUBA TO STOP SOVIET SHIPS FROM SUPPORTING CUBA

AFTER A 2 WEEK STANDOFF THE SOVIETS WITHDREW

THE AGREEMENT MADE WAS THE SOVIETS WOULD DISMANTLE THE MISSILES IN CUBA AND WE WOULD DISMANTLE OUR MISSILES IN TURKEY

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION BY 1985, THE SOVIET UNION WAS IN

A DISASTEROUS ECONOMIC CONDITION

45 YEARS OF A STATE RUN ECONOMY PRODUCED NO GROWTH

HIGH MILITARY SPENDING SUPPLIMENTING THE ECONOMIES

OF EASTERN EUROPE

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION IN THAT YEAR MIKHAIL GORBACHEV

WAS APPOINTED BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE TO RUN THE NATION

TO REVERSE THE TREND OF THE FAILING ECONOMY GORBACHEV INTRODUCED REFORM TO THE COUNTRY

GLASNOST AND PERESTROKIA

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION

GLASNOST WAS MORE OF A SOCIAL REFORM: FREEDOM OF RELIGION, SPEECH, PRESS

PERESTROKIA WAS AN ATTEMPT AT ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL REFORM

MEMBERSHIP IN THE PARTY NO LONGER A PRIORITY, EACH REPUBLIC WOULD EVENTUALLY CONTROL THEIR OWN TAXES AND RESOURCES, FREE MARKET ECONOMY WAS INTRODUCED, SOVIET TROOPS WITHDRAWN FROM EASTERN EUROPE, ARMS REDUCTION WITH THE U.S., REDUCED INFLUENCE IN EASTERN EUROPE

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION

AUGUST 19, 1991, ON THE EVE OF THE “NEW UNION TREATY” GORBACHEV WAS ARRESTED BY THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE

THE ARMY WAS CALLED OUT TO STOP OPPOSITION-THOUGH THEY WERE PRESENT THEY DID NOT FIRE ON THE CROWDS

IN MOSCOW BORIS YELTSIN PRESIDENT OF RUSSIA RALLIED THE PEOPLE IN THE STREETS TO DEFY THE COUP LEADERS

WITHIN 3 DAYS THE COUP LEADERS WERE ARRESTED, AND ALL WERE EVENTUALLY EXECUTED

DECLINE AND COLLASPE OF THE SOVIET UNION AFTER THIS EVENT; THE 15

REPUBLICS BEGAN TO DECLARE THEIR INDEPENDENCE

ON DEC. 25, 1991 MIKHAIL GORBACHEV RESIGNS, THE SOVIET UNION NO LONGER EXIST

THERE ARE NOW 15 NEW NATIONS IN THE WORLD

DECLINE OF EASTERN EUROPE

FROM 1985-1996 COMMUNISM IN THE VARIOUS EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES BEGAN TO COLLASPE

WHEN GORBACHEV PULLED SOVIET TROOPS FROM THESE COUNTRIES, THE PEOPLE AND THE LEADERS UNDERSTOOD THAT THEY HAD LOST THEIR SUPPORT SYSTEM

MOST LEADERS SAW NO HOPE IN CONTINUING COMMUNISM, SO THEY BEGAN TO RESIGN, ROMANIA’S LEADER WAS THE ONLY ONE TO ATTEMPT TO HOLD ON