Chapter 26, Sec 1-3: Things to Know• Sec 1 – What was the modern computer developed from?• What was the first computer designed to benefit?• Which company developed the first commercially successful computer?• What is the internet directly responsible for?• What resulted in a decline in US manufacturing jobs?• What did the growth of the service economy cause?• Sec 2 – How did William Jefferson Clinton attract voters in 1992?• How did George HW Bush help Clinton win the presidency in 1992?• What did the Family Medical Leave Act guarantee to most full-time employees?• What did Clinton fail to bring about a change in?• Clinton signed what piece of legislation aimed at deterring gun violence?• Why was Clinton impeached?• What statement about Clinton’s impeachment is true?• Sec 3 – Why did Clinton support free trade blocs?• For participating countries, what did NAFTA call for?• What was one positive affect of economic globalization?• What organizations is the US a member of?• In what country did US intervention fail to stop a civil war?• Why did Clinton send troops to Bosnia?• Why did Osama Bin Laden form al Qaeda in the late 1990s?

Chapter 26 – Into A New Century

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• The 1900s was a century of unparalleled change. – In 1903, Orville Wright flew the first airplane.– Less than 70 years later, Neil Armstrong walked

on the moon.– Modern technologies were changing our way of

life.– One of the most important innovations was the

development of the computer.

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• What was the modern computer developed from?• Enemy rivalries during World War II.

• What was the first computer designed to benefit?• The military.• The US government funded research that led to the

creation of the first modern computer in 1946. This huge machine occupied the entire basement of the research lab.

• What was it used to calculate?• It was used to calculate artillery ranges and performed

computations for the atomic bomb.

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• Soon after WWII, universities and corporations joined government agencies to develop smaller, faster, more powerful computers tat could perform a range of functions.– Which company developed the first commercially

successful computer?• The IBM company. It was first created in 1954.

– In the 1960s, the first microchip was created which gave way to the first microprocessor, a silicon central processing unit.• These chips made possible the development of small

computers, called personal computers.

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• The computer was first used by hobbyists, then later used in the business fields as early as the 1980s. – They were used to transform industries, research labs,

and businesses.– The technology that they used were later transferred

to the video game, cellular telephone, and other electronic industries which were all dependent on microchips and microprocessors.

– Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, and Steve Jobs, founder of Apple Computers, made the modern computer affordable for millions of Americans.

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• Medical science also benefited from the computer revolution.– Scientists developed drugs that extended patients'

lives, reduced pain, and battled a huge number of diseases.

– It helped them develop artificial hearts and learn how to transplant organs.

– Biotechnology, or the use of living organisms in the development of new products, have produced a level of healthcare unknown to any previous generation.

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• Communication was revolutionized by technology.– The late twentieth century became what is known as the

“information age.”– They claimed that access to information was access to power.– Satellite technology helped to increase the speed of global

communication.• Satellites were originally developed for military purposes

during the Cold War but was first used for civilians in the 1970s by Ted Turner to run the first “superstation,” broadcasting into cable-equipped households across the country.

• Cellular telephones used similar technology, allowing people to communicate away from their homes.

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• In the 1970s, various branches of the US government along with groups in several American universities led efforts to link computer systems together via cables and satellites.– By the 1980s, the Internet, or World Wide Web, had been born,

reaching the general public in the 1990s.– What is the internet directly responsible for?

• Creating a huge database and research tool. The internet made communication and access to information almost instantaneous.

• This transformed commerce, education, research, and entertainment.

– The internet was first used to share information for scientists and scholars, then was used as a research tool and an online database that anyone could use.

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• New communications infrastructures have made it easier for companies to do global business.– This has increased globalization, or the process by

which national economies, politics, cultures, and societies become integrated with those of other nations around the world.

– Globalization has made more products and services available to greater numbers of people, often at lower prices.

– It has also hastened the development of some nations, but it also has drawbacks…

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• What resulted in a decline in US manufacturing jobs?– Globalization. Industrial nations have seen their manufacturing

jobs flow out to less developed nations. – This is because it is cheaper for a manufacturing company to

employ people in other countries to make their goods because they don’t have to pay them the certain benefits that unions and other workers demand in the US.

– The service sector grew during globalization. In increase in the number of lawyers, teachers, doctors, research analysts, police officers, professional athletes, and movie stars are just an example. • Service workers are among the highest paid and lowest paid

people in the United States.

Sec 1 – The Computer and Technology Revolutions

• Organized labor also went on the decline.– The rise of the service economy and the decline in American

coal mining, steelmaking, and automobile manufacturing has had a strong impact on organized labor.

– What did the growth of the service economy cause?• A decline in US union membership.

– In 1945, about 35 percent of all American workers belonged to unions. In 2000, less than 15 percent of workers did. • Blue collar jobs, once the mainstay of American labor,

declined dramatically in the second half of the 20th Century.• This also resulted in a decline in the average workers’

wages, especially those of nonprofessional workers.

Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency• During the 1992 Presidential Election, George HW

Bush squared off against William “Bill” Jefferson Clinton, and Independent Party candidate Ross Perot.– Bush was Republican and Clinton was Democratic.– How did William Jefferson Clinton attract voters in 1992?• He promoted himself as a centrist, which sought to

reconcile liberal and conservative ideals.• They believed in strong national defense, tough stands on

crime, free trade, welfare reform, and closer ties with corporations.• Clinton’s centrist position attracted conservative and liberal

Democrats as well as moderate Republicans.

Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency• By 1992, Clinton was poised to capitalize on

Bush’s political problems.– He focused on economic and social opportunity.– How did George HW Bush help Clinton win the

presidency in 1992?• Bush broke his promise he had made in the 1988 Election of

not increasing taxes.

– Clinton’s message carried the election which saw that largest voter turnout since 1960 with more than one hundred million voters.• Clinton received 43 percent of the popular vote to Bush’s 37

percent and Perot’s 19 percent.

Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency• Early in his presidency, Clinton signed the Family

Medical Leave Act, which was vetoed by Bush despite having bipartisan support.– What did the Family Medical Leave Act guarantee to most

full-time employees?• 12 weeks of unpaid leave a year. It was intended for the

birth and care of a newborn child, to recover from a serious illness, or to care for an immediate family member with one.

– Healthcare reform headed Clinton’s list of priorities. He wanted a program that would guarantee care for all Americans.• Hillary Clinton was appointed to head a healthcare task

force to investigate the issue.

Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency• The committee conducted several hearings that

produced a long proposal that attracted immediate criticism. – What did Clinton fail to bring about a change in?• Health care.

– The bill never won congressional support and was ultimately dropped after about a tear of debate.

– Clinton had miscalculated Americans’ faith in the federal government to solve the country’s social problems.

Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency• Clinton also tried to address the issue of violence

in American society.– Clinton signed what piece of legislation aimed at

deterring gun violence?• The Brady Bill, a gun-control act named for presidential aid

James Brady, who had been wounded in the 1981 assassination attempt of Ronal Reagan.

– Under Clinton, Congress also passed a $30 billion anticrime bill that increased funding for police and banned several kinds of assault weapons.

Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency• Georgia congressman Newt Gingrich led the

opposition to Clinton. He was bold and not interested in compromising with the Democrats.– Gingrich came up with the Contract With America plan, that

attacked big government and emphasized patriotism and traditional values. His main goal was to reclaim the House of Representatives for the Republicans, which the Democrats had controlled for 58 of the previous 62 years. • He was successful in his quest during the 1994 Elections,

winning the House back for the Republicans.

– Clinton would go on to win reelection in 1994, which saw a surprisingly low voter turnout.• Clinton was put up against Republican Robert “Bob” Dole.

Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency• Clinton had evaded scandals since his first days in

office, many of which had happened before he had even came in to office.– The Whitewater investment was a major concern during

Clinton’s terms. It involved some major investments that the Clintons had made into an Arkansas real estate company called the Whitewater Development Corporation. • The Whitewater investment case was investigated by Janet Reno,

who recommended no criminal charges be filed.• It was later mandated that a 3 judge panel must review the case

and determine a ruling. Kenneth Starr, the lead investigator, failed to uncover any conclusive evidence of the Clintons’ guilt, but some of their associated were convicted.

Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency• In the process of prosecuting Whitewater, Starr

began investigating Clinton’s relationship with a White House intern, Monica Lewinsky.– Why was Clinton impeached?• Because he had lied under oath about the affair. Clinton

later admitted that he had lied. Starr recommended impeachment.• Most Americans condemned Clinton’s actions but opposed

impeachment.• Congressional Democrats also did not believe his behaviors

met the standard of “Treason, Bribery, or other high Crimes and Misdemeanors” required by the Constitution for the impeachment and removal of a President.

Sec 2 – The Clinton Presidency• Nevertheless, the House of Representatives, led

by Republican majority, impeached Clinton on the charges of perjury and obstruction of justice.– In January 1999, the Senate tried Clinton. The

removal of a President requires a two-thirds majority of senators to remove him…

– What statement about Clinton’s impeachment is true?• It was clear from the beginning of the impeachment trial

that there were not enough cotes in the Senate to convict Clinton.• After a short trial, the President was acquitted on both

counts on February 12, 1999.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• As an economic leader, America has had a major

role in globalization. Even so, free trade has been hotly debated in American politics.– Americans want the lower costs that free trade

creates but worry about the loss of American jobs to other countries

– In politics, Republicans generally support big business and free trade agreements.

– Democrats have been more sympathetic to labor interests and have often opposed legislation that would cost American workers’ jobs.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• Clinton, a Republican supported free trade– Why did Clinton support free trade blocs?

• Because they theoretically increase the prosperity of particular countries.

– Europe was an example of such a bloc.– In 1993, a number of European nations established the

European Union (EU) to coordinate monetary and economic policies.• By the end of the decade, the EU had adopted a single

currency, the euro, to promote economic efficiency.• The EU’s combined resources encouraged trade among its

members and challenged the economic leadership of the US.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• The North American Free Trade Agreement

(NAFTA) was a direct response to the EU.– It was originally proposed during the Bush

administration.– For participating countries, what did NAFTA call for?• The gradual removal of trade restrictions. It involve the US,

Mexico, and Canada.

– Creating free trade zones in North America would promote economic growth, reduce prices, increase exports, and encourage economic investment.

– NAFTA went into effect in 1994, and since then the three countries have also signed agreements.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• In total, Clinton signed 270 free trade agreements,

including the revisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) in 1994 and the accords of the World Trade Organization (WTO).– GATT’s goal was to reduce tariffs to promote free

trade.– The WTO replaced GATT, expanding the organization’s

authority to negotiate trade agreements, settle disputes, and enforce compliance with them.

– Critics complain that the WTO and World Bank favor business interests over environmental concerns and workers’ rights.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• There are many critics to the idea of economic

globalization, but there are equally as many people that agree with it.– What was one positive affect of economic

globalization?• People have been exposed to new ideas and technologies.

– What organizations is the US a member of?• NAFTA, the WTO, and World Bank.

– Normalizing trade – engaging in free trade with countries rather than imposing sanctions based on disagreements - can strengthen economic ties.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• America still needed to show its strength on the

global stage, and it would have it’s chance…– In what country did US intervention fail to stop a civil

war?• Somalia

– In the late 1980s, civil war broke out in Somalia. By 1991, the government had disintegrated and the fighting had caused widespread famine.

– In 1992, the US led a multinational force, later joined by the UN, to bring about peace and distribute food.• The coalition fell apart in 1992 when several countries,

including the US, suffered steep casualty rates and withdrew troops.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• In the Balkans, the collapse of communism broke up the

country of Yugoslavia.– For decades, the communist leader Tito had contained ethnic and

religious strife. But his death in 1980 and the fall of communism in 1989, left the country with no unifying forces. Soon after, ethnic and religious hostilities came boiling to the surface.

– In newly independent Bosnia, ethnic and religious rivalries among Easter Orthodox Serbs, Catholic Croats, and Bosnian Muslims eventually led to civil war.• Serbs, with the help of Serbia0dominated Yugoslavia, attacked Bosnians

and Croats. • This state-sanctioned mass murder, violence, and rape, known as ethnic

cleansing, shocked the world.– Why did Clinton send troops to Bosnia?

• To stop the ethnic cleansing of Bosnians and Croats.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• It took the world several years to intervene in the

slaughtering that was going on in Bosnia.– In the late summer of 1995, Clinton encouraged NATO

to bomb Serbian strongholds– In December, 1995, the Dayton Accords established a

federated, multinational Bosnia.• Although he ethnic cleansing had ended, the enforced

peace had not solved the problems of the region.• In 1998, violence flared up in Kosovo, a Serbian province on

the Adriatic Sea. • NATO forced the Serbs to withdraw from Kosovo.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• In the 1990s, disputes and fighting between Israelis and

Palestinians grew increasingly fierce.– In 1993, Palestinians and Israelis conducted secret negotiations

in Oslo, Norway.• The resulting Declaration of Principles promised Palestinian self-rule in

Jericho and the Gaza Strip, as well as security for the Israelis.• Israeli prime minister Yitzhak Rabin, who had signed the declaration, fell

victim to the fury in 1995 when an Israeli religious fundamentalists assassinated him.

• In 2000, Clinton invited Palestinian leader Yasir Arafat and Israeli prime minister Ehud Barak to Camp David to work on a peace agreement.

• They were close to signing an agreement but Arafat was not satisfied with and of the proposals.

• Back in Israel, Barak was ousted by Ariel Sharon, who opposed any concessions to the Palestinians and suicide bombings increased, and with them, so did crackdowns by the Israeli military.

Sec 3 – Global Politics and Economics• In 1993, a terrorist group called al Qaeda exploded a bomb in the

World Trade Center in NYC, killing six people and injuring more than one thousand others.– Why did Osama Bin Laden form al Qaeda in the late 1990s?

• To end American involvement in the Middle East.• Bin Laden is a wealthy Saudi businessman who had fought in

Afghanistan in the 1980s on the side of Islamic fundamentalists.– Five years after the bombing of the World trade Center, al Qaeda set off

car bombs at American embassies in Nairobi, Kenya and in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania.• The blasts killed 225 people and injured more than 5500 others.

– In 2000, al Qaeda bombed the USS Cole, an American warship anchored off the coast of Yemen, killing 17 American sailors.

– These attacks angered Americans and frustrated politicians, who were learning that fighting terrorism would be extremely difficult.